住院患者急性肾损伤的发病及预后相关危险因素分析

目的 探讨住院患者急性肾损伤（AKI）的发病及预后情况,寻找与预后相关的危险因素,为临床更好地认识和预防AKI,改善预后提供依据。 方法 应用医院实验室网络系统筛选2009年1月至12月上海市一家三级甲等综合性医院所有住院患者,应用急性肾损伤网（AKIN）推荐的AKI定义选择病史完整的AKI患者组成研究队列,回顾性分析AKI住院患者的发病率、病因及分布特点、患者及肾脏预后情况。Logistic回归分析影响住院AKI患者预后和肾脏预后的危险因素。 结果 符合入选标准的住院AKI患者共934例,住院患者的AKI发病率为2.41%（934/38 734）。患者男女比例为1.88∶1,平均年龄（60.82±16.94）岁,AKI发病率随着年龄的增加逐渐增高,其中63.4%为外科患者,35.4%为内科患者,1.2%为妇产科患者。病因中肾前性AKI占51.7%,急性肾小管坏死（ATN）占37.7%,急性肾小球和肾小血管病变（AGV）占3.8%,急性小管间质性肾炎（AIN）占3.5%,肾后性AKI占3.3%。患者AKI后28 d存活率为71.8%。AKI后28 d时有65.7%的患者肾功能完全恢复,16.9%的患者部分恢复,17.4%的患者未恢复。AKIⅠ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ期患者的病死率分别为24.8%、31.2%和43.7%。多因素Logistic逐步回归模型结果提示,肾损伤药物史（OR = 2.313）、前1周低血压史（OR = 4.482）、少尿史（OR = 5.267）、肾外脏器衰竭数（OR = 1.376）和行肾脏替代治疗（RRT）（OR = 4.221）是住院AKI患者死亡的独立危险因素;肾外脏器衰竭数（OR = 1.529）和行RRT（OR = 2.117）是住院AKI患者肾脏丢失的独立危险因素。 结论 AKI在住院患者中常见,病死率较高,AKI后可以造成患者的肾脏丢失。预后与肾损害的严重程度密切相关。肾损伤药物史、1周内低血压史、少尿史、肾外脏器衰竭数和需要行RRT是AKI患者死亡的独立危险因素。肾外脏器衰竭数和需要行RRT是肾脏丢失的独立危险因素。     

Value of levels of biomarkers at the time of nephrologists consultation in predicting the prognosis of acute kidney injury patients

Objective To investigate the value of biomarker levels at the time of nephrologists consultation in predicting the prognosis of acute kidney injury (AKI) patients. Methods A total of 103 hospitalized patients with AKI were enrolled at the time of nephrologists consultation. Blood and urine samples were collected when patients were diagnosed as AKI. ELISA was used to detect the concentration of urinary biomarkers including neutrophil gelatinase?associated lipocalin (NGAL), IL?6 and IL?18. Colorimetric method was used to measure urinary N?acetyl?β?D?glucosaminidase (NAG). Turbidimetry and enzymic method were applied to examine the concentration of serum cystatin C (Cys C), baseline Scr (bScr), Scr at consultation (cScr) and the peak of Scr (pScr) respectively. Patients were followed?up to evaluate the prognosis at 28 days after consultation, including patient survival and kidney survival. The levels of biomarkers between different groups, including patient survival or death, kidney recovery or lose and renal replacement therapy (RRT) or not, were compared. Area under curve (AUC) of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve of these biomarkers were used to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity in predicting prognosis. AKI was defined as the Scr at the time of consultation increased more than 50% of baseline Scr within 48 hours. Results (1)Mean age of 103 hospitalized AKI patients was (54.28±19.05) years old and ratio of male to female was 1.86 to 1. (2)Patient mortality was 25.2% at 28 days after consultation. The bScr, cScr and pScr were similar between survival and death group, while the concentration of urinary NGAL in death group was significantly higher than that of survival group [147.00(31.59, 221.87) mg/L vs 22.43(6.48, 89.77) mg/L, P＝0.001]. The serum Cys C, urinary IL?6 and NAG were similar between survival and death group (P＞0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed urinary NGAL was an independent risk factor of patient survival (OR＝1.011, 95%CI 1.004?1.018, P＝0.001) with AUC of 0.723. (3)Kidney lose rate was 20.4% at 28 days after consultation. The bScr, cScr and pScr were similar between patients with kidney survival and lose. The levels of urinary NAG, IL?6, NGAL and IL?18 were significantly higher in patients with kidney lose than those of kidney survival. Logistic regression analysis showed urinary IL?6 was an independent risk factor of renal survival (OR＝1.056, 95%CI 1.009?1.105, P＝0.018) with AUC of 0.705. (4)The median time from consultation to RRT was 2.17 (0?3) days. The concentrations of cScr, pScr, serum Cys C, urinary IL?6 and NGAL were significantly higher in RRT patients than thosein non?RRT patients (P＜0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed urinary NGAL was an independent risk factor of RRT (OR＝1.012, 95%CI 1.005?1.019, P＜0.01) with AUC of 0.775. Conclusions Urinary NGAL can predict the prognosis of AKI patients, including patient prognosis and RRT. Urinary IL?6 may predict kidney prognosis in hospitalized patients with AKI. More study with large samples should be done for further estimation of the results.     

