肉桂醛替代保育猪饲粮中金霉素和杆菌肽锌

本试验研究了肉桂醛替代保育猪饲粮中金霉素和杆菌肽锌联用的效果。选取180头42日龄健康的杜×长×大三元杂交保育猪,按体重相似和性别比例相同原则将其分为对照组、试验A组和B组,每组60头猪,设4个重复,每个重复15头猪。对照组猪饲喂猪场现行的保育猪饲粮,其中含有金霉素、杆菌肽锌和黏杆菌素;将饲粮中金霉素和杆菌肽锌除去,分别添加400和600 mg/kg肉桂醛制剂,相应地饲喂试验A组和B组猪。试验期21 d。试验发现:用肉桂醛制剂替代保育猪饲粮中联用的金霉素和杆菌肽锌,可显著降低保育猪的腹泻率和腹泻指数(P0.05)。试验A组、B组猪平均日增重较对照组高,其中试验B组达到显著水平(P0.05)。试验B组猪血清总蛋白含量显著高于对照组(P0.05);试验组猪血清谷丙转氨酶活性低于对照组,其中试验B组达到显著水平(P0.05);试验B组猪血清谷草转氨酶活性显著高于对照组和试验A组(P0.05);试验A组、B组猪血清超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性和总抗氧化能力显著(P0.05)或极显著(P0.01)高于对照组;试验A组、B组猪血清丙二醛含量极显著低于对照组(P0.01)。试验A组、B组猪瘟抗体、蓝耳病抗体、圆环病毒抗体水平都显著地高于对照组(P0.05);猪伪狂犬抗体水平也呈上升趋势,其中试验B组达显著水平(P0.05)。3组猪血清口蹄疫抗体水平差异不显著(P0.05)。结果提示:肉桂醛能替代保育猪饲粮中联用的金霉素和杆菌肽锌,并且其应用效果比金霉素和杆菌肽锌联用的效果更好。肉桂醛能较好地预防和控制保育猪腹泻的发生,增强猪体抗氧化能力,促进保育猪的生长,提高饲料转化率。肉桂醛制剂在保育猪饲粮中适宜添加量为600 mg/kg。     

微生态制剂替代抗生素对生长肥育猪生长性能的影响

试验以生长育肥猪为研究对象,通过饲养试验研究微生态制剂替代抗生素对育肥猪生长性能的影响。试验采用了90头体重接近30kg的健康杜×长×大三元杂交育肥猪,按体重随机分为3个组,每组3个重复,每个重复10头猪,结果表明,采用微生态制剂替代全部或者部分抗生素后,与对照组相比,中猪阶段的日增重和饲料转化效率都有较大程度的提高,腹泻率有所降低。     

“百福乐”与4种抗生素对生长猪生产性能的影响

选用黄霉索、对氨基苯砷酸（阿散酸）、硫酸抗敌素（硫酸粘杆菌素）、杆菌肽锌4种体内基本不残留的抗生素和北星“百福乐”（药用植物提取物）进行饲喂试验，以探讨其对生长猪的增重效果。     

生长猪玉米—豆粕型饲粮中添加复合酶制剂的效果观察

生长肥育猪饲粮多以植物性原料配制,不用或极少使用动物性原料,然而植物性原料中含有多种抗营养因子(如玉米-豆粕型饲粮中含有非淀粉多糖(NSP)、蛋白酶抑制因子、植物凝集素、植酸、果胶、抗原蛋白等抗营养因子).这些抗营养因子在一定程度上降低了单胃动物对营养物质的消化吸收能力,从而降低饲粮养分的消化利用率[1].国内外一些研究表明添加外源性酶制剂可以提高畜禽饲粮养分消化率,改善生产性能,减少排泄物的污染.     

