抗草甘膦转基因大豆生物与环境安全性

世界转基因作物发展速度迅猛,其中抗除草剂转基因大豆的种植面积和作物产量都占有较大比例,其安全性也受到人们极大关注。文章通过对抗除草剂转基因大豆多年的研究总结,并结合国内外抗除草剂转基因大豆的研究文献,阐述了抗草甘膦转基因大豆现状及其发展,并对其生物和环境的安全性问题进行评价。     

Determination of differences in crop injury from aerial application of glyphosate using vegetation indices

Crop injury caused by off-target drift of herbicide can seriously reduce growth and yield and is of great concern to farmers and aerial applicators. Farmers can benefit from identifying an indirect method for assessing the level of crop injury. This study evaluates the combined use of statistical methods and vegetation indices (VIs) derived from multispectral images to assess the level of crop injury. An experiment was conducted in 2009 to determine glyphosate injury differences among the cotton, corn, and soybean crops. The crops were planted in eight rows spaced 102 cm apart and 80 m long with four replications. Seven VIs were calculated from multispectral images collected at 7 and 21 days after the glyphosate application (DAA). At each image collection date, visual injury estimates were assessed and data were collected for plant height, chlorophyll content, and shoot dry weight. From the seven VIs evaluated as surrogate for glyphosate injury identification using a canonical correlation analysis (CCA), the Chlorophyll Vegetation Index (CVI) showed the highest correlation with field-measured plant injury data. CVI image values were subtracted from the CVI average values of the non-injured area to generate CVI residual images (CVI_res). Frequency distribution histograms of CVI_res image values were calculated to assess the level of injury between crops. These data suggested that injury increased from 7DAA to 21DAA with corn exhibiting higher severity of injury than cotton or soybean, while only moderate injury was observed for cotton. The techniques evaluated in this study are promising for estimating the level of glyphosate herbicide drift, which can be used to make appropriate management decisions considering crop proximity.     

抗草甘膦转基因大豆对根际和非根际土壤可培养菌的影响

采用盆栽方法,以抗草甘膦转基因大豆AZ04及其亲本非转基因大豆A04为试材,探讨抗草甘膦转基因大豆对根际土壤可培养菌数量的影响.结果表明,在大豆生长的15～60 d,抗草甘膦转基因大豆根际土壤真菌种群数量极显著(P<0.01)和显著(P<0.05)高于亲本非转基因大豆;在大豆生长的30～90 d,抗草甘膦转基因大豆非根...     

Delayed light imaging for the early detection of plant stress

Image-intensified photographs of delayed light emission (DLE) from soybean leaves exposed to sulfur dioxide showed evidence of the stress that developed during the exposure period. A comparison of DLE images taken during the fumigation with a conventional photograph taken 5 days later showed a clear correspondence between leaf areas that had the most diminished DLE intensity and those that showed the greatest visible injury. These results suggest that DLE imagery will be a useful tool in the investigation of the spatial distribution and temporal development of plant stress.     

抗草甘膦小飞蓬检测方法的建立

采用温室生物测定法建立小飞蓬对草甘膦的抗性检测方法。小飞蓬幼苗长至5~7叶期,单株移栽,15~20叶时,按不同浓度处理喷施草甘膦。用药后3 d进行第一次观察,记录各浓度的药害症状,并划分药害级别。以后每隔4 d记录1次,药害级别转化为药害综合指数。当不同处理间的药害症状有极显著差异时进行鲜重和干重的测定。分别以所获得的药害综合指数、鲜重、干重和药剂剂量的对数进行回归,所有的数据都用log-logistic回归模型进行模拟。通过比较两次重复实验的结果,证实采用药害分级、鲜重、干重的方法都能较好地反映小飞蓬受害情况和不同剂量草甘膦处理间的关系,但药害分级的方法是3种方法中重复性最好的一种。     

从大豆草甘膦残留限量看我国大豆质量安全标准体系和产业安全

草甘膦的除草性质于1971年由美国D．D．贝尔德等发现。美国盂山都公司开发生产．到20世纪80年代已成为世界除草剂重要品种。草甘膦属内吸传导型广谱灭生性有机磷类除草剂．学名N-（膦酰基甲基）甘氨酸。资料显示，     