联合应用标志物在心脏手术后急性肾损伤的早期诊断

目的 探讨血清胱抑素C（CyC）、尿中性粒细胞明胶酶相关脂质运载蛋白（NGAL）、白细胞介素18（IL-18）、视黄醇结合蛋白（RBP）、N-乙酰-β-D-氨基葡萄糖苷酶（NAG）在成人心脏手术后急性肾损伤（AKI）早期预测和诊断中的价值及其联合应用的价值。 方法 前瞻性收集心脏手术患者手术前后不同时相的血尿标本,选取其中AKI患者14例,分别测定血清CyC、Scr及尿NGAL、IL-18、RBP、NAG、Cr（Ucr）水平;并选择临床资料相匹配的非AKI患者15例作为对照。观察两组患者围手术期上述5种生物学标志与Scr的动态变化。用受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线及曲线下面积（AUC）评价标志物的单独或联合应用时诊断AKI的精确性。AKI定义为Scr水平较基础值增加≥50%。 结果 29例患者平均年龄（62.9±13.7）岁,基础Scr （73.2±11.9） μmol/L。除AKI组患者术中升主动脉阻断时间较非AKI组较长外[（60.63±13.92） min比（43.00±9.20） min,P=0.047],两组其余临床指标差异均无统计学意义。AKI组患者的血尿生物学标志分别在术后早期的不同时间点显著升高。术后10 h血CyC取1.31 mg/L作为诊断截点时,其在AKI诊断中的敏感性（ST）和特异性（SP）分别为0.71和0.92,AUC=0.83（0.67~1.00）;术后0 h 尿NGAL取49.15 μg/g Ucr时,ST=0.84,SP=0.80,AUC=0.85（0.70~1.00）。术后2 h尿IL-18取285.65 ng/g Ucr时,ST=0.85,SP=0.73,AUC=0.81（0.64~0.97）。术后0 h尿RBP取2934.65 μg/g Ucr时,ST=0.75,SP=0.67,AUC=0.77（0.60~0.95）。术后4 h尿NAG取37.05 U/mg Ucr时,ST=0.86,SP=0.67,AUC=0.72（0.53~0.92）。利用Logistic回归方程,联合以上5种标志物的最佳诊断时间点,得到AUC为0.98（0.93~1.02）（P<0.01）。 结论 心脏手术后AKI患者血尿生物学标志在术后不同时间点显著升高,诊断AKI的时间早于Scr,具有较高的准确性,可作为成人心脏手术后AKI的早期诊断标志物。尿NGAL的ROC曲线下面积最大,尿RBP也显示了较好的诊断价值。联合应用生物学标志可更好地预测临床上AKI的发生。     

血清营养学指标预测住院急性肾损伤患者早期死亡

目的 评价血清营养学指标对住院期间发生急性肾损伤（AKI）的患者的预后，特别是早期死亡和晚期死亡的预测价值。 方法 采用前瞻性队列研究。入选华山医院住院期间发生AKI的成人患者194例。AKI诊断标准为RIFLE分期中的Scr标准，除外肾后梗阻、原发性肾小球肾炎、间质性肾炎及血管炎引起的AKI。收集患者临床资料及实验室检测指标，用人体测量、血清营养指标及主观全面评价法（SGA）来评估患者的营养状况。根据存活时间是否超过28 d，将入选患者分为存活组129例（存活>28 d）与死亡组59例（存活≤28 d）。进一步将死亡组分为早期死亡组（存活≤7 d）和晚期死亡组（存活8~28 d）两个亚组。观察各项营养指标对AKI患者预后的预测价值。 结果 人体测量、血清营养指标及SGA结果显示，高比例的AKI患者存在营养不良。单因素分析显示，SGA、血清前白蛋白及胆固醇、外周血总淋巴细胞计数（TLC）、Maastricht指数（MI）在早期死亡组、晚期死亡组和存活组间差异有统计学意义。早期死亡组前白蛋白及胆固醇显著低于存活组和晚期死亡组（P < 0.05）。多因素分析显示，在校正了年龄、性别、透析、机械通气、血红蛋白、血小板、血清胆红素和Glasgow昏迷评分（GCS）后，SGA及血清白蛋白、前白蛋白、胆固醇仍与早期死亡相关。以白蛋白、前白蛋白、胆固醇预测早期死亡的受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线下面积（AUC）分别为0.591、0.736和0.603，前白蛋白的AUC显著大于白蛋白及胆固醇（均P < 0.05）。 结论 低水平前白蛋白、白蛋白和胆固醇可独立预测住院期间发生AKI患者的早期死亡。     

