污染区对部分打开井井底压力响应的影响

钻井造成的污染区对部分打开井的影响不同于裸眼井. 为了分析污染区对部分打开井井底压力响应的影响,建立了一种部分打开井的二维轴对称渗流模型,模型考虑了真实的污染区以及储层渗透率各向异性特征.利用有限元数值方法对模型进行求解,获得了部分打开井的井底压力响应及储层压力分布. 根据压力响应及压力分布特征,将部分打开井的压力响应过程划分为5 个流动阶段,其中早期局部径向流动和椭球流动是该类井最典型的特征. 对污染区的影响分析表明:传统方法中的表皮系数S 并不等于污染区引起的机械表皮系数S_d;无量纲井筒储存系数不能与机械表皮系数组合. 修正了传统方法中部分打开井的井底压力公式,验证了部分打开井的总表皮计算公式,为该类井的井底压力响应解释及产能预测提供理论指导.      

页岩储层体积压裂的地应力变化研究

页岩储层属于致密超低渗透储层,需改造形成复杂缝网才有经济产能.体积压裂是页岩储层增产改造的主要措施,而地应力场特别是水平主应力差值是体积压裂的关键控制因素. 理论研究表明:(1)当初始两向水平主应力差较小时,容易形成缝网,反之不易产生缝网;(2)人工裂缝的形成能够改变地层初始应力场. 因此应在前人研究的基础上优化设计压裂方式,以克服和翻转初始水平主应力差值,产生体积缝网.基于此,建立了页岩气藏水平井体积压裂数值模型,模型中采用多孔介质流固耦合单元模拟页岩基质的行为,采用带有孔压的"cohesive"单元描述水力裂缝的性质,模型对"Texas Two-Step" 压裂方法进行了数值模拟,模拟结果得到了压裂过程中地层应力场的分布及其变化,模拟结果和解析公式计算结果吻合良好.模拟结果表明:(1)裂缝的产生减弱了地层应力场的各向异性;(2 对于低水平应力差页岩储层,采用"Texas Two-Step"压裂方法可以产生缝网. 对于采用"Texas Two-Step"压裂方法无法产生缝网的高应力差页岩储层,提出了三次应力"共振" 和四次应力"共振" 压裂方法并进行了数值模拟,模拟结果得到了压裂过程中页岩储层应力场的分布及其变化,得到了缝网形成的区域,模拟结果表明:(1)对于高应力差页岩储层,采用"Texas Two-Step" 压裂方法无法产生缝网;(2)对于高应力差页岩储层,三次应力"共振" 和四次应力"共振"压裂方法是有效的体积压裂缝网形成的方法.      

Stability of boreholes in a geologic medium including the effects of anisotropy

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Fluid-solid coupling model for studying wellbore instability in drilling of gas hydrate bearing sediments

As the oil or gas exploration and development activities in deep and ultra- deep waters become more and more, encountering gas hydrate bearing sediments （HBS） is almost inevitable. The variation in temperature and pressure can destabilize gas hydrate in nearby formation around the borehole, which may reduce the strength of the formation and result in wellbore instability. A non-isothermal, transient, two-phase, and fluid-solid coupling mathematical model is proposed to simulate the complex stability performance of a wellbore drilled in HBS. In the model, the phase transition of hydrate dissociation, the heat exchange between drilling fluid and formation, the change of mechanical and petrophysical properties, the gas-water two-phase seepage, and its interaction with rock deformation are considered. A finite element simulator is developed, and the impact of drilling mud on wellbore instability in HBS is simulated. Results indicate that the re- duction in pressure and the increase in temperature of the drilling fluid can accelerate hydrate decomposition and lead to mechanical properties getting worse tremendously. The cohesion decreases by 25% when the hydrate totally dissociates in HBS. This easily causes the wellbore instability accordingly. In the first two hours after the formation is drilled, the regions of hydrate dissociation and wellbore instability extend quickly. Then, with the soaking time of drilling fluid increasing, the regions enlarge little. Choosing the low temperature drilling fluid and increasing the drilling mud pressure appropriately can benefit the wellbore stability of HBS. The established model turns out to be an efficient tool in numerical studies of the hydrate dissociation behavior and wellbore stability of HBS.     