饲粮中添加功能性诱食肽对猪生长性能的影响

本文旨在研究猪饲粮中添加功能性诱食肽对猪只生长性能的影响.试验选取72头25±1日龄断奶仔猪(杜×长×大),按体重分成2个组,每个组6个重复,每个重复6头猪.对照组饲粮中添加100～ 150mg/kg的甜味剂,试验组添加120～300 mg/kg的功能性诱食肽.试验从仔猪断奶开始一直持续到出栏,试验分为五个阶段.结果表明:与对照组相比,添加功能性诱食肽组各个阶段的平均日采食量、平均日增重都有所提高,其中第一阶段和15～ 30 kg阶段生长性能效果最好,平均日增重分别提高13.71％、10.36％(P＜0.05).由此可见,在猪饲粮中添加诱食性功能肽可以提高猪只平均日采食量和平均日增重,改善生长性能.     

杆菌肽锌和硫酸粘杆菌素合剂的作用特点

杆菌肽锌（Bc－Zn）和硫酸粘杆菌素（CL）合剂（简称合剂）是Bc－Zn与CL以５∶１的混合物，其进口的预混剂商品名为“万能肥素”，天津新星兽药厂生产的相同规格品种，称“杆粘合素”。Bc－Zn和CL同属多肽类杀菌性抗生素，两者配伍，有协同作用。合剂扩大了抗菌谱，促生长效果显著，且能有效的预防细菌性腹泻，不易产生耐药菌，药物残留微小，因而被国家定为药物饲料添加剂品种之一。现对合剂用作饲料添加剂的诸多特点分别介绍如下。１稳定性Bc－Zn和CL性能稳定。Bc－Zn在４０℃，存放２年，活力不下降；饲料中室温２年，活力下降＜…     

生长肥育猪饲粮中添加磷酸钙效果试验

将磷酸钙以１％，２％的比例分别添加到肥育猪基础饲粮中，可使日增重分别提高１８．２％，９．７％，饲料利用率分别提高１７．４％１０．５％，经济效益分别提高１８％，１２％。     

胶原蛋白替代进口鱼粉对生长猪饲粮养分消化率的影响

制革废边角料(鞣制前的)经热喷处理所制成的胶原蛋白是一种新型动物性蛋白源,由于它营养丰富(粗蛋白达70～82%),安全无毒,而且还是一种天然的营养性饲料制粒助剂,因而具有很大的开发价值。在对这一资源进行开发时,有必要同步作利用技术研究。热喷胶原蛋白本身的消化率虽然很高,体外胃蛋白酶消化率可达90%以上,但用其替代饲粮中的鱼粉时,由于两者粗蛋白含量及氨基酸组成均存在差异,这是否会影响生     

生长猪饲粮中添加糖蜜酒精废液浓缩物的试验研究

试验选择21头体重15kg左右的杜长大三元杂交生长猪,随机分为3组,每组7头(3公4母),分别在饲粮中添加使用0%(对照组)、3.0%(试验Ⅰ组)和5.0%(试验Ⅱ组)的糖蜜酒精废液浓缩物(MAWC),进行为期21d的饲养试验,结果表明,各组平均日增重差异不显著(P>0.05);与对照组比较,试验Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组日增重分别提高3.70%和0.97%,饲料增重比(F/G)分别降低5.5%和4.7%。消化试验结果表明,饲粮中添加3.0%、5.0%的MAWC,饲粮粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗纤维等养分的表观消化率有所改善。广西甘蔗糖业副产物资源丰富,研究开发糖蜜酒精废液浓缩物作饲料,可变废为宝,社会效益、经济效益和环境生态效益显著。     

生长猪对饲料原料中磷的消化率

磷是生长猪的一种重要营养素,但它总是不能被猪完全利用,因为其经常与植酸结合在一起。使用标准全肠道消化率（Standard Total Tract Digestibility,STTD）概念,可以更好地测定饲料原料中磷的准确营养价值。豆粕是猪饲料中一种优质蛋白质原料,由于全球猪鸡的饲养规模不断扩大,大豆的需求量快速增加,大大超过了其供应量。因此,一些其它来源的蛋白质原料有时会用于饲料中,以向动物提供一些必需氨基酸。     