尿中性粒细胞明胶酶相关脂质运载蛋白在成人心脏手术后急性肾损伤早期诊断中的价值

目的 探讨尿中性粒细胞明胶酶相关脂质运载蛋白（neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin,NGAL）在心脏手术后急性肾损伤（AKI）早期预测和诊断中的价值。 方法 前瞻性收集我院心脏手术患者手术前后不同时相的血、尿标本,选取其中14例AKI患者,分别测定尿NGAL和Scr水平;并选择临床资料相匹配的非AKI患者15例作为对照。观察两组患者围手术期尿NGAL和Scr的动态变化,运用接受者操作特性曲线（ROC）评价尿NGAL诊断AKI的精确性。AKI定义为Scr水平较基础值增加≥50%。 结果 Scr诊断AKI的中位时间为入ICU后24 h（10 h,48 h）。AKI患者术后入ICU即刻的尿NGAL水平显著高于术前基础水平并达峰值[20.51（13.42,50.02） μg/L比3.42（1.60,9.92） μg/L,P = 0.006];也显著高于非AKI患者 [2.91（0.72,8.61） μg/L,P = 0.002]。入ICU即刻尿NGAL 的ROC曲线下面积为0.824,95%的可信区间（CI）为0.667~0.980,P = 0.003。当以10.95 μg/L作为诊断截点时,此刻的尿NGAL在AKI诊断中的敏感性和特异性分别为85.7%和80.0%。入ICU即刻的尿NGAL与入ICU 24 h的Scr（r = 0.545,P = 0.002）及eGFR（r = －0.546,P = 0.002)呈正及负相关。 结论 心脏手术后AKI患者术后入ICU即刻的尿NGAL水平显著升高,对诊断AKI具有较高的准确性,其诊断AKI的时间早于Scr。尿NGAL可作为成人心脏术后AKI的早期诊断标志物。     

118例儿童急性肾损伤预后因素的临床分析

目的 探讨影响儿童急性肾损伤（AKI）预后的危险因素。 方法 回顾性分析118例AKI患儿的一般资料、病因、临床特点、实验室检查、肾组织病理及治疗情况,分析其与预后的关系。 结果 纳入本研究的118例AKI患儿中,男83例,女35例,中位年龄为7.5岁,其中＜3.0岁组33例,占28.0%;3.0～7.0岁组21例,占17.8%;＞7.0岁组64例,占54.2%。118例患儿的AKI分期为1期62例,占52.5%;2期38例,占32.2%;3期18例,占15.3%。AKI患儿的常见病因主要有感染性和免疫性疾病（39.8%）、肾血管病（27.1%）和循环障碍（11.9%）。总住院病死率为21.2%。多因素非条件Logistic回归分析提示机械通气、败血症或感染性休克、严重酸中毒和WBC＞20.0×109/L是AKI患儿死亡的独立危险因素,OR值分别为51.75、14.76、11.38和8.51（均P ＜ 0.05）。 结论 儿童AKI的主要病因是感染性和免疫性疾病、肾血管病和循环障碍。机械通气、败血症或感染性休克、严重酸中毒和WBC＞20.0×109/L是AKI患儿死亡的独立危险因素。     

