颅内表皮样囊肿的常规T_1WI、T_2WI、FLAIR及DWI对比分析

目的:通过定性分析和定量比较来探讨颅内表皮样囊肿(ECs)的FLAIR和DWI特征。方法:ECs16例,测量其T1WI、T2WI、FLAIR及DWI上病灶信号强度和ADC值,计算组织间对比度(CR)和对比噪声比(CNR)。结果:在FLAIR上ECs平均信号强度高于脑脊液(CSF),低于脑组织。在T1WI上,表皮样囊肿与脑脊液间的CR和CNR分别是0.11±0.06和1.02±1.11;在T2WI上,ECs与CSF间的CR和CNR分别是0.05±0.04和1.05±0.58;而在DWI上,ECs与CSF间的CR是12.56±2.87,CNR是18.23±5.42。16例患者示踪DWI图像上均呈明显高信号。ECs平均ADC值明显低于CSF(P<0.001),而高于脑白质(P=0.002)。结论:FLAIR对颅内表皮样囊肿显示优于常规MRI序列,DWI描述ECs轮廓优于其它MRI序列。     

DWI在散发性脑炎与急性脑梗死鉴别诊断价值

目的　探讨磁共振弥散加权成像在散发性脑炎与急性脑梗死的鉴别诊断中的应用价值。方法　回顾性分析 23例经临床诊断的散发性脑炎,包括 14例病毒性脑炎和 9例脱髓鞘性脑炎的磁共振弥散加权表现,并与 30例急性脑梗死进行比较。结果　病毒性脑炎和脱髓鞘性脑炎病灶表现局灶性或大片异常信号,T1WI呈稍低信号,T2WI及FLAIR呈高信号。除 1例超急性脑梗死未能显示梗死灶外, 29例脑梗死病灶T1WI呈稍低信号,T2WI及FLAIR呈高信号。脑炎与梗死病灶在DWI均呈稍高或高信号。ADC值测量, 30例梗死灶ADC值为(0. 46±0. 13)×10-3 mm2 /s。7例病毒性脑炎和 9例脱髓鞘性脑炎ADC值分别为(0. 98±0. 18)×10-3 mm2 /s和(0. 89±0. 07)×10-3 mm2 /s,病毒性脑炎与脱髓鞘性脑炎病灶ADC值差异无统计学意义 (Ρ>0. 05),但明显高于脑梗死(Ρ<0. 01)和镜面对侧正常区(Ρ<0. 05)。有 4例病毒性脑炎病灶在不同区域弥散增加和受限并存,ADC值表现高低不一,最高者达 0. 96×10-3 mm2 /s,最低者达 0. 31×10-3 mm2 /s;另有 3例全部病灶ADC值表现降低,分别为 0. 44×10-3 mm2 /s、0. 51×10-3 mm2 /s和 0. 58×10-3 mm2 /s。结论　磁共振弥散加权成像对脑炎与急性脑梗死鉴别诊断具有重要临床价值。     

MR扩散加权成像鉴别肺良恶性病变

目的:探讨肺部良恶性病变的DWI表现及ADC值鉴别肺部良恶性病变的价值。方法:将行胸部MRI及DWI检查的肺内有直径1cm以上的结节、肿块或实性病变的64例共76个病灶作为研究对象,全部病例均经病理证实。分析病变的DWI表现,对病变进行ADC值定量分析,比较肺良恶性病变及不同组织学类型肺癌ADC值的差异。结果:恶性病变DWI上主要表现为不规则的高信号结节或肿块,良性病变主要表现为等、稍高信号的结节或肿块。恶性病变组ADC值为(1.241±0.316)×10-3 mm2/s,良性病变组ADC值为(1.819±0.409)×10-3 mm2/s,良恶性病变组ADC值的差异有高度统计学意义(P<0.001)。中央型肺癌瘤灶实质的ADC值为(1.237±0.251)×10-3 mm2/s;周围型肺癌瘤灶实质的ADC值为(1.254±0.196)×10-3 mm2/s,两者间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。腺癌ADC值与鳞癌、大细胞癌、小细胞癌及肉瘤样癌ADC值差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),腺癌ADC值高于其它病理类型。结论:DWI实现了肺部病变ADC值的定量分析,有望成为肺部良恶性病变鉴别诊断的一种新方法,是常规MRI检查的一个有益补充。     