转基因大豆发展及中国大豆产业对策

为探讨中国商业化种植转基因大豆的可行性，利用公布的统计数据，系统分析了全球大豆主产国转基因大豆的发展及中国种植转基因大豆可能存在的问题。结果表明：1）1996-2004年，美国、阿根廷和巴西转基因大豆种植率分别从2％、1．7％和0增至85％、98％和22％。2）美国和阿根廷转基因大豆快速发展的主要原因是种植转基因大豆可使杂草管理便利化和高效率。3）可能存在问题是：提高单产和增加利润存在不确定性；中国是大豆原产地并具有独特的消费结构，而转基因大豆生物安全和食品安全隐患会对中国大豆产业产生重大影响：中国生产转基因大豆缺乏竞争优势。因此建议：继续禁止在中国商业化种植转基因大豆。     

种植密度对极早熟大豆品种产量的影响

通过分析2000～2001年两年极早熟大豆品种的产量与种植密度试验数据,提出了单产超过2000kg/hm 2田块的最佳种植密度模式,总结了不同生育期品种的适宜种植密度和最佳种植密度。     

Development and identification of glyphosate-tolerant transgenic soybean via direct selection with glyphosate

Glyphosate-tolerant soybean is the most widely planted genetically modified crop worldwide. However, soybean remains recalcitrant to routine transformation because of the low infection efficiency of Agrobacterium to soybean and lack of useful selectable markers. In this study, several Agrobacterium strains and cell densities were compared by transient expression of the GUS gene. The results showed that Agrobacterium strain Ag10 at cell densities of OD_(600) of 0.6–0.9 yielded the highest infection efficiency in Agrobacterium-mediated soybean cotyledonary node transformation system. Meanwhile, a simple and rapid method was developed for identification of glyphosate tolerance in putative T_0 transgenic plants, consisting of spotting plantlets with 1 μL Roundup~?. The whole cycle of genetic transformation could be shortened to about 3 mon by highly efficient selection with glyphosate during the transformation process and application of the spot assay in putative T_0 transgenic plantlets. The transformation frequency ranged from 2.9 to 5.6%. This study provides an improved protocol for development and identification of glyphosate-tolerant transgenic soybeans.     

A new color index for vegetation segmentation and classification

Color vegetation indices enable various precision agriculture applications by transforming a 3D-color image into its 1D-grayscale counterpart, such that the color of vegetation pixels can be accentuated, while those of nonvegetation pixels are attenuated. The quality of the transformation is essential to the outcomes of computational analyses to follow. The objective of this article is to propose a new vegetation index, the Elliptical Color Index (ECI), which leverages the quadratic discriminant analysis of 3D-color images along a normalized red (r)—green (g) plane. The proposed index is defined as an ellipse function of r and g variables with a shape parameter. For comparison, the ECI’s performance was evaluated along with six other indices, by using 240 color images as a test sample captured from four vegetation species under different illumination and background conditions, together with the corresponding ground-truth patterns. For comparative analysis, the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) and the precision–recall (PR) curves helped quantify the overall performance of vegetation segmentation across all of the vegetation indices evaluated. For a practical appraisal of vegetation segmentation outcomes, this paper applied Gaussian filtering, and then the thresholding method of Otsu, to the grayscale images transformed by each of the indices. Overall, the test results confirmed that ECI outperforms the other indices, in terms of the area under the curves of ROC and PR, as well as other performance metrics, including total error, precision, and F-score.

     

大豆高代新品系草甘膦抗性的检测与筛选

[目的]对大豆杂交高代品系草甘膦抗性进行检测,并从中筛选综合性状优良的抗草甘膦大豆新品系。[方法]以普通大豆晋大73为母本,抗草甘膦转基因大豆RR1为父本进行杂交,采用常规育种方法,早代以农艺性状为标记进行选择,F7代对34个后代品系进行蛋白脂肪含量测定和大田草甘膦抗性测定,并以大豆凝集素基因(lectin)为内置标准,对大豆外源CaMV35S启动子、NOS终止子、抗草甘膦基因(CP4-EPSPS)进行PCR检测。[结果]27个品系对草甘膦具有完全抗性,且均检测到CaMV35S启动子、NOS终止子和CP4-EPSPS基因;5个品系未检测到CP4-EPSPS基因,田间测定也均为完全不抗;另有2个品系PCR检测结果一致,但田间抗性测定1个为完全抗性、1个为完全不抗。[结论]田间测定结果与PCR检测结果基本一致,符合率达到了94.1%。筛选出27个具备抗草甘膦特性的新品系,其中4个品质优良,表现为超亲优势。     

