Partially coherent non-paraxial vectorial Hermite-Gaussian beams and their far-field properities

The far-field theory of partially coherent vectorial non-paraxial beams is expanded and their analytical propagation expressions of the Wigner distribution function matrices and the cross-spectral-density matrices in free space are derived using the far-field approximation. Some interesting cases, in particular the vectorial non-paraxial partially coherent Hermite-Gaussian (HG) beams, are discussed and treated as special cases of our general expressions. It is shown that the f_σ and f parameters play an important role in determining vector and non-paraxiality of partially coherent HG beams. When two parameters are small enough, scalar and paraxial vectorial approximation is allowed; otherwise, non-paraxial vectorial approximation is applied. But the decided parameters additionally affect their far-field divergence angles.     

Far-field properties of non-paraxial elliptical Gaussian beams

By using the Rayleigh diffraction integral formula, a far-field asymptotic solution of the wave equation is found, which represents non-paraxial elliptical Gaussian beams. The basic properties of such beams are studied, and a comparison with the previous work is also made.     

非傍轴矢量异常空心光束的传输特性

 将Cai提出的异常空心光束的理论模型推广到非傍轴范畴,推导出非傍轴矢量异常空心光束传输的解析表达式,用以研究它在自由空间中的传输特性。研究表明,异常空心光束在传输过程中光束形状会发生变化。与高斯光束不同,非傍轴异常空心光束傍轴近似成立条件依赖于传输距离,这与异常空心光束光强分布随传输距离的变化有关。非傍轴异常空心光束远场的光束质量可用桶中功率来描述,桶中功率随f参数(波长与束腰宽度的比值)的增大而减小。     

Nonparaxial propagation of vectorial Gaussian beams diffracted at a circular aperture

Based on the vectorial Rayleigh diffraction integral, the nonparaxial propagation of vectorial Gaussian beams diffracted at a circular aperture is studied. The far-field and paraxial cases are treated as special cases of our general result. It is shown that for the apertured case the f parameter still plays an important role in determining the nonparaxiality of vectorial diffracted Gaussian beams, but both the f parameter and truncation affect the beam evolution behavior.     

矢量非傍轴离轴高斯光束的传输

基于矢量瑞利-索末菲衍射积分公式，得出了波动方程的一个解，它代表矢量非傍轴离轴高斯光束，其在自由空间的传输方程表示为解析的结果.矢量非傍轴离轴高斯光束的轴上和远场公式，矢量非傍轴高斯光束的传输方程，以及傍轴的结果都可作为一般表达式的特例而得出.研究表明，f参数对光束的非傍轴特性有重要影响，而离心参数也影响非傍轴行为.与共轴情况不同的是，对离轴情况，在y方向存在场的纵向分量. 关键词： 激光光学 矢量非傍轴离轴高斯光束 瑞利-索末菲衍射积分 f参数 离轴参数     

Vectorial Hermite--Laguerre--Gaussian beams beyond the paraxial approximation

Starting from the vectorial Rayleigh--Sommerfeld integrals, the free-space propagation expressions for vectorial Hermite--Laguerre--Gaussian (HLG) beams beyond the paraxial approximation are derived. The far-field expressions and the scalar paraxial results are given as special cases of our general expressions. The intensity distributions of vectorial nonparaxial HLG beams are studied and illustrated with numerical examples.     

Far-field properties of electromagnetic elliptical Gaussian vortex beams

The explicit far-field expressions for the TE and TM terms and energy flux distributions of electromagnetic elliptical Gaussian vortex beams are derived and their far-field properties including the phase singularities and energy flux distributions of the TE and TM terms and whole beam are studied in detail. It is shown that there exist two edge dislocations. The number and position of edge dislocations and energy flux distributions are dependent on the amplitude ratio and waist width ratio of electromagnetic elliptical Gaussian vortex beams. The analytical results are illustrated numerically.     

Vectorial structures of non-paraxial linearly polarized Gaussian beam and their beam propagation factors

Based on the vectorial structure of non-paraxial electromagnetic beam and non-paraxial vectorial moment theory, the relationship of the beam waists, the divergence angles and the beam propagation factors among non-paraxial linearly polarized Gaussian beam, its TE and TM terms have been presented, respectively. The analytical beam propagation factors are given and further discussed at the highly non-paraxial case. The maximum divergence angles in the x-direction of non-paraxial linearly polarized Gaussian beam, its TE and TM terms are all 54.7°, and those in the y-direction are limited to be 63.4°, 67.7° and 39.2°, respectively. As TE and TM terms are orthogonal and can be detached at the far field, the potential applications of the isolated TE and TM terms are deserved further investigation.     