THE PERFORATION PARAMETER OPTIMIZATION FOR MULTI FRACTURE INITIATION IN HYDRAULIC FRACTURING

针对复杂地质近井筒多裂缝起裂的难题, 结合岩体力学与损伤力学相关理论, 建立了近井筒地层流固——损伤力学模型, 采用数值求解获得了射孔壁面的应力及损伤状态, 计算表明:初始地应力最小值越小, 地层的起裂压力越低;射孔方位角越小, 起裂压力越低. 随着射孔方位角增大, 近井筒微裂缝为45° 夹角的拐折裂缝, 起裂压力增大, 基于此, 对于正断层及顺滑断层地应力类型, 取射孔方位角小于30°, 螺旋射孔夹角30°或45°, 对于逆断层地应力类型, 螺旋射孔夹角取45°, 可有效地实现多裂缝起裂.     

海洋天然气水合物降压开采地层井壁力学稳定性分析

降压开采天然气水合物使其分解会导致储层孔隙度、渗透率、孔隙压力和岩层骨架有效应力发生改变, 同时降低沉积物的胶结程度, 使地层的抗剪强度和承载能力降低, 从而引起井壁失稳、海底滑坡、海底面沉降等工程问题. 为此, 在地下多相非等温数值模拟软件TOUGH+Hydrate框架内, 基于扩展的三维Biot固结理论, 考虑水合物分解相变、传热(T)、流动(H)、岩土体变形(M)等过程及其相互耦合作用, 建立了新的水合物开采传热-流动-力学(THM)耦合数学模型, 并开发有限元程序对其进行数值求解. 以中国南海神狐海域GMGS1航次SH2站位水合物储层条件为研究对象, 构建了垂直井降压开采THM耦合地层井壁稳定性分析模型, 预测了水合物开采过程中储层温-压-力场和水合物分解区的演化规律, 揭示了地层优势出砂区域和海底面沉降趋势. 结果表明: 储层降压导致地层有效应力增大, 进而引起井周地层发生沉降, 且地层的沉降主要发生在降压开采前期, 最大沉降位置位于井壁周围, 向储层内部延伸地层沉降量快速减小; 水合物分解导致井周地层力学强度降低, 加剧了储层的沉降; 井筒降压造成射孔段井壁应力集中最为明显, 从而造成井壁破坏的潜在风险, 这些区域正是水合物开采出砂防治的关键区域.      

页岩气藏压裂缝网扩展数值模拟

为探究页岩气藏水力压裂复杂裂缝网络的形成机理,开展了缝网扩展的数值模拟研究.考虑应力阴影和天然裂缝作用,建立了井筒和裂缝中流体流动模型,利用位移不连续方法求解应力与位移不连续量,然后构建了压力与裂缝宽度的迭代方程,并采用牛顿迭代法求解.通过比较数值解经典模型解析解,验证了模型和迭代解法的正确性.多簇裂缝同步扩展时裂缝间距越小,压裂液分配到各条裂缝越不均匀,靠近井筒跟部的裂缝的分流量越大,从而裂缝宽度越大;考虑天然裂缝作用时,逼近角越小或者应力各向异性越弱,水力裂缝越容易发生转向扩展,裂缝网络越复杂.      

井壁失稳区域确定方法及影响因素分析简

井壁失稳区域及其面积能够反映井壁失稳破坏特性及其严重程度,以井壁安全系数作为识别准则,建立了井壁失稳区域识别方法,并基于Monte-Carlo 方法,给出了井壁失稳面积的计算方法. 以井壁坍塌为例,分析了钻井液密度、井斜角及方位角对井壁失稳区域特性的影响,以本文建立的失稳区面积计算方法,分析了不同地应力场中井眼轨迹对井壁失稳区大小的影响,评价结果符合工程实际,表明能够利用本文方法评价井壁失稳特性及其严重程度.     

页岩基质解吸-扩散-渗流耦合实验及数学模型

采用川南地区龙马溪组页岩样品,设计了页岩基质解吸-扩散-渗流耦合物理模拟实验,揭示了页岩基质气体流动特征以及压力传播规律.推导了页岩气解吸-扩散-渗流耦合数学模型并且利用有限差分法对数学模型进行数值求解,与实验结果相比较表明该数学模型能够很好地描述气体在页岩基质中的流动规律.同时对页岩基质气体流动的影响因素进行了分析,认为页岩基质的渗透率、扩散系数、解吸附常数等因素均能影响页岩基质气体的流量和压力传播规律,在页岩气藏的开发过程中需要考虑这些参数的影响,该数学模型为页岩气井产能计算提供了更准确的计算方法.      