不同早稻品种的光谱特性及其与农学参数的相关性

田间试验结果表明:①不同早稻品种的光谱特性,在抽穗前主要受水稻株型(叶片倾斜和披叶程度)的影响;在抽穗期和灌浆期,主要受稻穗(数量及成熟度)的影响。②不同早稻品种的光谱变量与农学参数之间,在抽穗前相关密切,相关系数高,用光谱变量可以估测农学参数;在抽穗后,由于受穗的光谱和天气的影响,它们之间相关较差,如何建立理想的相关模式尚需进一步深入研究。     

转基因大豆中外源基因的二重PCR检测

用CTAB法提取转基因大豆(Roundup Ready品系)的总DNA.根据行业标准SN/T 1195-2003,合成用于扩增花椰菜花叶病毒(Cauliflowerm osaic viru,s CaMV)35S启动子的引物S1和S2、根癌农杆菌(Agrobacterium tum efaciens)CP4菌株EPSPS基因的引物Ea、ER和Eb.应用这5条(2组)引物对转基因大豆进行二重PCR检测时,扩增得到2个新片段,分别与片段S1ER、S1Eb大小一致.将片段S1ER、S1Eb进行克隆并测序,序列已在GenBank上登录,接受号分别为AY592954和AY596948.序列分析结果表明,片段S1ER含有CaMV 35S启动子和矮牵牛叶绿体转运肽序列(CTP)的部分序列,片段S1Eb含有CaMV 35S启动子部分序列、CTP和CP4 EPSPS基因的部分序列,原用于扩增CP4 EPSPS基因的引物中,仅引物Eb位于CP4 EPSPS基因中.重新合成扩增CP4 EPSPS基因的引物E1和E2,建立的二重PCR方法不仅适合于转基因RoundupReady大豆,还适合于其它植物中的CaMV 35S启动子和CP4 EPSPS基因的同时检测.     

2000—2015年新疆植被指数的时空动态分析

基于2000—2015年的MODIS NDVI数据及同期气象数据,采用趋势分析法、Mann-Kendall检验、相关分析等方法,分析16年间新疆NDVI的时空变化规律,探究NDVI对气象因子的响应。结果表明,2000—2015年新疆NDVI总体呈上升趋势,年平均NDVI与年平均温度、年平均降水量呈不显著正相关;春季NDVI与春季均温呈正相关,夏季NDVI与夏季降水量呈正相关,秋季NDVI与温度和降水量的相关性不显著;由于植被NDVI对降水量具有滞后响应,因此春季NDVI与冬季降水量之间以及秋季NDVI与夏季降水量之间均呈显著正相关;相对而言,同季均温对NDVI的影响高于前季均温,表明NDVI对温度的响应不存在滞后性。     

植物病原真菌早期检测技术及其在橡胶树炭疽病预测预报中的应用

真菌是一类重要的植物病原菌,真菌引起的病害占全部植物病害的三分之二,建立快速、准确的植物真菌病害早期检测技术是解决植物病原真菌预测预报难题、防止病害大面积暴发和流行的关键.笔者综述了常用植物病原真菌早期检测技术的检测原理、应用现状和存在问题,炭疽菌荧光定量PCR早期检测技术的建立及其在橡胶树炭疽病预测预报模型构建中的应...     

