ACh对正常大鼠和吗啡成瘾大鼠海马CA1区痛反应电活动的影响

目的 研究ACh对正常大鼠和吗啡成瘾大鼠海马CA1区痛兴奋神经元(pain-excitation neurons,PEN)和痛抑制神经元(pain-inhibitation neurons,PIN)电活动的影响,进一步探讨ACh对正常和吗啡成瘾状态下CA1区痛觉调制的作用及机制.方法 电刺激坐骨神经作为伤害性电刺激,在细胞外用玻璃微电极记录CA1区PEN和PIN的放电,观察ACh对正常大鼠和吗啡成瘾大鼠CA1区PEN和PIN电活动的影响.结果 伤害性刺激能够增强PEN的电活动,而减弱PIN的电活动.正常大鼠中,ACh使PEN的痛诱发放电频率降低,PIN的放电频率增加;ACh的作用在注射后4 min达到峰值.吗啡成瘾大鼠中,ACh同样也抑制了PEN的电活动,兴奋PIN的电活动,但是作用的高峰出现在注射后6min.胆碱能受体拮抗剂阿托品可阻断ACh的作用.结论 海马CA1区内的胆碱能神经元和毒蕈碱受体参与了伤害性信息的处理,并且起到了镇痛作用.吗啡成瘾可以降低CA1区痛反应神经元对伤害性刺激的敏感性.     

间歇性缺氧对大鼠认知功能和海马CA1区超微结构的影响

目的观察间歇性缺氧对大鼠认知功能及海马CA1区神经元超微结构的影响。方法SD雄性大鼠16只,随机分为正常组(UC,n=8)和间歇性缺氧组(IH,n=8)。UC组正常饲养,IH组每日间歇缺氧7 h建立间歇性缺氧大鼠模型,通过Morris水迷宫测试检测其学习和记忆能力,并于灌注固定后应用透射电镜观察海马CA1区超微结构。结果(1)Morris水迷宫学习成绩(定位航行实验):第5 d训练结束时IH组大鼠逃避潜伏期明显长于UC组,两组之间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。(2)Morris水迷宫记忆成绩:IH组穿越平台次数[(1.38±0.92)次]较UC组减少[(3.75±1.04)次](P<0.01);IH组跨越目标象限时间占整个游泳时间的百分率[(20.52±3.41)%]也较UC组减少[(39.89±5.63)%](P<0.01)。(3)电镜下可见IH组神经元细胞质的电子密度增加,核染色质浓缩并聚集核膜附近,粗面内质网排列紊乱或扩张并出现脱颗粒现象,线粒体主要表现为肿胀、空泡变性及嵴消失,突触结构分界不清,突触小泡稀疏。UC组无明显病变。结论IH可致大鼠学习记忆障碍和海马神经元超微结构改变,IH所引起的大鼠学习记忆障碍与海马神经元超微结构的改变密切相关。     

慢性吗啡处理大鼠伏隔核、海马CA1区神经元突触界面结构改变

为探讨慢性吗啡处理导致的神经元突触可塑性改变，采用透射电镜技术测量慢性吗啡处理大鼠伏隔核及海马CA1区神经元突触界面结构参数，并与对照组进行比较。     

吗啡依赖和戒断大鼠海马CA1区TNF-α和GDNF的表达变化

药物成瘾或药物依赖是一种慢性复发性脑疾病。药物依赖的形成机制目前尚不清楚，已有研究提示胶质源性神经营养因子（GDNF）和肿瘤坏死因子（TNF-α）等多种因子可能参与药物依赖形成过程，但这方面的实验证据尚少，很多环节需进一步研究。     