肝移植术后急性肾损伤的发生情况及其与预后的关系

Objective To investigate the incidence of acute kidney injury ( AKI) post-orthotopic liver transplant ( OLT ) and its association with prognosis. Methods Data of 28 patients received single OLT in our hospital from 2004 to 2006 were retrospectively analyzed. The incidence of AKI was investigated by new acute kidney injury network (AKIN) criteria. The follow-up was over one year. The prognosis of AKI patients at day 28 and 1 year was evaluated by Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. The association between AKI and prognosis was examined. Results A total of 193 patients were enrolled. The average age was (48.07±10.02) years old. The ratio of male to female was 4:1. One hundred and sixteen (60.1%) patients of post-OLT AKI were found, whose AKI stage 1, 2 and 3 were 50.0%, 21.6% and 28.4% respectively. Ten (8.6%) patients required renal replacement therapy (RRT) after OLT. In AKI post-OLT patients, day 28 and 1 year mortality were significantly higher than those in non-AKI patients (15.5% vs 0, 25.9% vs 3.9%, respectively, both P<0.05). Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed the 1-year survival rates of AKI stage 1, 2, 3 post-OLT and non-AKI were 84.0%, 81.0%, 42.4% and 90.9%, respectively. The 1-year survival rate of non-AKI was significantly higher than that of AKI stage 1, 2, 3. The 1-year survival rate of AKI stage 3 was significantly lower than that of stage 1 and 2. There was no significant difference between AKI stage 1 and 2. Scr at 1 year post-OLT was significantly higher than that of baseline [（88.35±37.15） vs (73.70±33.88) ?滋mol/L, P<0.05）. The change of Scr value at 1 year compared to baseline in AKI patients was similar to non-AKI patients. However such change in AKI stage 2 and 3 was higher than that in stage 1. Conclusions The incidence of AKI post-OLT is quite high and associated to the poor prognosis in short and long periods. Renal function may decrease gradually which is associated to the AKI stage post-OLTI.     

Renji acute kidney injury score is a useful tool to predict acute kidney injury after cardiac surgery

Objective To validate the effect of Renji acute kidney injury score (RAKIS) on predicting patients with acute kidney injury (AKI) after cardiac surgeries, and make comparison with Cleveland score, simplified renal index (SRI) and acute kidney injury following cardiac surgery (AKICS). Methods Patients undergoing open heart surgery from 2008/01/01 to 2010/10/31 in Renji hospital were enrolled, and their scores of those four scoring models were calculated. AKI patients were diagnosed by KDIGO, and those scores of AKI patients and non-AKI patients were compared. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and area under curve (AUC) were used to decide the predictive values of those models. Results A total of 1126 patients were chosen in this cohort, with the average age of (58.43±14.88) years (rang from 18 to 88). The male to female ratio was 1.47∶1. And 355(31.5%) patients were developed AKI. AKI stage Ⅰ, Ⅱ and Ⅲ were 65.4%, 23.7% and 11.0% respectively. RAKIS was significantly higher in AKI patients than in non-AKI patients (17.5 vs 9.0, P＜0.001). The AUCs of RAKIS to predict AKI, AKI Ⅱ-Ⅲ stages, renal replacement therapy (RRT) and in-hospital death were 0.818, 0.819, 0.800 and 0.784 respectively. The AUCs of Cleveland score and SRI were 0.659 to 0.710, lower than those of RAKIS and AKICS. AKICS had lower value for predicting AKI and AKI Ⅱ-Ⅲ stages (AUC 0.766 and 0.793), but good value in predicting RRT and in-hospital death after surgery (AUC 0.804 and 0.835) as compared with RAKIS. Conclusions RAKIS is valid and accurate in the discrimination of KDIGO defined AKI patients, while for predicting the composite end point, AKICS may be more useful.     

Effect of acute kidney injury on short-and long-term mortality of patients with acute myocardial infarction

Objective To evaluate the role of acute kidney injury (AKI) in predicting the early (30-day) and late (30-day to 5-year) mortality of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) patients during hospitalization. Methods A total of 1371 adult patients diagnosed with AMI in the First People's Hospital of Changzhou from January 2008 to December 2012 were analyzed retrospectively with collecting their relevant clinical data from the hospital's database. AKI was categorized according to the 2012 KDIGO AKI criteria. To compare between death group and non-death group in AMI patients during 30-day and 30-day to 5-year. Different AKI stages of patients were compared, and their all-cause mortality were analyzed by Kaplan-Meier. Using multivariate COX regression analysis with two models to assess the factors for AMI patients in 30-day to 5-year. Results The prevalence of AKI after AMI in death group was higher than that in non-death group (the 30-day prevalence was 72.7% vs 27.4%, P＜0.001; the 5-year prevalence was 36.3% vs 26.2%, P=0.013). In both early (30-day) and late (30-day to 5-year) follow up, the KDIGO grading distribution of AKI was different between death group and non-death group (P＜0.001 in 30-day follow up and P=0.002 in 30-day to 5-year follow up). Among the 1371 AMI patients,410 (29.9%) developed AKI during the hospital stay. The 30-day and 30-day to 5-year mortality rates were 5.6% (77/1371) and 11.3% (146/1294) respectively. All-cause mortality and cardiovascular mortality were significantly higher in patients with AKI-Ⅰstage, AKI-Ⅱ stage and AKI-Ⅲ stage than those with non-AKI (all P＜0.001), especially in patients with AKI-Ⅲ stage. Further stroke history (HR=3.122, P=0.012), AKI severity (AKI-Ⅰstage HR=3.034, P=0.028; AKI-Ⅱ stage HR=7.832, P＜0.001; AKI -Ⅲ stage HR=9.919, P＜0.001), and β-blocker therapy (HR=0.591, P=0.040) were independent predictors of 30-day mortality, while aging (HR=1.061, P＜0.001), albumin (HR=0.943, P=0.023), AKI -Ⅲ stage (HR=3.944, P=0.007), β-blocker therapy (HR=0.660, P=0.041) and percutaneous coronary intervention (HR=0.256, P＜0.001) were independent predictors of 30-day to 5-year mortality. Both at early (30-day) and late (30-day to 5-year) follow-up, AKI with or without baseline renal dysfunction were independent predictors of death in patients with AMI (all P＜0.05). Conclusions AKI strongly correlated with short- and long-term all-cause mortality of AMI patients, regardless of the baseline renal impairment. Specifically, the more severe AKI, the higher short-term mortality AMI patients have.     