A modified vegetation water supply index(MVWSI) and its application in drought monitoring over Sichuan and Chongqing,China

Based on the principle of vegetation water supply index(VWSI), relative normalized difference vegetation index(RNDVI) and relative land surface temperature(RLST) are proposed, with which a modified vegetation water supply index(MVWSI) is constructed, i.e.,MVWSI=RNDVI/RLST~2. Compared with VWSI, MVWSI eliminates the difference caused by the spatial and temporal distribution of VWSI. MVWSI was applied to monitor drought over Sichuan and Chongqing, China in 2006, suggesting that MVWSI can demonstrate the whole process of drought from its emergence and development to its weakening and disappearance. The relative precipitation index(RPI) is used to examine the effectiveness of MVWSI. The examination result shows that MVWSI and RPI have high consistency in spatial distribution and in-site time series analysis. Compared with vegetation condition index(VCI), temperature condition index(TCI), vegetation temperature condition index(VTCI) and temperature vegetation drought index(TVDI), MVWSI is simpler in calculation and more stable hence more easily realized in application.     

大豆体细胞胚的成熟处理及植株再生

选用体细胞胚高频发生的黑龙江省主栽大豆品种 (东农 7819)的未成熟子叶 ,在含高浓度的生长素 MSB培养基上诱导体细胞胚的产生。体细胞胚分别置于 M3、M10、MC三种成熟培养基上或单纯置于灭菌过的培养皿进行干化处理。成熟处理为大豆体细胞胚萌发所必需。单纯干化处理不利于体细胞胚存活 ,而在高渗成熟培养基 MC或 M10成熟处理过的体细胞胚在 MSG(1/2 MSB+ GA)萌发培养基上的萌发率明显高于 M3。成熟处理后 ,形态正常体细胞胚的萌发率达90 % ,明显高于形态不正常胚 4 %的萌发率。对成熟处理过的体细胞胚的组织学研究表明 ,形态学上苗端未分化是形态不正常胚不能形成完整植株的原因之一。     

黑龙江省大豆根腐病株上镰孢菌的分离与鉴定

2007年8月至2008年9月在黑龙江省哈尔滨、齐齐哈尔、牡丹江、佳木斯、黑河、五大连池等大豆产区采集大豆根腐病病株42株,共分离获得362株镰孢菌。通过纯化培养和形态学鉴定,确定它们属于8种镰孢菌,其中F.oxysporum和F.solani的分离频率最高,分别为15.24%和16.90%。并对这8种镰孢菌的形态学特征进行了描述。     

锐劲特混配全程控制双晚病虫害技术研究

大田对比试验表明，单用锐劲特对双晚稻田飞虱，三化螟防效在85％以上，采用锐劲特与纹霉星，吡啉单混配对稻飞虱，三化螟，稻纵卷叶螟、黑尾叶蝉、纹枯病等双晚常发病虫均具有效控制作用，防效达75％－99％，实现了一次用药全程控害，且对天敌安全。防治投资收益率可达1：5．17，高于常规防治。     

大豆胰蛋白酶抑制剂和脂肪氧化酶基因双价RNAi表达载体的改造及转化

【目的】应用RNA干扰技术同时抑制大豆脂肪氧化酶(Lox)和胰蛋白酶抑制剂(KTi)基因的表达,改良大豆品质,培育缺失Lox和KTi的大豆新材料。【方法】应用RNAi原理,以双价RNAi植物表达载体pCAM-BIA1301-KtiRi-LoxRi为基础,以植物表达载体pCAMBIA3301的质粒DNA为模板,利用CaMV35S启动子的上游引物和CaMV35S终止子的下游引物,PCR扩增含有除草剂抗性基因bar的整个表达原件,然后将其插入到pCAM-BIA1301-KtiRi-LoxRi中,构建以除草剂为筛选标记的双价RNAi表达载体,并通过花粉管通道法转化至大豆吉农18、吉农28和吉农27 3个品种中,对转基因植株进行PCR、Southern杂交、RT-PCR分子水平检测和除草剂抗性检测。【结果】质粒PCR和酶切鉴定以及测序结果表明,双价RNAi植物表达载体pCAMBIA1301-KtiRi-LoxRi-bar构建成功。将其转入到大豆中,分别获得吉农18、吉农28、吉农27T1代籽粒47,25和86粒,以及T2代转基因植株50株。RT-PCR结果表明,转基因株系中脂肪氧化酶和胰蛋白酶抑制剂mRNA积累受到明显抑制。【结论】获得了转pCAMBIA1301-KtiRi-LoxRi-bar的T2代转基因大豆。