应激和吗啡对不同周龄大鼠海马CA1区突触可塑性的影响

目的研究慢性应激和(或)吗啡对不同周龄Wistar大鼠海马CA1区突触可塑性的影响。方法将4周龄和10周龄(各51只)雄性Wistar大鼠分别随机分为对照组(分别为14只)、慢性应激组(分别为13只和11只)、吗啡组(分别为14只和13只)和慢性应激加吗啡组(分别为10只和13只)。以场兴奋性后电位(fEPSP)的幅值观察两个年龄段各组大鼠的突触可塑性变化。结果(1)长时程增强(LTP)：对照组、慢性应激组和吗啡组均为10周龄鼠大于4周龄鼠(P＜0.01)；慢性应激削弱了4周龄和10周龄大鼠LTP[分别为(106.8±0.3)%,(115.6±0.2)％]；吗啡易化了10周龄大鼠的LTP(135.7±0.4)%,却削弱了4周龄大鼠的LTP(105.0±0.2)%；慢性应激加吗啡组削弱了10周龄大鼠的LTP(116.7±0.3)%,却易化了4周龄的LTP(117.7±0.5)%,均P＜0.05。(2)长时程抑制(LTD)：慢性应激后10周龄大鼠不能诱导出LTD(103.9±0.3)%,却易化4周龄大鼠的LTD(88.6±0.3)%；吗啡对10周龄和4周龄大鼠的LTD均起易化作用[分别为(77.5±0.2)%,(86.4±0.5)%]；10周龄慢性应激的大鼠使用吗啡后不能诱导出LTD(110.4±0.3)%,但对4周龄大鼠的LTD起易化作用(79.1±0.2)%,均P＜0.05。结论慢性应激和(或)急性吗啡暴露分别对4周龄与10周龄大鼠海马CA1区的LTP和LTD有不同作用,存在明显的年龄差异。     

小檗碱对小鼠海马CA1区迟发性神经元坏死的影响

本文采用Ｐｕｌｓｉｎｅｌｌｉ－Ｂｒｉｅｒｌｅｙ４血管结扎致ＳＤ大鼠全脑缺血（１０ｍｉｎ）再灌流模型，分别观察了早期不同再灌流时间（１２、２４、４８ｈ）点上，大鼠海马ＣＡ１区神经元的超微结构以及早灌７ｄ时光镜结构变化，同时观察了小檗碱对ＣＡ１区迟发性神经元坏死的影响。结果显示脑缺血再灌流早期，ＣＡ１区神经元超微结构发生明显改变，７ｄ时光镜下绝大部分细胞脱失，而用药组大鼠海马ＣＡ１区神经元在相应时间点     

挤压伤至股骨干骨折对大鼠海马CA1区形态学变化

目的观察挤压伤(CS)至股骨干骨折后缺血/再灌注(I/R)引起的SD大鼠海马CA1区形态学的变化特征。方法建立大鼠CS模型,SD大鼠双侧后肢挤压6 h,再灌注0、6、12、24 h,4%多聚甲醛灌注,用刀片把脑组织从正中矢状位分为左右两半,自上丘至视交叉节段取脑组织,一半用于高尔基染色,一半制备成石蜡切片,分别用于HE染色和Nissl染色。结果挤压伤至股骨干骨折I/R后开始出现大鼠海马神经元疏松紊乱、肿胀变性,形态结构受损,凋亡数目增加,神经元大量丢失,海马CA1区树突棘密度减少,挤压再灌注12 h最为显著,24 h上述形态有所改善,但仍低于正常水平。结论 I/R引起SD大鼠海马CA1区神经元细胞受损,受损程度在解压后12 h达到高峰。     

促红细胞生成素对大鼠脑缺血海马CA1区神经元凋亡和细胞色素C释放的影响

目的　探讨促红细胞生成素 (Erythropoietin ,EPO)的神经保护机制。方法　采用 4 VO法制作大鼠全脑缺血模型。将SD大鼠随机分为假手术组、生理盐水组、EPO组。全脑缺血前 3h ,EPO组大鼠脑室立体定向注射重组人促红细胞生成素 (recombinantHumanErythropoietin ,rHuEPO) ,生理盐水组则给予生理盐水 ,假手术组只进行假手术处理。观察缺血后 2 4h海马CA1区细胞色素C(CytochromeC ,CytC)的变化 ,及缺血后 72h海马CA1区细胞凋亡情况。结果　EPO组海马CA1区呈现点状分布的CytC表达较生理盐水组增强 (P <0 .0 1) ,并且较生理盐水组呈现较少的凋亡细胞 (P <0 .0 1)。结论　EPO预处理可以抑制海马CA1区CytC从线粒体向胞浆释放及减少神经元凋亡。     