Analysis of long-term renal outcome in patients after acute kidney injury

Objective To follow up the long-term prognosis of acute kidney injury (AKI) patients with normal basic renal function, and to further identify the clinical features as well as risk factors associated with the prognosis of AKI patients. Methods Clinical date of 166 patients who occurred AKI episode during hospitalization from Jan 1 2011 to Dec 31 2014 in The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University were retrospectively analyzed. All these patients had normal basic renal function and had follow-up of more than two years after discharge. According to their renal function after two years, patients were divided into recover and non-recover group. The clinical features and risk factors associated with the prognosis of AKI patients were identified using multivariate logistic regression, and the proportion of renal function progression was calculated during follow-up period. Results One hundred and sixty-six patients were enrolled in this observational study, including 114 male, 52 female with an average age of 58.1±16.6. Eighty-seven patients were AKI stage 1, 39 AKI stage 2, and 40 AKI stage 3. Thirty-seven patients were caused by pre-renal factors, 113 patients by renal causes and 16 patients by post-renal causes. Renal function when discharged (P=0.002, OR=2.980) and infection (P=0.003, OR=2.786) were the risk factors of failing to restore after two years. Eighty-four patients' renal function returned to normal when discharged, but the number of patients whose renal function progressed to CKD 3 stage and even worse 1 year and two years later were 12 (14.3%) and 20 (23.8%) respectively. Fifty-four patients were diagnosed as partial recovery and 28 patients as non-recovery when discharged. One year later 22 (40.7%) and 12 (42.9%) patients' renal function progressed to CKD 3 stage and more, while those numbers became 28 (51.9%) and 16 (57.1%) two years later. Conclusions The risk factors of AKI long-term outcome include unrecovered renal function when discharged and infection. After AKI episode, even with fully recovered renal function, patients are still possible to progress to CKD, highlighting the importance of follow-up observation.     

Incidence and mortality of acute kidney injury in coronary care unit: a retrospective study from a single center

