The façade decorations of the tenement houses in Olsztyn's Old Town before and after the Second World War

The article discusses the façade decorations of the tenement houses in Olsztyn's Old Town before and after the Second World War. This research comprises the original colour scheme of the tenement houses preserved from the destruction of war as well as the unique works of art in Olsztyn executed by local artists in the Polish People's Republic period. They include sgraffito, mosaics, and sculpted and colourful decorations of the tenement houses reconstructed after the Second World War. This article presents their history, authors, themes, techniques, and technologies. The documentation of this artwork sheds light on the art of that period and its artists, and shows a changing attitude toward historical monuments and the colour schemes during the postwar reconstruction in Polish towns at the time of the Polish People's Republic.     

Roadmap of moving urban colour toward cultural sustainability in China

With the gradual refinement of urban space in China, the aesthetic quality of the urban visual environment has been getting more attention. Urban colour, one of the visual aesthetic elements, is a significant carrier of urban characteristics, sociocultural and history in cultural policies. As a type of cultural capital, it provides creative methods to approach problems of economic, environmental, social, and especially cultural sustainability. The interdisciplinary theory of urban planning is innovatively applied to guide, coordinate, and advance the sustainable production of urban colour in China. The objectives of this study are to: (a) explain the way urban colour is produced through the urban planning system in Chinese context; (b) elaborate affecting factors related to urban colour sustainability from the perspective of planning strategies and cultural policies; (c) propose sustainable planning strategies of urban colour production. To answer the above questions, we reviewed over 200 articles, plans, and official documents, and conducted several semi‐structured interviews. The results show that the Chinese municipal government has regarded urban planning strategies and policies as a strategic tool for achieving sustainable urban colour development. Our discoveries would expend the research and application on the aesthetics of cities through the contextual analysis of Chinese urban colour planning system. By exploring the points of planning strategies and cultural policies, it also fills gaps in the literature on the sustainability of urban colour.     

Color loci placemaking: The urban color between needs of continuity and renewal

The article presents the theoretical framework and the operational concepts of a research, finalized to explore and verify the prerequisites of an approach to urban color that, while recognizing to color the flexible as well as transient capacity to respond to the successive and multiple demands that characterize the urban space, sees a possible way of coexisting between the needs of continuity and renewal. Searching to understand the modalities and possibilities through which colour can intervene in the processes of transformation of the city to support both the needs of resignification and reappropriation and those of conservation and enhancement of the vital identity of each single place, the research looked on one side to the experiences gained within the colour plans and Lenclos' geography of colour and on the other side to the different and diversified experiences developed within the idea and practice of placemaking, aimed at the recognition and enhancement of the collective and plural creative dimension that colour seems effectively able to interpret. The term “color loci placemaking” was introduced to summarize this mode/possibility of understanding and approaching urban color, characterized especially by the attention for the specificity of each single place and the human factor underpinning place‐experience.     

Colour scheme supporting technique based on hierarchical scene structure for exterior design of urban scenes in 3D

In this article, we propose a method for supporting colour schemes for the exterior colour design of an urban scene in 3D and report on a user study for validating the proposed scheme. The realized simulator allows users to develop harmonized colouring schemes for an urban colour design in 3D with the selection of a dominant colour and subcolours automatically. The technical aspects include designing a colour scheming table based on a colour guideline, extracting the façade colour from an image collected from a real scene, and conducting colour scheming on a 3D scene. The proposed method enhances efficiency with respect to reducing processing cost as providing automatic colour scheme in 3D. In addition, the 3D simulator makes the proposed method interactive, which in turn increases the flexibility for manipulation of 3D simulated scenes by changing viewpoints by rotating, zooming, and navigating the simulator. The experimental results and a user study are presented. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 2010.     

Colour preference for Taiwanese floral pattern fabrics

A psychophysical experiment was carried out to investigate factors affecting colour preference for Taiwanese floral pattern fabrics, as a case study of object colour preference. A total of 175 test images of Taiwanese fabrics were used as the stimuli presented on a calibrated computer display. The images were generated on the basis of 5 existing Taiwanese fabrics, each manipulated into 35 images by changing the fabric colour. The 35 colours were selected to cover the most frequently used colours for existing Taiwanese fabrics. The 175 test images were assessed by 76 Taiwanese observers in terms of 9 semantic scales, including Taiwanese style/non‐Taiwanese style, Japanese style/non‐Japanese style, splendid/plain, traditional/modern, active/passive, warm/cool, heavy/light, like/dislike and harmonious/disharmonious. The experimental results reveal two underlying factors: “Splendidness” and “Harmony.” The like/dislike response was found to highly correlate with harmonious/disharmonious, but have poor correlation with Taiwanese style/non‐Taiwanese style. The study also reveals several factors affecting colour preference for Taiwanese fabrics, including the interaction effect of colour and pattern, observer's general liking for the object, and the effect of user experience. These findings can help develop a more robust, comprehensive theory of object colour preference. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 41, 43–55, 2016     