经颅电刺激对阿尔兹海默病大鼠学习记忆能力和海马CA_1区磷酸化tau蛋白表达情况的影响

目的探讨经颅电刺激对阿尔兹海默病(Alzeheimer’s disease,AD)大鼠学习记忆能力和海马CA_1区磷酸化tau蛋白表达的影响。方法健康SD大鼠,随机分为:正常组、假手术组、模型组及经颅电刺激2 w、4 w、6 w组。采用大鼠侧脑室注射Aβ25-35凝聚态β-淀粉样肽,同时腹腔注射D-半乳糖的方法,建立AD动物模型。Morris水迷宫实验检测各组大鼠学习、记忆能力,HE染色,观察海马CA_1区形态学结构,免疫组化测定海马CA_1区磷酸化tau蛋白表达情况。结果 (1)Morris水迷宫实验大鼠测试学习和记忆能力,经颅电刺激2 w组与模型组比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05),经颅电刺激4 w组、6 w组与模型组比较,逃避潜伏期成绩均好于模型组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);(2)随电刺激时间延长,经颅电刺激各组磷酸化tau蛋白量逐渐降低,与模型组比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论经颅电刺激能够改善阿尔兹海默病大鼠的学习记忆能力,机制可能与下调海马CA_1区磷酸化tau蛋白表达有关,对细胞的重塑有积极影响,远期效果有待进一步研究。     

多巴胺对正常和吗啡成瘾大鼠疼痛相关电活动的不同作用

目的研究多巴胺对正常大鼠和吗啡成瘾大鼠中枢的伤害性刺激的传递的影响。方法在给予坐骨神经伤害性刺激后,记录中枢痛兴奋神经元的电活动,观察多巴胺对正常大鼠和吗啡成瘾大鼠中枢痛兴奋神经元电活动的影响。结果正常大鼠中,多巴胺使尾核痛兴奋神经元的痛诱发放电潜伏期缩短,说明多巴胺可使正常大鼠尾核痛兴奋神经元的活动增强,多巴胺受体拮抗剂氟哌利多可以阻断这种作用。吗啡大鼠中,多巴胺使尾核痛兴奋神经元的痛诱发放电潜伏期延长,说明多巴胺可使吗啡大鼠尾核痛兴奋神经元的活动减弱。结论脑室注射多巴胺后,正常大鼠和吗啡成瘾大鼠的尾核对痛刺激的反应存在着差异。     

多巴胺对正常和吗啡成瘾大鼠疼痛相关电活动的不同作用(英文)

目的研究多巴胺对正常大鼠和吗啡成瘾大鼠中枢的伤害性刺激的传递的影响。方法在给予坐骨神经伤害性刺激后,记录中枢痛兴奋神经元的电活动,观察多巴胺对正常大鼠和吗啡成瘾大鼠中枢痛兴奋神经元电活动的影响。结果正常大鼠中,多巴胺使尾核痛兴奋神经元的痛诱发放电潜伏期缩短,说明多巴胺可使正常大鼠尾核痛兴奋神经元的活动增强,多巴胺受体拮抗剂氟哌利多可以阻断这种作用。吗啡大鼠中,多巴胺使尾核痛兴奋神经元的痛诱发放电潜伏期延长,说明多巴胺可使吗啡大鼠尾核痛兴奋神经元的活动减弱。结论脑室注射多巴胺后,正常大鼠和吗啡成瘾大鼠的尾核对痛刺激的反应存在着差异。     

The effect of acetylcholine on pain-related electric activities in the hippocampal CA3 of rats

Acetylcholine (ACh) regulates pain perception in the central nervous system. However, the mechanism of action of ACh on pain-related neurons in the hippocampal CA3 is not clear. The present study aimed to determine the effect of ACh, muscarinic ACh receptors (mAChRs) agonist pilocarpine and mAChRs antagonist atropine on the pain-evoked responses of pain-excited neuron (PEN) and pain-inhibited neuron (PIN) in the hippocampal CA3 of normal rats. The trains of electric impulses applied to the sciatic nerve were used as noxious stimulation. The electric activities of PEN or PIN in the hippocampal CA3 were recorded by using a glass microelectrode. Our results showed that, in the hippocampal CA3, the intra-CA3 microinjection of ACh (2 μg/1 μl) or pilocarpine (2 μg/1 μl) decreased the discharge frequency and prolonged firing latency of PEN, and increased the discharge frequency and shortened firing inhibitory duration (ID) of PIN, i.e. exhibiting the analgesic effect of ACh or pilocarpine. The intra-CA3 administration of atropine (0.5 μg/1 μl) produced an opposite effect. On the basis of the above-mentioned findings, we can deduce that ACh and mAChRs in the hippocampal CA3 are involved in the modulation of nociceptive response by regulating the electric activities of PEN and PIN.     