前列腺癌的MR扩散成像初步研究

目的初步评价MR扩散成像(DWI)对前列腺癌的诊断可行性。方法28例前列腺癌患者及20例前列腺正常的对照组受试者行MR DWI检查,使用回波平面扩散张量成像序列,b值为1000s/mm2。测量正常前列腺外周带及前列腺癌区域的表观扩散系数(ADC)值。同时测量每位受检者膀胱区域的ADC值。结果48例中44例(91.7%)获得前列腺外周带和膀胱的ADC值。24例前列腺癌灶的ADC值为(0.35±0.06)×10-3mm2/s,20例正常前列腺外周带的ADC值为(1·35±0.30)×10-3mm2/s,前列腺癌灶较正常前列腺外周带ADC值低(t=11.99,P=0.00)。前列腺癌患者膀胱的ADC值为(1.27±0.21)×10-3mm2/s,对照组膀胱ADC值为(1.29±0.30)×10-3mm2/s,2组之间差异无统计学意义(t=1.15,P=0.48)。结论MR DWI可用于前列腺的检查。前列腺癌灶与正常前列腺外周带ADC值的差别有可能用于前列腺癌的鉴别诊断。     

可逆性后部脑病综合征的ADC值研究及MRI表现

目的:探讨可逆性后部脑病综合征(PRES)表观弥散系数(ADC)值的变化及MRI表现。方法:回顾性分析9例经临床随访证实为PRES的MRI表现。将9例PRES病变区域的ADC值(病变组)和年龄、性别与之相匹配的9例健康志愿者相对应部位的ADC值(对照组)进行比较。结果:MRI示双侧顶枕叶(7例)、颞叶(3例)、额叶(4例),基底节区(2例),小脑半球(2例),一侧额叶(2例),胼胝体压部(1例)多发异常信号,且发生于脑叶的病变主要累及皮层及皮层下白质,双侧基本对称,T1WI呈等或略低信号,T2WI及FLAIR呈高信号,DWI呈等或高信号,ADC图呈等或高信号。病变组ADC值为(0.725～1.530)×10-3 mm2/s,平均为1.135×10-3 mm2/s;对照组ADC值为(0.661～0.988)×10-3 mm2/s,平均为0.798×10-3mm2/s,病变组ADC值高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:扩散加权成像(DWI)及ADC图显示PRES患者病变呈等或高信号,ADC值测量为其提供量化依据。     