Study on steady surge pressure for Yield-Pseudoplastic fluid in a concentric annulus

Surge pressure caused by pipe moving through the wellbore full of drilling fluid is the main factor affecting wellbore stability, on which the additional mud density is designed. Thus it is desired to predict the surge pressure with high accuracy. While this is closely related with the selection of mud rheological models. Yield-Pseudoplastic model which has three parameters and is famous for its higher accuracy has been used to describe the mud rheological properties in recent years. Based on this model the paper presents a new theoretical model for calculating surge pressure caused by mud viscosity during tripping or casing in a concentric annulus of directional wells under steady laminar situation. For convenience, the paper plots the distribution of the coefficients of surge pressure for different conditions. An example is given. These results provide the basis for controlling pressure surges and tripping velocity.     

STUDY ON STEADY SURGE PRESSURE FOR YIELD-PSEUDOPLASTIC FLUID IN A CONCENTRIC

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井筒气液两相流对致密气压裂水平井试井的影响

多段压裂水平井技术是目前开采致密气最常用的方法之一,在致密气压裂水平井试井测试中常常伴随着一定的产水量,井筒气液两相流会增加井筒流体的流动阻力,加大井筒流体流动对试井解释的影响.为了明确井筒气液两相流对致密气藏压裂水平井试井的影响,提高产水致密气压裂水平井的试井解释精度,建立了一种井筒气液两相流与地层渗流耦合的试井模型,采用数值方法对模型进行求解,获得了考虑井筒气液两相流的压裂水平井试井理论曲线、压力场分布及裂缝产量分布.研究结果表明:井筒气液两相流会增加试井理论曲线中压力和压力导数值,造成靠近入窗点的压力扩散要快于远离入窗点的压力扩散,引起靠近入窗点的裂缝产量要高于远离入窗点的裂缝产量.现场实例分析进一步说明,不考虑井筒两相流可能会对产水压裂水平井的试井解释结果产生很大误差,主要表现为水平井筒假设为无限大导流能力会使得拟合得到的表皮系数偏大,将测试点视为入窗点会使得拟合得到的原始地层压力偏小.所建立的考虑井筒两相流的压裂水平井试井模型为产水致密气井试井资料的正确解释提供了重要技术保障.      

Numerical Simulation of Hydraulic Fracturing Water Effects on Shale Gas Permeability Alteration

Hydraulic fracturing has been recognized as the necessary well completion technique to achieve economic production from shale gas formation. However, following the fracturing, fluid–wall interactions can form a damaged zone nearby the fracture characterized by strong capillarity and osmosis effects. Here, we present a new reservoir multi-phase flow model which includes these mechanisms to predict formation damage in the aftermath of the fracturing during shut-in and production periods. In the model, the shale matrix is treated as a multi-scale porosity medium including interconnected organic, inorganic slit-shaped, and clay porosity fields. Prior to the fracturing, the matrix holds gas in the organic and the inorganic slit-shaped pores, water with dissolved salt in the inorganic slit-shaped pores and the clay pores. During and after fracturing, imbibition causes water invasion into the matrix, and then, the injected water–clay interaction may lead to clay-swelling pressure development due to osmosis. The swelling pressure gives additional stress to slit-shaped pores and cause permeability reduction in the inorganic matrix. We develop a simulator describing a system of three pores, two phases (aqueous and gaseous phases), and three components (\(\hbox {H}_{2}\hbox {O}, \hbox {CH}_{4}\), and salt), including osmosis and clay-swelling effect on the permeability. The simulation of aqueous-phase transport through clay shows that high swelling pressure can occur in clays as function of salt type, salt concentration difference, and clay-membrane efficiency. The new model is used to demonstrate the damage zone characteristics. The simulation of two-phase flow through the shale formation shows that, although fracturing is a rapid process, fluid–wall interactions continue to occur after the fracturing due to imbibition mechanism, which allows water to penetrate into the inorganic pore network and displace the gas in-place near the fracture. This water invasion leads to osmosis effect in the formation, which cause clay swelling and the subsequent permeability reduction. Continuing shale–water interactions during the production period can expand the damage zone further.     