电刺激海马CA1区诱导癫痫样电活动的跨半球扩布

目的急性强直电刺激海马CA1区诱导癫痫样电活动跨大脑半球扩布的特征及其发生机制。方法强直电刺激(60Hz,2s,0.4~0.6mA)大鼠右后背HPCCA1基树突区,每隔10min刺激一次,施加10个刺激串。结果(1)双侧CA1区出现原发性单位后放电(同侧36.7%,对侧25.7%);(2)调制双侧CA1区神经元出现爆发式放电(同侧23.3%,对侧8.6%);(3)诱导双侧CA1区深部电图出现原发性网络后放电。结论电刺激诱导的CA1神经元的癫痫相关性电活动与海马癫痫的发生密切相关,可能是海马癫痫跨半球癫痫网络形成的重要机制之一。     

Evidence for late development of inhibition in area CA1 of the rat hippocampus

Development of recurrent inhibition in area CA1 of the rat hippocampus was monitored by a paired-pulse stimulation test. Inhibition of the second response was never observed before postnatal day six. In addition, a type of epileptiform activity, referred to as spontaneous unison firing, was observed frequently, only on postnatal days 4 and 5. Together these observations suggest that the inhibitory interneuronal network of area CA1 becomes effective on about postnatal day 6.     

蓝斑核注射乙酰胆碱对大鼠蓝斑核痛反应神经元电活动的影响

[摘要] 目的 观察蓝斑核（LC）注射乙酰胆碱(ACh)后,蓝斑核（LC）中痛反应神经元的放电变化,研究ACh与LC在痛觉信息通路中的作用。 方法 以电脉冲刺激坐骨神经作为伤害性刺激,用玻璃微电极引导LC中痛反应神经元的电变化。结果 ① LC内注入ACh能够使大鼠LC中痛兴奋神经元（PEN）痛诱发放电频率增加、潜伏期缩短;痛抑制神经元（PIN）痛诱发放电频率减少、完全抑制时程延长;② LC内注入ACh 的M受体拮抗剂阿托品能够阻断ACh的上述效应。结论 ACh可使正常大鼠LC中痛反应神经元对伤害性刺激的反应增强,表现为致痛效应;揭示了ACh和LC在痛觉调制中具有非常重要的作用。     

Involvement of NMDA receptors and voltage-dependent calcium channels on augmentation of long-term potentiation in hippocampal CA1 area of morphine dependent rats

The involvement of NMDA receptors and voltage-dependent calcium channels on augmentation of long-term potentiation (LTP) was investigated at the Schaffer collateral–CA1 pyramidal cell synapses in hippocampal slices of morphine dependent rats, using primed-bursts tetanic stimulation. The amplitude of population spike was measured as an index of increase in postsynaptic excitability. d,l-AP5 and nifedipine were used as NMDA receptor antagonist and voltage-dependent calcium channel blocker, respectively. The amount of LTP of orthodromic population spike amplitude was higher in slices from dependent rats. Perfusion of slices from control or dependent rats with ACSF containing either d,l-AP5 (25 μM) or nifedipine (10 μM) and delivering tetanic stimulation, showed that d,l-AP5 completely blocked LTP of OPS in slices from both control and dependent rats, while nifedipine attenuated the amount of LTP of OPS in dependent slices and had no effect on control ones. The results suggest that the enhanced LTP of OPS in the CA1 area of hippocampal slices from morphine dependent rats is primarily induced by the NMDA receptors activity and the voltage-dependent calcium channels may also be partially involved in the phenomenon.     

Environmental enrichment and social isolation modulate inhibitory transmission and plasticity in hippocampal area CA2

Environmental factors are well-accepted to play a complex and interdependent role with genetic factors in learning and memory. The goal of this study was to examine how environmental conditions altered synaptic plasticity in hippocampal area CA2. To do this, we housed adult mice for 3 weeks in an enriched environment (EE) consisting of a larger cage with running wheel, and regularly changed toys, tunnels and treats. We then performed whole-cell or extracellular field recordings in hippocampal area CA2 and compared the synaptic plasticity from EE-housed mice with slices from littermate controls housed in standard environment (SE). We found that the inhibitory transmission recruited by CA3 input stimulation in CA2 was significantly less plastic in EE conditions as compared to SE following an electrical tetanus. We demonstrate that delta-opioid receptor (DOR) mediated plasticity is reduced in EE conditions by direct application of DOR agonist. We show that in EE conditions the overall levels of GABA transmission is reduced in CA2 cells by analyzing inhibition of ErbB4 receptor, spontaneous inhibitory currents and paired-pulse ratio. Furthermore, we report that the effect of EE of synaptic plasticity can be rapidly reversed by social isolation. These results demonstrate how the neurons in hippocampal area CA2 are sensitive to environment and may lead to promising therapeutic targets.