腰椎溶骨型转移瘤MR扩散加权成像研究

目的探讨腰椎溶骨型转移瘤的扩散特性、扩散加权成像(DWI)检查技术及其应用价值。方法20例腰椎溶骨型转移瘤患者(病变组)及20例对照者(对照组),分别行矢状面SET1WI,快速SE(FSE)T2WI,脂肪抑制FSET2WI(fatsaturationFSET2WI,FS FSET2WI)及单次激发自旋回波回波平面DWI,比较病变组在各序列的对比噪声比(CNR)。同时评价病变组与对照组的信号衰减率(signalattenuationratio,SAR)和表观扩散系数(apparaentdiffusioncoefficient,ADC)。结果(1)常规MRI表现:20例腰椎溶骨型转移瘤患者,共23个椎体受累。在SET1WI上,病变均呈低信号,在FS FSET2WI和DWI上呈高信号。在FSET2WI上,病变分别呈混杂信号(5例)、等信号(12例)或稍高信号(6例);(2)CNR值:病变组CNR值在FSET2WI上(5.70±3.82)小于SET1WI(25.62±11.73)、FS FSET2WI(23.37±7.48)及DWI(b=600s/mm2)(24.69±9.87)(U值分别为5.393、6.359、5.547,P值均<0.05);(3)SAR值:在DWI上,病变组病变椎体、邻近正常椎体与对照组正常椎体的SAR值分别为:b=165s/mm2时,(33.21±7.76)%、(20.41±5.25)%、(22.09±5.21)%;b=360s/mm2时,(48.28±7.11)%、(27.18±5.04)%、(29.08±5.35)%;b=600s/mm2时,(59.64±7.37)%、(33.82±5.75)%、(34.02±4.50)%。成像条件相同时,病变椎体的SAR值明显高于正常椎体(q值分别为9.844、17.065、20.464、8.246、14.978、19.586,P值均<0.05)。随b值的增高,相同兴趣区(ROI)的SAR值逐渐增高(q值分别为7.344、5.952、4.392、17.084、12.013、10.596、9.739、6.601、6.204,P值均<0.05);(4)ADC值:在DWI上,病变组病变椎体、邻近正常椎体与对照组正常椎体的ADC值分别为:b=165s/mm2时,(2.49±0.70)×10-3mm2/s、(1.36±0.41)×10-3mm2/s、(1.51±0.41)×10-3mm2/s;b=360s/mm2时,(1.87±0.36)×10-3mm2/s、(0.88±0.19)×10-3mm2/s、(0.96±0.21)×10-3mm2/s;b=600s/mm2时,(1.54±0.30)×10-3mm2/s、(0.68±0.16)×10-3mm2/s、(0.70±0.12)×10-3mm2/s。成像条件相同时,病变椎体的ADC值明显高于正常椎体(q值分别为6.683、12.304、12.039、10.422、8.034、8.745,P值均<0.05)。b值越大,相同ROI的ADC值越小(q值分别为8.218、5.686、6.389、10.997、8.512、9.091、8.218、7.037、7.192,P值均<0.05)。结论DWI是以量化的方式,从分子水平对组织病变进行定性,比MR常规序列成像对组织进行定性诊断更加客观。     

肾上腺脑白质营养不良的MR功能成像表现分析

目的探讨磁共振扩散加权成像(DWI)的信号及波谱(MRS)的代谢异常变化与肾上腺脑白质营养不良(ALD)病理、生化改变的对应性。方法分析6例血浆极长链脂肪酸增高证实的ALD的病变不同区域表观扩散系数(ADC)和磁共振波谱N乙酰天门冬氨酸(NAA)、胆碱复合物(Cho)和乳酸(Lac)的代谢变化,比较病变的位置不同和时间不同在ADC值和代谢变化中的差异。结果病灶最早发生的枕顶叶脑白质区域,DWI信号很低,ADC值最高(2.400×10-3mm2/s,F=7.31,P=0.003),NAA/Cr和NAA/Cho降低(0.62±0.24,F=4.00,P=0.02;0.32±0.16,F=6.75,P=0.02),Cho/Cr和Lac/Cr增高(1.96±0.53,F=3.53,P=0.03;0.28±0.24,F=3.22,P=0.04)。在病灶向前扩展的区域中,DWI信号最高,而ADC值最低[(0.749～0.752)×10-3mm2/s,F=7.31,P=0.003],灶周近区NAA/Cr和NAA/Cho降低较远区明显(q2=-0.23,p2=0.047;q2=-0.23,p2=0.02),Cho/Cr和Lac/Cr的增高无统计学意义(q2=0.34,p2=0.19;q2=0.11,p2=0.17)。结论磁共振功能成像能够动态观察营养不良的脑白质的空间时间演变顺序。陈旧性病灶,ADC值升高,Cho和Lac均升高,NAA下降明显。进展区的病灶,ADC明显降低,Cho和Lac的升高变化较前者并不显著,残存的神经元和轴索的保留使NAA的水平部分下降。     