An example of facade colour design of mass housing

The colours and architectural characteristics of building facades are the major factors affecting the general appearance of cities. When cities are examined from various perspectives, first impressions are obtained from the geometrical forms and facade colours of buildings. The facade colour arrangements should reflect the features of the region and buildings. In this context various features of natural and artificial environments such as plant life, water elements, climate, and historical texture should be examined, and a facade colour arrangement should be designed according to the examination results. In addition, the other factors effective in determining the colour and style of a building, such as social‐cultural background of the society and traditional and natural building materials, should not be forgotten because in some regions traditional buildings with special construction styles, materials, and colours create a specific identity for the settlements and cities. The aims of this article are to elucidate the colour contrast, colour arrangement, and colour design stages of mass housing and to explain the colour design of Bizimkent Mass Housing, which was constructed in a new dwelling zone in Istanbul, Turkey, as an example of such an arrangement. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 27, 291–299, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.10068     

Cultural and architectural heritage conservation and restoration: which colour?

Colours play a crucial role in the field of architectural heritage. Colour analysis and colour rendition are involved in several critical facets of heritage preservation, conservation and restoration. These aspects are related to accurate documentation and an accurate representation of heritage artefacts and architectural works. The aim of this paper is to describe critical issues and open problems of the processes involved in this field. Documentation is performed in multiple ways, acquiring heterogeneous data ranging from archival images, photographs, drawings using various consumer or professional instruments (eg, digital cameras and spectrophotometers). The reliability of colour acquisition might be influenced by instrumental reasons (the technology used to acquire colour information), by environmental changes (architectural heritage surveys are often performed outdoors), by morphology (complex architectural objects are characterised by concavities and convexities which complicate the reflection evaluation), or by materials (showing different reflection, porosity and transparency indexes). Identification of materials, such as colorants, pigments and dyes, is also a vital process in the heritage field. Colour information could be used as an approach to the identification of materials, but these methods are still under development, and many issues need to be solved to achieve reliable results. Visualisation techniques of a heritage artefact also present the problem of the correctness of the colour representation. Several problems need to be faced in this context: the reliability of the acquisition, colour management of the rendering software, model complexity, and fragmentation of the devices upon which the model is visualised.     

Degassing of molten polymers

Degassing is a key-step in polymer processing. Low-molecular-weight components are removed from a polymeric system. The transport of these components takes place by diffusion to the polymer-vapour interface. This interface can be formed by free surfaces of single-phase polymer melts or by bubbles. In this study, the transport with and without bubble nucleation is investigated independently from each other in a special designed apparatus similar to a degassing extruder.The mass transport in thin films and in rotating pools with surface renewal is measured. High surface renewal rates and thick films enhance the mass transfer for single phase flow and bubbly flow. Dimensionless mass transfer coefficients are given as a function of the surface renewal rate, the area of the free surface and the total mass of the polymer. The conditions for bubble nucleation and foam formation are investigated. The bubble nucleation is observed in the rotating pool in the area of high shear velocity.     

Research on color harmony of building façades

In this study, the 28 primary colors and 11 complementary colors suggested by Chang et al in their investigation on building colors in Wanhua District of Taipei City were taken as color samples. The two-color combination mode was adopted to obtain 308 simulation photos, and two-color harmony was discussed from the perspective of visual evaluation using psychophysical tests. This study explored building façade color harmony in the CIELAB color space, and the relationship between the color attributes (hue, lightness, and chroma) and the color harmony, and between the differences of the color attributes and color harmony. It found that a high lightness of a building's primary color is associated with a high level of building color harmony, while the color harmony is reduced when the color falls in the green or blue sector in the CIELAB color space; a greater lightness difference between building façade colors is associated with a higher level of building color harmony, while the colors are disharmonized when they tend to the blue sector in the CIELAB color space. The contribution of this study is to summarize the principles for the application of building color harmony in urban renewal, and proposed suggestions on building color harmony in the urban renewal process.     