Lysine requirement for maintenance in growing pigs

Probably due to methodological problems the knowledge about the AA requirement for maintenance in pigs is rather scarce. In the present study an alternative experimental approach was applied and its underlying hypothesis was tested, whether protein retention decreases with body weight (BW), when daily lysine intake remains constant and acts as the limiting factor for protein retention, and whether this decrease reflects the increasing requirement of lysine for maintenance. If this hypothesis can be confirmed, lysine requirement for maintenance can be calculated when assuming a certain value for lysine concentration in body protein, since marginal efficiency of dietary lysine utilisation for protein retention is not affected by its level of intake (when being below the level necessary for maximum response), BW, protein retention capacity of the animal nor by energy intake. A series of N balances experiments using twelve castrated male pigs were performed at approximately 35, 55, 80, 110, and 140 kg of BW and body composition was determined by the D₂O dilution technique. Two lysine intake levels were tested to prove that the animals on the lower level respond to additional lysine and, therefore, have received a lysine-limiting diet, the prerequisite for the alternative. Based on the extent of the decrease in protein retention with BW the following estimates for the maintenance lysine requirement were derived: 18 mg/kg BW, 71 mg/kg BW^0.75, 29 mg/kg fat free substance, and 121 mg/kg body protein. These estimates are higher than values reported in the literature, which might be caused by methodological differences or by the higher feed intake of the animals in the present study.     

不同替代比例肠膜蛋白粉对猪有效能及营养物质消化率的影响

试验旨在通过套算法研究不同替代比例的肠膜蛋白粉对猪的有效能和营养物质表观消化率的影响。试验将24头平均体重(20.2±2.3) kg的健康去势公猪随机分为4组,每组6个重复。对照组饲喂玉米基础日粮,试验组分别是10%、20%和30%的肠膜蛋白粉替代基础日粮的试验日粮。试验期12 d,前7 d为预饲期,后5 d为粪尿收集期。结果显示,以干物质为基础,以10%、20%和30%肠膜蛋白粉替代基础日粮,试验得出的肠膜蛋白的表观代谢能分别为12.01、12.52 MJ/kg和12.10 MJ/kg(P<0.05);随着替代水平的升高,总能、有机物和中性洗涤纤维(P<0.05)的消化率降低,粗蛋白消化率先升高再降低。由此可见,生长猪对不同替代比例的各营养物质的表观消化率具有一定差异性,随着肠膜蛋白粉在基础日粮中替代比例的提高,肠膜蛋白粉的有效能值先升高再降低;当肠膜蛋白粉的比例是20%时,其原料的消化能和代谢能相对较高。     

水解羽毛粉替代豆粕饲喂生长猪的效果研究

选用20kg左右的DLY生长猪64头,随机分为4个处理,每个处理4个重复,每个重复4头,分别饲喂基础日粮、添加2%、4%、6%水解羽毛粉（等蛋白替代豆粕）的日粮。结果表明,随着试验日粮中水解羽毛粉添加量的提高,试验猪的日采食量和日增重降低,而料肉比上升,并且6%处理组差异达到显著（P〈0.05）;各处理组的干物质表观消化率、蛋白质表观消化率和有机物表观消化率均差异不显著（P〉0.05）,而氮的表观生物学价值和净蛋白利用率随着水解羽毛粉添加量的提高明显降低,并且6%处理组的净蛋白利用率显著低于对照组（P〈0.05）和2%处理组（P〈0.05）;2%处理组的单位增重饲料成本较对照组降低0.20元/kg。     