扩散加权成像鉴别前列腺癌及良性前列腺增生的价值

目的探讨良性前列腺增生(BPH)和前列腺癌(PCa)的扩散加权成像(DWI)和表观扩散系数(ADC)图表现,及对PCa的鉴别诊断价值。方法分析18例BPH和25例PCa的DWI和ADC图表现,并分别测量癌肿区的ADC值及BPH的外周带(PZ)及中央腺体(CG)的ADC值,比较其间是否存在差异。结果BPH的DWI和ADC图上PZ信号近似均一,CG信号欠均匀。PCa在DWI上呈高信号,ADC图呈低信号,均能直观显示癌灶范围。受侵犯的精囊和骨盆骨转移灶DWI上呈高信号,ADC图呈低信号。PCa的ADC值[(0．49±0．09)×10-3mm2／s]与BPH的PZ及CG的ADC值[(1．27±0．14)×10-3mm2／s、(0．96±0．14)×10-3mm2／s]比较,差异均有统计学意义(t值分别为-52．46、-31．49,P值均<0．01),PCa的ADC值与BPH的PZ无重叠,与CG也仅有少量重叠(1／127,0．7％)。结论DWI和ADC图可显示PCa位置、范围及周围侵犯、转移情况;根据DWI和ADC图上病变的信号特点及ADC值可以鉴别BPH和PCa。     

DWI对泪腺淋巴瘤和淋巴细胞浸润型炎性假瘤的鉴别诊断价值

【摘要】目的：探讨磁共振扩散加权成像（DWI）及表观扩散系数（ADC）在泪腺淋巴瘤和淋巴细胞浸润型炎性假瘤中的鉴别诊断价值。方法：回顾性分析36例DWI呈稍高信号的泪腺肿块初诊患者,根据手术病理结果分为淋巴瘤组（16例）和淋巴细胞浸润型炎性假瘤组（20例）。b值取 800s/mm2,逐层勾画肿瘤边界,以获得整体兴趣区（ROI）,获得DWI稍高信号区平均ADC值（ADCm）、肿块对侧颞叶脑白质ADC值ADCw）,计算二者比值（ADCR）。采用受试者工作特征曲线（ROC）,评价肿块ADCm值及ADCR的诊断价值。结果：泪腺淋巴瘤ADCm值及ADCR分别为（0.783±0.215）×10-3mm2/s、0.914±0.231;泪腺淋巴细胞浸润型炎性假瘤ADCm值及ADCR分别为（1.218±0.514）×10-3mm2/s、1.441±0.642;泪腺淋巴瘤ADCm值及ADCR低于淋巴细胞浸润型炎性假瘤（P<0.05）。以ADCm=0.828×10-3mm2/s为阈值,曲线下面积(AUC)为0.964±0.027、敏感度93.8%、特异度90.0%、符合率91.7%;以ADCR=1.167为阈值, AUC为0.933±0.040、敏感度87.5%、特异度80.0%、符合率88.9%。结论：磁共振DWI及ADC值在泪腺淋巴瘤和淋巴细胞浸润型炎性假瘤鉴别诊断中具有重要参考价值。     