THE APPLICATION OF MODIFIED CAMBRIDGE MODEL FOR THE WELLBORE STABILITY ANALYSIS OF DEEPWATER SHALLOW SEDIMENTS IN PETROLEUM DRILLING1)1)

深水浅层的压实程度低、结构薄弱,其破坏规律是深水浅层相关问题研究中的关键点之一。目前修正的剑桥模型已经应用于深水浅层的各类研究中,但是在深水浅层的井壁稳定问题中,深水浅层往往仍然被认为是理想弹塑性材料。将井眼周围地层分为3个区域：弹性区、流动区、塑性区。弹性区,地层为线弹性状态;流动区,地层服从修正的剑桥模型及小变形理论;塑性区,地层服从摩尔库伦准则。对各个区域的应力分布进行了求解,并在求解的基础上,结合超级孔隙压力建立了深水浅层的井壁稳定分析模型。通过实例运算,该井壁稳定模型的可靠性得到了验证。     

油页岩原位注热开采储层有效热解区变化规律分析

针对油页岩原位注热开采过程中储层有效热解区变化规律不清,实际热解效果无法准确判断难题,采用数值模拟方法,以抚顺油页岩储层为研究对象,建立了油页岩原位注热开采热流固耦合力学模型,与前人结果对比,验证了模型可靠性。重点考察水力压裂裂缝通道短路问题,分析得到了油页岩原位注热开采过程中储层有效热解区、储层有效热解区中地应力、注汽压力及沉降量随注热时间变化规律。结果表明,过热蒸汽沿水力压裂裂缝流动不会出现裂缝通道短路现象,过热蒸汽可通过水力压裂裂缝加速油页岩储层热解;采用过热蒸汽对流加热油页岩储层效率高,只需1年能使96%的油页岩储层达到热解所需温度;油页岩储层有效热解区中部形成应力集中区,最大地应力为21.6 MPa;热解后靠近注热井处岩层发生沉降,热解2年后最大沉降量达0.85 m。所得结论对现场油页岩原位注热开采有参考意义。     

不同排水条件下非饱和土中柱孔扩张问题的解析分析

现有的圆柱孔扩张理论已可为诸如石油工程中井筒稳定性鉴定、 及旁压和圆锥贯入实验分析等提供理论依据, 但在非饱和地基压力注浆, 复合地基处理等实际工程问题中却鲜有应用. 基于弹塑性理论和非饱和土力学原理, 采用统一强度理论, 对非饱和土中柱形小孔扩张问题进行了解析研究. 首先将柱孔周围土体分为弹性区和塑性区, 并考虑在弹性区遵循小应变理论, 在塑性区遵循大应变理论, 同时考虑了中间主应力及粒间吸力对非饱和土体强度的影响. 其次应用有效应力表示的统一强度准则, 在本构关系、几何方程、动量平衡方程等基本方程的基础上, 结合相应的边界条件, 最终获得了不同排水条件下柱孔扩张时周围弹塑性区域内的应力场、应变场、位移场及极限扩孔压力的解析表达式. 通过数值算例和参数分析, 在与现有的饱和及非饱和土中柱孔扩张理论进行退化验证的同时, 分析了吸力、剪胀参数、中主应力效应参数及初始径向有效应力等对弹塑性区域内的应力场、应变场及位移场的影响规律, 验证了本文理论的正确性及有效性, 以期为实际工程问题提供合理的理论依据.      

基于岩石蠕变及D-P准则的深部巷道围岩弹塑性分析

为深入分析岩石蠕变及中间主应力对深部高应力软岩巷道围岩稳定性及分区变形特性的影响机理, 通过剖析长期荷载作用下深部巷道围岩的变形特征, 揭示了基于围岩蠕变特性的深部巷道围岩四分区变形机理, 并依据Druck-Prager准则及关联性流动法则考虑了中间主应力、岩体扩容及应变软化的影响, 推导出巷道围岩各分区应力、变形和半径解析解. 结合工程算例, 通过对现场监测数据以及不同力学模型的计算结果进行对比分析, 论证了本文理论的科学性, 并揭示了不同强度准则和围岩参数对深部巷道围岩各分区形态的影响规律. 结果表明, 忽视深部巷道围岩的蠕变特性将导致初始黏聚力的取值大于实际值, 从而造成围岩的理论承载能力大于实际承载能力; 在[0, 0.7]区间内提高中间主应力系数可有效控制围岩塑性区及破碎区范围的扩展; 当初始黏聚力及内摩擦角减小时, 中间主应力系数对围岩塑性区、破碎区范围及巷道变形的影响力显著提高. 研究成果可为地下工程支护设计及围岩稳定性评估提供理论参考.      