Requirements capture for colour information for design professionals

This article presents the results of a study that investigates the status of colour information use in the design process and generates ideas for a colour tool. Face‐to‐face interviews with senior designers and brand managers from the packaging and branding fields were conducted as the primary data collection method. The results are categorized into six topics: colour decision, types of colour information considered to be important in the design process, reasons for considering colour information important in the design process, current use of colour information, design professionals' preferences for existing colour tool types and data types and suggestions for a colour tool. It is concluded that there are problems with existing colour resources and tools regarding their availability and usefulness; there is a strong demand for a colour tool in the packaging design and branding processes. The insight from this work will help researchers, design professionals and colour tool developers to make informed decisions on the areas on which they should focus, how they should do so and why. This will facilitate better provisions and uptake of useful colour information for design professionals in the design process and strategy fields.     

Colour and ergonomics: On the selection of a “colour of the year”

The key role of colour in ergonomics has been emphasized by a number of researchers and design professionals. Although several research studies have been published regarding the use of colour in ergonomics, there are still some areas that need to be considered. The issue of deciding a “colour of the year” is an example, which represents a new challenge for researchers in the field of ergonomics. This is of particular interest considering the fact that the nature of research on the selection of a “colour of the year” is generally based on user experience. This paper argues that ergonomics should play a more prominent role in this field to ensure better user experience and performance. This paper highlights specific areas that need further study and development.     

Colour-emotion association and colour preference for elder care robot appearance

With the population ageing in Taiwan, it is projected that elder care robots incorporating smart technologies will play an essential role in ambient assisted living. This research has two purposes: (1) to investigate whether older adults' colour-emotion associations and colour preferences for robot appearance affect their perceptual judgements; and (2) to explore gender differences in their judgements. Phase I of this research uses a questionnaire to investigate 91 participants' preferences for robot style and their emotional trigger words for the role of robots. Phase II experiments were performed on another 60 older adults to identify whether their colour-emotion associations and colour preferences affect their perceptual judgements. The research results show that, regardless of gender difference, participating older adults prefer a robot with non-human–like features. The results also show that there is no significant difference between males and females in terms of the effect of colour-emotion association on a robot's appearance. Older adults tend to associate warm colours with emotional semantics, such as friendly, comfortable, reassuring, gentle and lively. Preferred colours include red, white and yellow. Black and grey are almost never preferred by older adults. There are significant differences by gender in the preferences for the colours white and purple. Older females prefer purple more, while white is preferred by older males. For the other colours, there were no significant differences between males and females. Colour attributes do not have any effect on colour-emotion association, whereas colour preference is highly positively correlated with b*.     

Colour in folklore and tradition—The principles

Human beings use colour to manipulate their personal appearance and environment. A large part of this usage falls within the area of oral tradition and ritual that have been handed down within families, tribes or geographical areas. The resulting images are part of our culture; they are activities that give us feelings of belonging and of doing the ‘right thing’. Two surveys were designed to learn more of these very human activities. The first centered on Britain and Ireland; the other was international. Three major driving forces were found for the use of colour in folklore and symbolism—economic, historical and social. The Principle of Adaptation of Physical Resources accounts for the choice of mourning colours of most countries. Colour usage in death echoes the three approaches to mourning of sadness, joy (for the life of the dead), and fear of the spirits of the dead. The Principle of Adaptation of Ideas accounts for regional variations in colour folklore. This embodies a Darwinian‐type principle of behavior, that is, “to survive within a community a belief must have relevance to that community.” A major principle of folk medicine involving colour is the Principle of curing like with like. There are four Principles of Colour Selection in folklore—by the contrast displayed, as a transfer from the perceived or actual usefulness of the colour, by association, and by availability. Green above all colours has especial significance both in the UK and Ireland. In everyday language it is the Principle of Singularity that controls use of colour words as symbols. The biological mechanism permitting these many and contrasting uses of colour depends on the fact that colour is a perception, not the property of an object. That is, a colour can ‘mean’ whatever we wish it to ‘mean’. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 29, 57–66, 2004; Published online in Wiley Interscience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.10212     

Surface-tension-induced interfacial convection and its effect on rates of mass transfer

Surface-tension-induced interfacial convection (Marangoni phenomena) can appear as a result of mass and heat transfer, compression and dilatation of surface films or their non-Newtonian behaviour and owing to presence in the interface of electrostatic charges. In process engineering problems the mass transfer effect is usually predominant and, depending on the geometry of the system, leads to surface renewal or changes in interfacial area. The surface renewal phenomena can appear as instabilities or disturbances and their effect on mass transfer is presented for transfer to and from drops as well as across flat interfaces in stirred and laminar flow contactors. Mass transfer coefficients and drag coefficients of drops are compared under conditions of undisturbed (diffusional) transfer, cellular convection and interfacial turbulence for stable and unstable direction of transfer. The importance of gravitational instability is indicated.     