扩散加权成像在脊髓梗死中的应用

目的研究扩散加权成像(DWI)在脊髓梗死中的诊断及鉴别诊断价值。方法6例临床诊断为脊髓梗死患者,在发病后1～30d内采用1.5T磁共振仪行常规MRI和DWI。DWI均采用导航回波校正多次激励平面回波序列,并在矢状面进行表观扩散系数(ADC)值的测量。结果均成功行常规MRI和DWI检查,颈髓2例,胸腰段4例。常规T2WI表现为矢状面条状和片状长T2信号(6/6),早期多伴有肿胀(5/6),轴面表现为对称长T2信号,部分呈典型“蛇眼征”。其中,1例仅累及脊髓后动脉,表现为脊髓后部长T2信号。DWI除1例接近等信号外(发病后30d),余(发病1～12d)均表现为明显高信号,ADC平均值[(0.37±0.10)×10-3mm2/s],较正常值[(0.89±0.08)×10-3mm2/s]明显减低,差异有统计学意义(t=4.71,P<0.01)。本组中2例在3个月内进行复查,DWI信号逐渐减低,同时ADC值逐渐升高至正常,分别为0.85×10-3mm2/s和0.95×10-3mm2/s。结论DWI是脊髓梗死较为特异的诊断和鉴别诊断方法,值得推广应用。     

The acutely limping child

Acute limping may be the result of multiple pathologies in children. The differential diagnosis varies based on the age of the child. Irrespective of age, the initial imaging work-up includes AP and frog leg radiographs of the pelvis and ultrasound; MRI may sometimes be helpful. In children less than 3 years, infections and trauma are most frequent. MRI is the imaging modality of choice when osteomyelitis is clinically suspected. Between the ages of 3 and 10 years, transient synovitis of the hip and Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease are main considerations but infection, inflammation and focal bony lesions are also considered. In children over 10 years, slipped capital femoral epiphysis also is considered.     

High Intensity Interval Training:New Insights

KEY POINTS ·High-intensity interval training(HIT)is characterized by repeated sessions of relatively brief，intermittent exercise.often performed with an“a11 out”effort or at an intensity close to that which elicits peak oxygen uptake(i.e.，≥90%of VO2 peak).     

Developmental validation of the PowerPlex(®) ESI 16 and PowerPlex(®) ESI 17 Systems: STR multiplexes for the new European standard

In response to the ENFSI and EDNAP groups’ call for new STR multiplexes for Europe, Promega^® developed a suite of four new DNA profiling kits. This paper describes the developmental validation study performed on the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 (European Standard Investigator 16) and the PowerPlex^® ESI 17 Systems. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System combines the 11 loci compatible with the UK National DNA Database^®, contained within the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® PCR Amplification Kit, with five additional loci: D2S441, D10S1248, D22S1045, D1S1656 and D12S391. The multiplex was designed to reduce the amplicon size of the loci found in the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. This design facilitates increased robustness and amplification success for the loci used in the national DNA databases created in many countries, when analyzing degraded DNA samples. The PowerPlex^® ESI 17 System amplifies the same loci as the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System, but with the addition of a primer pair for the SE33 locus. Tests were designed to address the developmental validation guidelines issued by the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM), and those of the DNA Advisory Board (DAB). Samples processed include DNA mixtures, PCR reactions spiked with inhibitors, a sensitivity series, and 306 United Kingdom donor samples to determine concordance with data generated with the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. Allele frequencies from 242 white Caucasian samples collected in the United Kingdom are also presented. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 and ESI 17 Systems are robust and sensitive tools, suitable for the analysis of forensic DNA samples. Full profiles were routinely observed with 62.5 pg of a fully heterozygous single source DNA template. This high level of sensitivity was found to impact on mixture analyses, where 54–86% of unique minor contributor alleles were routinely observed in a 1:19 mixture ratio. Improved sensitivity combined with the robustness afforded by smaller amplicons has substantially improved the quantity of data obtained from degraded samples, and the improved chemistry confers exceptional tolerance to high levels of laboratory prepared inhibitors.     