Equilibrium of a pressurized plastic fluid in a wellbore crack

This paper investigates equilibrium of a pressurized plastic fluid invading a tensile wellbore crack in a linear elastic, permeable rock. The crack is initially filled by pore fluid at ambient pressure, that is immiscibly displaced by the plastic fluid invading from the wellbore. The plastic fluid comes to rest to form a “plug” within the elastically deformed crack when the limit equilibrium between the shear stresses generated at the fracture walls and the pressure drop between the wellbore wall and the crack tip is reached. The model assumes that the leak-off of the plastic fluid into the rock is negligible, while the displaced pore fluid in the crack tip region is freely exchanged with the surrounding permeable rock to maintain the ambient pressure level. When the crack length ? is small or large compared to the wellbore radius R, the problem reduces to that of a pressurized edge or Griffith’s crack, respectively, subjected to a uniform far-field confining stress. In these two end-member cases, the normalized solution for the net pressure distribution, the plug length, and the stress intensity factor at the crack tip is obtained as a function of two numbers – the normalized net fluid pressure at the crack inlet and at the crack tip (partial plugs only) – that embody the solution’s dependence on the wellbore and the far field loading, the fluid yield strength, and the rock modulus. In the general case of an intermediate crack length (? ～ R), the normalized solution is a function of two additional parameters, the length-to-radius ratio and a normalized measure of the far field stress anisotropy, respectively, which accurate approximation is devised from an end-member solution using a rescaling argument. The equilibrium plug solutions are used to evaluate the breakdown pressure, the critical wellbore pressure at which the crack propagation condition is first met, and to analyze the stability of the ensuing crack propagation.     

Analysis of Pore Pressure Distribution in Shale Formations under Hydraulic,Chemical, Thermal and Electrical Interactions

Change in pore pressure in chemically active rocks such as shale is caused by several mechanisms and numerous studies have been carried out to investigate these mechanisms. However, some important coupling terms or driving forces have been neglected in these studies due to simplifying assumptions. In this study, a hydro-chemo-thermo-electrical model based on finite element method is presented to investigate the change in pore pressure in shale formations resulted from thermal, hydraulic, chemical and electric potential gradients. The change in pore pressure is induced by hydraulic conduction, chemical, electrical and thermal osmotic flow. In order to solve the problem of ion transfer under the influence of an electrical field, the Nernst–Planck equation is used. In addition, ion advection is considered to investigate its possible effect on ion transfer for the range of shale permeability. All equations are derived based on the thermodynamics of irreversible processes in a discontinuous system. The numerical results are compared against existing and derived uncoupled analytical solutions and good agreement is observed. The numerical results showed that the ion transfer and pore pressure are considerably affected by the electric field in the vicinity of the wellbore. It was also found that advection can play a remarkable role in ion transfer in shale formations. It was further shown that the change in pore pressure in shale formation is characterized by the combined effect of hydraulic, chemical, thermal and electro osmotic flow.     

深部节理岩体塑性损伤耦合微面模型

采用微面模型理论和损伤力学方法,建立了节理岩体的弹塑性损伤耦合微面模型. 在节理岩体的微面上,将岩体视为由节理面与岩石组成的二元介质,以节理连通率作为岩体沿该方向的面积损伤变量,考虑微面法向拉应力和压应力下的不同塑性变形和损伤耦合作用机制,基于塑性理论建立了节理岩体的微面塑性损伤增量本构关系. 采用微面物理量与宏观物理量的几何约束模型,根据微面方向积分导出了节理岩体的宏观弹塑性增量本构关系. 编制了节理岩体微面模型的MARC有限元子程序,对节理岩体的单轴拉伸、压缩试验和泥浆压力作用下的井壁稳定问题进行了数值模拟研究. 数值计算结果表明,该模型能很好地揭示载荷作用下节理岩体的各向异性非弹性变形和次生节理演化过程.