Logo colour and differentiation: A new application of environmental colour mapping

Creating a logo design is an important task for a new company wishing to gain entry in a particular industry sector. It requires an initial situation analysis that examines existing logos within the sector, and this information is then used to inform creation of a new logo design. Colour, one of a number of design elements used to create a new logo, is a key element in creating a unique logo and in terms of enabling a logo achieve differentiation in a competitive environment. This article discusses the application of the environmental colour mapping process during the initial situation analysis phase of logo design. The process, which has been applied in urban design studies in Japan, America, France, England, and Norway has recently been augmented with the addition of digital technology. Using a case study approach, the ‘environment’ for the purpose of this study represented the logo designs of organizations within a specific industry sector. The main outcome from the process (colour data presented in the form of a colour map) was examined for patterns of similarity and dissimilarity and an attempt was made to identify new options for logo colours within the sector based on colour differentiation. This study represents a new application of the environmental colour mapping process and a number of limitations and benefits are discussed. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 2011     

有色纤维色差的测定方法

介绍了测色色差计的测色原理及其在测定有色纤维色差上的应用;分析了纤维试样的制样方法对色差测量结果的影响,为科研、生产部门准确有效地测定有色纤维的色差推荐了一种可靠的方法.     

复杂化工过程调控操纵策略的深度学习方法

现代复杂化工过程生产运行记录了大量的过程调控时序数据,如何提取其中有价值的调控操纵经验和规则,对于提升过程运行智能化水平具有重要意义。时间序列聚类是一种挖掘历史调控操纵序列的有效方法,然而由于实际工况经常与历史数据出现偏差,使得重构准确的过程调控操纵策略出现困难。为此,本文提出了一种基于数据碎片化深度学习的过程调控操纵提取方法,采用基于Levenshtein距离的凝聚层次时序聚类获取不同过程扰动状态类别,提取对应的有效操纵序列进行碎片化处理,采用卷积神经网络对调控操纵策略进行深度学习和重构。将此方法在工业换热器过程上进行了应用,获得了满意的结果,表明所提出的方法能够克服常规操纵序列挖掘的工程应用适应性差、对数据源依赖性强等缺点。     

梁子湖青白瓷系的现状与研究方法探析——以湖泗窑址群为例

武汉市江夏区至鄂州市梁子湖地区存在一百余座古窑址,其中有代表性的窑址群如"湖泗窑址群""青山窑址群"等,自20世纪70年代在江夏区湖泗镇夏祠村首次发现北宋青瓷瓜棱执壶起,湖北省考古所、武汉市考古所、武汉大学考古学专业、江夏区考古队曾在20世纪80~90年代中期前后对湖泗镇下浮山窑址、土地堂镇青山窑址等进行多次考古发掘,其中大部分梁子湖青白瓷系的古陶瓷遗珍展存于湖北省博物馆、武汉市博物馆,通过为数不多的几篇考古纪要和论文,便给湖泗窑为代表的梁子湖青白瓷系盖棺定论。笔者认为似有不妥,关于湖泗窑的若干问题并未得到清晰的解决,本文旨在通过提出问题,为以湖泗窑为代表的梁子湖青白瓷系研究提供若干新的方法,为规划中的"湖泗窑址群大遗址公园"和研究者提供参考。     

Polymer Extrusion Devolatilization

Polymer devolatilization, including flash, surface renewal and stripping‐agent‐added techniques in screw extruders, is one of the most important polymer processing technologies. Its development requires an understanding of the relationships among some facts and subjects. Surface renewal devolatilization (SRDV) is a commonly used technique, which includes the two essential elements of film interface area and exposure time. A main feature of SRDV in various types of screw extruders is extrusion devolatilization, in which those elements vary with screw speed and throughput. An extrusion‐devolatilization model for SRDV model has been developed, which solves some important engineering problems encountered in devolatilization.     

二缩三丙二醇双丙烯酸酯的制备

进入20世纪80年代,国家实行改革开放政策,彩电、印刷包装和建材工业引进了多条光固化生产线,带动了国内UM涂料和UV油墨的开发,促进了光固化原材料和光源的研究和生产。以二缩三丙二醇、丙烯酸等为原料,对甲苯磺酸为催化剂采用醇酯酯化法研制低粘度、高性能、高收率的二缩三丙二醇双丙烯酸酯。