Objective To evaluate the incidence and mortality of acute kidney injury (AKI) in coronary care unit (CCU), and to identify the risk factors of the incidence of AKI and the mortality of CCU patients. Methods A total of 414 patients in CCU from January 1, 2014 to June 1, 2015 at Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University were enrolled. Based on the KDIGO-AKI criteria, these patients were classified into two groups: NAKI group (patients without AKI) and AKI group. Clinical characteristics and laboratory data of two groups were compared. The risk factors of the incidence of AKI and the mortality of CCU patients was analyzed by logistic regression, and then the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was drawn to evaluate the predictive value of these risk factors. Results (1) Among 414 patients, 136(32.9%) patients fulfilled the criteria for AKI, and 14.0% patients in AKI stage 1, 10.9% in AKI stage 2 and 8.0% in AKI stage 3. (2) The total CCU mortality was 15.0%. Mortality of AKI patients in the CCU was 33.3%, higher than 6.1% in patients without AKI (OR=7.735, 95%CI 4.215-14.196, P＜0.001). The mortality worsened with increasing severity of AKI (22.4% for AKI stage 1 group, 37.8% for AKI stage 2 group, 45.4% for AKI stage 3 group). (3) Anemia (OR=8.274, 95%CI 4.363-15.689), history of chronic illness (OR=2.582, 95%CI 1.400-4.760), APACHEⅡ scores (OR=1.813, 95%CI 1.739-1.895), male (OR=3.666, 95%CI 1.860-7.226) were the independent risk factors for AKI, while the normal mean arterial pressure (MAP) (OR=0.292, 95%CI 0.153-0.556) and normal estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) (OR=0.166, 95%CI 0.090-0.306) are the protective factors for AKI (all P＜0.05). (4) AKI was the most powerful independent factor associated with the mortality of CCU patients (OR=7.050, 95%CI 2.970-16.735, P＜0.001). Other independent risk factors for CCU mortality included history of chronic illness, ejection fraction and APACHEⅡ≥15 scores (all P＜0.05), while the normal MAP and normal eGFR were the protective factors (all P＜0.05). (5) For predicting AKI, eGFR displayed an excellent areas under the ROC curve (AUC=0.815, P＜0.001), and for CCU mortality, APACHEⅡ scores had the highest overall correctness of prediction (AUC=0.757 P＜0.001). Conclusions CCU patients have high morbidity of AKI, which is the most powerful independent factor associated with the increased CCU mortality. The eGFR is the best predictor for AKI, and then through the evaluation of eGFR for CCU patients, we can evaluate high-risk groups, make early interventions and then improve the prognosis of CCU patients.     

Analysis of missed diagnosis of acute kidney injury in non-nephrological hospitalized adult patients

Objective To raise the awareness of acute kidney injury (AKI) and improve the level of diagnosis. Methods All the hospitalized adult patients in the Affiliated People's Hospital of Shanxi Medical University from January 2012 to July 2013 were screened. Those patients diagnosed as AKI were retrospectively analyzed in terms of incidence, the rate of missed diagnosis, etiology, distribution and prognosis of AKI. Results (1) The incidence of AKI in the patients was 0.67% (381/56 835), the ratio of male to female was 1.91∶1, and the average age was (63.45±16.95) years. (2)There were 321 cases diagnosed as pre-renal AKI (84.25%), 42 cases diagnosed as renal AKI (11.02%) and 18 cases diagnosed as post-renal AKI (4.72%). (3)There were 189 cases(49.61%) missed diagnosed among all the screened cases. The rates of missed diagnosis in neurosurgery, general surgery and cardiac surgery department was 62.96%, 59.09% and 50.00%, in cardiology, respiratory and neurology department was 50.00%, 50.00% and 45.45% respectively. (4) Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that hypertension [odds ratio(OR)=1.631], renal replacement therapy(RRT)(OR=23.256) and oliguria history (OR=1.936) were independent risk factors of missed AKI diagnosis． Conclusion The missed diagnosis rate of AKI is high and has certain characteristics in different departments. Hypertension, RRT and oliguria history are independent impact factors of missed AKI diagnosis．     

RIFLE标准对慢性粒细胞白血病清髓性异基因造血干细胞移植后急性肾损伤的评价及预后分析

目的 探讨慢性粒细胞白血病清髓性异基因造血干细胞移植（HSCT）后急性肾损伤（AKI）的发生率和危险因素及其对患者移植后6个月生存率的影响。 方法 应用RIFLE标准对93例慢性粒细胞白血病患者清髓性异基因HSCT后肾脏功能的变化情况进行回顾性分析。 结果 清髓性异基因HSCT后100 d内有39例（41.9%）患者发生AKI,其中AKI危险（AKI-R）24例（25.8%）,AKI损伤（AKI-I）10例（10.8%）,AKI功能衰竭（AKI-F）5例（5.4%）,中位时间为干细胞回输后40 d（1～96 d）。移植后发生≥Ⅲ度急性移植物抗宿主病（aGVHD）患者与<Ⅲ度aGVHD患者100 d内AKI发生率分别为（81.82±11.63）%和（36.59±5.32）%（P ＝ 0.0037）。移植后出现总胆红素增高患者与无增高患者100 d内AKI发生率分别为（72.73±13.43）%和（37.04±5.37）%（P ＝ 0.0192）。移植后发生≥Ⅲ度aGVHD是患者发生AKI的独立危险因素,其相对危险度（RR）为2.773[95%可信区间（CI）（1.073～7.167）,P ＝ 0.035];并且移植后发生≥Ⅲ度aGVHD患者发生AKI-I和AKI-F的RR为6.320[95%CI（1.464～27.291）,P ＝ 0.013]。移植后发生AKI患者100 d内病死率与无AKI患者差异有统计学意义（P ＝ 0.001）。移植后发生AKI-R、AKI-I和AKI-F的患者6个月的生存率分别为（86.96±7.02）%、（70.0±14.49）%和0（P ＝ 0.000）。 结论 AKI是慢性粒细胞白血病清髓性异基因HSCT后的重要并发症。移植后出现≥Ⅲ度aGVHD和总胆红素增高是发生AKI的影响因素。出现≥Ⅲ度aGVHD的患者易发生较重的AKI。移植后发生AKI程度越严重,患者6个月的生存率越低。RIFLE标准能提高早期诊断AKI的敏感性,并可监测肾功能进展情况,预测预后。     