Bronchial stump fistula :treatment with covered retrievable hinged metallic stents-preliminary clinical experience

Objective To evaluate the preliminaily clinical efficacy and retrievability of a retrievable hinged covered metallic stent in the treatment of the bronchial stump fistula （BSF）. Methods Between April 2003 and March 2005, 8 patients with bronchial stump fistula after pneumonectomy or lobectomy were treated with two types （A and B） of retrievable hinged covered metallic stents. Type A stent was placed in 6 patients and type B in 2 under fluoroscopic guidance. The stent was removed with a retrieval set when BSF was healed or complications occurred. Results Stent placement in the bronchial tree was technically successful in all patients, without procedure-related complications. Immediate closure of the BSF was achieved in all patients after the procedure. Stents were removed from all patients but one. Removal of the stents was difficult in two patients due to tissue hyperplasia. Patients were followed up for 6 - 21 months. Placement of the stents remained stable in all patients except one due to severe cough. Permanent closure of BSF was achieved in 7 （87.5%） of 8 patients. Conclusion Use of a retrievable hinged covered expandable metallic stent is a simple, safe, and effective procedure for closure of the BSF. Retrieval of the stent seems to be feasible. （J Intervent Radiol, 2007, 16： 253-257）     

Die rechtsmedizinische Identifizierung — Bedeutung und Beweiswert —

Zusammenfassung Bei der rechtsmedizinischen Identifizierung kann die Identität im strengen Sinn allenfalls bei lebenden Personen festgestellt werden; sonst läßt sich nur von Teilen auf das Ganze (vom Untersuchungsobjekt auf die Person) schließen, wobei die verschiedenen Merkmale des Untersuchungsobjektes entsprechend der Hdufigkeit ihres Vorkommens eine unterschiedliche Beweiskraft haben. Bei der Schädelidentifizierung mit Hilfe moderner photographischer oder elektronischer Superprojektionsverfahren ergeben sich unter Berücksichtigung der Weichteildicken so viele (fiktive) Vergleichspunkte, daß bei geeignetem Vergleichsmaterial (Photographien) Identität wegen der Vielzahl übereinstimmender Bezugspunkte in den meisten Fällen evident ist.     

Imaging of abdominal nodal spread in malignant disease

This is a review of the role of imaging procedures for the assessment of abdominal and pelvic lymph nodes. The diagnosis of malignant lymphatic spread is rarely the sole purpose of imaging, because it is usually part of a general abdominal examination, most frequently with CT or US, or increasingly with MRI. These studies are often requested in order to obtain information about the situation to be encountered during surgery, or to alert the surgeon to irresectability or to unexpected metastases outside the initially planned area of exploration. In most surgically treated tumours the role of imaging for preoperative staging is limited, due either to its insufficient sensitivity or because the initial treatment is independent of the lymph node stage. Imaging is commonly used to verify treatment response to chemo- or radiotherapy and for follow-up.Correspondence to: S. Delorme     

改进的定位技术在胸部肿瘤穿刺活检中的应用

目的：探索CT-SIM三维定位系统、体模固定技术和PET-CT融合影像导引定位技术在胸部肿瘤经皮穿刺活检中的应用价值。方法：对380例胸部肿瘤患者行改进的CT定位技术下的经皮穿刺活检术。根据肿瘤的大小、深度、毗邻关系、活动度以及患者的心肺功能状态,综合运用CT-SIM系统、体模固定技术和PET-CT融合影像导引技术,为患者进行穿刺前定位。统计穿刺定位时间长度、成功率、确诊率、并发症发生情况,并与210例采用传统铅栅定位下胸部肿瘤穿刺活检的相应资料进行比较。结果：采用改进的CT定位技术的380例患者穿刺定位精确,平均定位时间（9.5 min）较传统方法（16.8 min）缩短7.3 min,活检成功率和确诊率分别是98.7%和95.3%,高于传统定位方法的93.3%和83.3%,两者差异均具有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。穿刺并发症发生率相似,气胸发生率分别为2.8%和2.9%,咯血发生率分别为11%和12.8%。结论：根据患者状态及肿瘤特点,在CT-SIM系统快速精确定位技术的基础上,综合运用体模固定技术和PET-CT融合影像导引技术,能显著缩短经皮穿刺活检的定位时间,提高活检成功率。