Sites of nutrient digestion in growing pigs: effect of dietary fiber

The impact of dietary fiber on fecal digestion is well-known and provides a comprehensive approach toward nutrient digestibility and availability. Little quantitative information is available on digestion of fiber in the different segments of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). The objectives of this study were to obtain a method allowing the quantification of the digestive process in different segments of the GIT and to study the impact of dietary fiber on nutrient digestibility. Six barrows (average initial BW of 30 kg and fitted with a simple T-cannula at the proximal duodenum and caudal ileum) were used in a replicated 3 x 3 Latin square design. In each period, pigs were offered 1 of 3 diets differing in fiber content (low, medium, and high). Differences in fiber content were created by replacing wheat and barley with wheat bran. Titanium dioxide was included in the diet as an indigestible marker to determine the apparent digestibility coefficients in different segments of the GIT. The apparent digestibility of ash, CP, DM, and OM increased in the different segments of the GIT. Duodenal digestibility coefficients were negative for ash (e.g., -39.9% for the medium- and high-fiber diets), indicating important endogenous mineral secretions by the stomach and digestive glands. The duodenal digestibility of other nutrients and OM were positive but close to zero and numerically lower in the diets with the greater fiber contents. The fiber content in the diet did not affect the apparent ileal digestibility of nutrients. Increasing the fiber content in the diet affected the fecal digestibility of CP, ether extract, and energy (P < 0.01). The method used for studying sites of digestion in the digestive tract provides promising results, but it is limited due to the high variability that is likely caused by sampling limitations and variation between animals.     

The effect of transdermal delivery of fentanyl on activity in growing pigs

Recently, decreased activity levels have been observed in pigs treated postoperatively with transdermal delivery of fentanyl (TD-fentanyl) after isoflurane anaesthesia. Whether the change in behaviour is related to opioid-induced sedation or to insufficient pain relief remains to be investigated. This study was therefore undertaken to evaluate the effect of TD-fentanyl 50 microg h(-1) on the activity level with and without isoflurane anaesthesia. Eight pigs (25.4 +/- 5.2 kg) were submitted to a cross-over study and given two treatments; 1) fentanyl patch applied after 30 minutes of anaesthesia (treatment A/F) and 2) fentanyl patch without anaesthesia (treatment F). The pigs' behaviour was observed from a video recording instantaneously every 10 minutes for 24 h before treatments and up to 72 h after the patch attachment. Venous blood samples were taken 1, 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 h after the patch application. The behaviour recordings showed that TD-fentanyl did not produce sedation in any pig. No differences were found between the two treatments in activity level, weight gain or serum fentanyl concentration. This concentration measured after 24 h was 0.27 +/- 0.11 ng ml(-1) and 0.47 +/- 0.40 ng ml(-1) in the A/F and F group, respectively. In conclusion, transdermal delivery of 50 microg h(-1) fentanyl did not cause inactivity in growing pigs. However, the large variations in serum fentanyl concentration indicate that drug absorption from transdermal patches is unpredictable and sometimes deficient.     

The effect of stress conditions on exocrine pancreatic secretion in growing pigs

Introduction   Competition and aggression in pigs is known to reduce daily weight gain (DWG) (R und GREN and L& ouml ; fqvist 1989; H yun et al. 1998; L und et al. 1998), and to impair feed conversion ratio (W alker 1991; L und et al. 1998). The exact biological mechanisms behind these effects are not fully understood. Aggression and competition activate a cascade of reactions of biological relevance, such as inhibition of the parasympathetic nervous system, stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system, including the adrenal medulla (A xelrod et al. 1970; D alin et al. 1993a, 1993b), and activation of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal-adrenal (HHA) axis resulting in higher adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and higher cortisol concentrations in the plasma (D alin et al. 1993b; O lsson and S vendsen 1997). These responses as well as muscular activity increase metabolic losses (S chrama et al. 1993).
Hyper-physiological treatment with glucocorticoids stimulates pancreatic amylase activities in piglets (B aintner and N emeth 1982; C happle et al. 1989a, 1989b, 1989c), but no observations in growing pigs have been published. Inhibition of the parasympathetic nervous system (C hey et al. 1979) and stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system (C hey 1991) reduce exocrine pancreatic secretion. So, there might be some conflicting physiological responses of the exocrine pancreas to stress conditions. In order to increase our understanding of the animal's physiological responses to conditions of stress, we tested the hypothesis that conditions associated with stress (mixing with unfamiliar pigs, frustration and ACTH treatment) reduce exocrine pancreatic secretion. In addition, we tested the effect of treatment with Amperozide (a neurolepticum which reduces aggression and the effects of stress in pigs) on exocrine pancreatic secretion.