急性肾损伤是影响心脏手术后患者长期生存的危险因素

目的 了解心脏术后急性肾损害（AKI）患者的长期预后情况及探讨有关危险因素。 方法 选择2004年1月1日至2007年6月30日本院所有行心脏手术,且存活出院的患者,门诊或电话随访患者的生存情况至2010年2月28日。回顾性收集患者术前、术中、术后的临床及实验室资料,观察患者术后长期生存率及肾功能情况。应用Cox回归方程分析与患者长期生存相关的危险因素。 结果 共941例心脏手术患者,术后发生过AKI患者275例（29.2%）,非AKI患者666例（70.8%）。在总共46.5个月（34.5,59.2）的随访过程中,术后发生过AKI的患者生存率显著低于非AKI患者（67.8%比85.6%,P < 0.01）,且随着AKI严重程度的增加,生存率逐渐下降（AKIN 1、2和3期患者的生存率分别为70.7%、62.3%和58.6%, P < 0.01）。AKI组中90.5%的患者出院时肾功能完全恢复至基线水平,但随访期间生存率仍显著低于非AKI组患者（69.6%比85.6%,P < 0.01）。Cox回归分析显示年龄增加（年龄每增加20 岁,HR=2.238）、术前贫血（HR=1.625）、手术时间延长（每增加1 h,HR=1.153）、AKI的发生及分期增加（每增加1期,HR=1.473）是患者长期预后不良的独立危险因素。随访结束时,AKI组患者的Scr显著高于非AKI组（107.6 μmol/L比83.0 μmol/L,P = 0.014）;AKI组中34.0%患者进入了CKD 3~5期。出院后5年34.8%的AKI患者发生Scr翻倍。 结论 心脏手术后AKI是影响患者长期生存的独立危险因素,即使AKI后Scr值恢复到基线水平,长期的患者预后和肾脏预后仍然较差。     

Analysis of risk factors for progression of acute kidney injury to acute kidney disease

Objective To investigate the risk factors of clinically diagnosed acute kidney injury (AKI) patients progressing to acute kidney disease (AKD). Methods The clinical data of AKI patients admitted to the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University from January 1, 2018 to December 31, 2018 were retrospectively analyzed. According to the outcome of the patients, AKI patients were divided into non-acute kidney disease (NAKD) group and AKD group. Clinical characteristics and laboratory data of two groups were compared. The risk factors of AKD in patients with AKI were analyzed by logistic regression, and then the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) was drawn to evaluate the predictive value of these risk factors. Results A total of 254 patients with AKI were enrolled, and 186 patients developed AKD with an incidence of 73.2%. The incidences of AKD in stage 1, stage 2 and stage 3 of AKI were 20.0%, 46.7% and 83.5% respectively. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed increased peak serum creatinine (within 7 days after AKI diagnosis) (OR=2.561, 95%CI 1.584-4.140, P＜0.001), proteinuria (OR=2.952, 95%CI 1.162-7.500, P=0.023) and increased intact parathyroid hormone (OR=1.757, 95%CI 1.104-2.797, P=0.017) were independent risk factors for progression to AKD in patients with AKI. The ROC showed that increased peak serum creatinine (within 7 days after AKI diagnosis) was an important predictor of AKD in patients with AKI (AUC=0.798, P＜0.001). Conclusion Increased peak serum creatinine (within 7 days after AKI diagnosis), proteinuria and increased intact parathyroid hormone are independent risk factors for progression to AKD in patients with AKI, providing new evidences and ideas for clinical preventions and treatments of AKD.     

主观综合性营养评估预测急性肾损伤患者的预后

目的 了解院内急性肾损伤（AKI）患者营养不良的情况;探讨主观综合性营养评估（SGA）分级与AKI患者预后的关系。 方法 前瞻性观察在复旦大学附属华山医院住院期间发生的AKI患者。在诊断AKI的24 h内进行营养评估,包括SGA评分、人体学测量和血清学营养指标。主要终点事件为90 d全因死亡。使用Cox回归模型校正混杂因素,分析SGA分级与AKI患者90 d全因死亡率的关系,并用Kaplan-Meier曲线和log-rank检验进行90 d生存分析。 结果 共 170例AKI患者入选。院内AKI患者中,营养正常（SGA评分A级）、中度营养不良（SGA评分B级）和重度营养不良（SGA评分C级）患者的比例分别为25.3%、51.8%和22.9%。3组的90 d全因死亡率分别为9.8%、34.9%和56.8%。经Cox回归模型校正混杂因素后,SGA评分差（B级和C级）患者的90 d全因死亡的风险比（HR）为SGA评分A级的4.0倍（95%CI 1.42~11.22,P = 0.008）。Kaplan-Meier生存曲线显示SGA分级越差,累积生存率越低（log-rank检验,P < 0.01）。 结论 SGA评分是AKI患者全因死亡的独立危险因素。对AKI患者及时进行SGA营养评估有重要意义。     

颅脑损伤后急性肾损伤的危险因素分析

目的 研究颅脑损伤后急性肾损伤(AKI)的发病情况及其危险因素.方法 采用前瞻性队列研究,收集我院2008年1月1日至2010年1月1日收治的颅脑损伤患者的临床资料.颅脑损伤诊断:明确的脑外伤病史,头颅CT证实,格拉斯哥昏迷(GCS)评分.AKI诊断标准:48 h内Scr上升≥26.4 μmol/L或较基础值增加≥50％ ;和(或)尿量＜0.5 ml·kg-1·h-1达6h.应用多因素回归方法筛选颅脑损伤患者发生AKI的危险因素.结果 791例患者颅脑损伤后AKI的发病率为39.4％,发生AK1的颅脑损伤患者住院病死率为27.9％,其死亡风险较非AKI患者增加5.065倍(P＜0.01).GCS评分≤8分(重型)者AKI的发病率为69.7％,显著高于中型和轻型两组(P＜0.01).多因素非条件Logistic回归分析显示,GCS评分低(≤8分)、低血压(收缩压＜90 mm Hg)、年龄(每增加10岁)、男性是颅脑损伤患者发生AKI的独立危险因素,OR值分别为2.932、2.176、1.789、1.544.结论 AKI是颅脑损伤患者常见的并发症.GCS评分低、低血压、高龄、男性是颅脑损伤患者发生AKI的独立危险因素.     

Prognosis for children with acute kidney injury in the intensive care unit

To define factors of prognostic importance for critically ill infants and children with acute kidney injury (AKI), we have studied 110 children, ages from 1 month to 180 months, admitted between March 1, 2002 and September 30, 2004 to the intensive care unit of Joana de Gusmão Children’s Hospital. These patients represent 8% of all intensive care unit admissions during the entire study period. The diagnosis at admission was primary renal parenchyma disease (eight patients, 7.2%) and secondary renal disease (102 patients, 92.8%). Thirty-seven patients (33.6%) died, all of whom had secondary renal insufficiency; six patients (5.4%) died as a result of septic shock, and 31 (28.2%) patients died from multiple organ failure (MOF). The variables were analyzed using Fisher’s exact test for qualitative variables and Student’s t-test for quantitative variables. Stratified analysis was performed to assess the relative importance of variables using the Mantel–Haenszel technique. Among the variables analyzed, the following were found to be significantly related to mortality: anuria, oliguria, arterial hypotension, need for pressor drugs, need for mechanical ventilation, need for dialysis, the association with MOF, and high values of lactic acid.     

败血症并发急性肾功能衰竭患者的临床特点和影响预后的因素

目的：探讨败血症伴急性肾功能衰竭（ARF）患者的临床特点和影响预后的因素。方法：回顾分析近10年败血症ARF患者的临床资料，分别计算APACHE Ⅱ和ATN－ISI积分，并与非败血症ARF进行对比，运用多因素回归分析观察由败血症引起ARF的临床和主要生化指标与预后的关系。结果：败血症并发ARF者66例，占同期ARF患者的15．6％。多脏器衰竭发生率为87．9％，病死率高达69．7％。单因素分析发现外科原因的败血症、并发呼吸衰竭、肝功能衰竭、辅助呼吸、少尿、昏迷、多脏器衰竭、在ICU中出现ARF以及慢性疾病数目为影响其预后的因素。多因素logistic回归分析结果显示少尿、在ICU中出现的ARF、慢性疾病数目和多脏器衰竭为其独立危险因素。结论：败血症所致ARF患者预后差，其高病死率与少尿，在ICU中出现ARF、合并慢性疾病数目和多脏器衰竭有关。