Vectorial structure of the far-field of an apertured four-petal Gaussian beam

Based on the theorem of vectorial structure and the method of stationary phase, an analytical vectorial structure of the far-field of an apertured four-petal Gaussian beam has been derived without any approximation. The analytical expressions of the energy flux of the TE term, the TM term, and the apertured four-petal Gaussian beam are also presented in the far-field reference plane, respectively. The energy flux distributions of the TE term, the TM term, and the apertured four-petal Gaussian beam are graphically demonstrated in the far-field plane. The dependences of the energy flux distributions of the TE term, the TM term, and the apertured four-petal Gaussian beam on the f-parameter, the truncation parameter, and the beam order are also examined.     

Analytical vectorial structure of non-paraxial nonsymmetrical vector Gaussian beam in the far field

Based on the vectorial structure of non-paraxial electromagnetic beam and the method of stationary phase, the analytical TE and TM terms of non-paraxial nonsymmetrical vector Gaussian beam in the far field are presented. According to the analytical electromagnetic fields of the TE and TM terms, the energy flux distributions of the whole beam, its TE and TM terms are investigated. Moreover, the influences of non-symmetries on the energy flux distributions of the whole beam, its TE and TM terms are also analyzed, respectively. This research reveals the internal vectorial structure of non-paraxial laser beam in the far field and is useful to the propagation of non-paraxial laser beam.     

非傍轴矢量拉盖尔-高斯光束的二阶矩表示

基于Porras提出的光传输的非傍轴矢量矩理论，推导出初始圆偏振的非傍轴矢量拉盖尔-高斯(LG)光束的特征参数，包括束宽、远场发散角和M²因子等的公式，并表示为级数求和形式.非傍轴矢量高斯光束公式作为特例给出.研究表明，基于二阶矩定义的束宽按双曲线规律传输，当w₀/λ→0(w₀为束宽，λ为波长)时，远场发散角θ趋于90°，大于非傍轴标量理论预示的值63.435°.非傍轴矢量LG光束的M²因子不仅与模指数p有关，而且还与w₀/λ有关.最后，对非傍轴矢量LG光束和非傍轴标量LG光束的传输作了比较，结果表明在w₀/λ较小时，矢量效应对远场发散角的影响十分显著.对θ→90°引起的问题和非傍轴矢量矩理论的适用范围，以及解决问题的可能途径作了分析和讨论. 关键词： 非傍轴矢量拉盖尔-高斯光束 圆偏振 非傍轴矢量矩理论 光束参数     

Investigation in the far field characteristics of TM polarized Gaussian beam from the vectorial structure

Based on the vectorial structure of electromagnetic beam and the method of stationary phase, the analytical TE and TM terms of TM polarized Gaussian beam, the rigorous solution of Maxwell's equations for a confocal resonator, have been presented in the far field. Then in terms of the vectorial structure, TM polarized Gaussian beam is compared with Gaussian TEM₀₀ mode. The TE term is located at the y-axis, and the TM term the x-axis. At the non-paraxial case, the whole beam spot is elliptical, and the long axis is located at the y-axis. Moreover, the whole beam spot of TM polarized Gaussian beam is smaller than that of Gaussian TEM₀₀ mode. At the paraxial case, the whole beam spot is circular, and TM polarized Gaussian beam reduces to be Gaussian TEM₀₀ mode.     

矢量非傍轴厄米-拉盖尔-高斯光束的光束质量

基于矢量Rayleigh-Sommerfeld衍射积分，推导出矢量非傍轴圆偏振厄米-拉盖尔-高斯(HLG)光束的远场解析表达式.矢量非傍轴圆偏振高斯光束可作为一般公式的特例给出.将桶中功率(PIB)概念推广到非傍轴范畴，用以描述矢量非傍轴光束的远场光束质量，其中光强用时间平均坡印廷矢量的z分量取代.数值计算和分析表明，矢量非傍轴HLG光束的PIB不仅与束腰宽度与波长之比w₀/λ有关，而且还与α参数，模指数n和m以及所取桶的尺寸有关. 关键词： 矢量非傍轴厄米-拉盖尔-高斯光束 矢量Rayleigh-Sommerfeld衍射积分 桶中功率     

Far-field structural property of a Gaussian beam diffracted by a phase aperture

Based on the angular spectrum representation of an arbitrary electromagnetic beam and the method of stationary phase, an analytically vectorial structure of a Gaussian beam diffracted by a phase aperture has been derived in the far-field. Moreover, the derivation is performed without any approximation. The analytical expressions of the energy flux of the TE term, the TM term, and the apertured Gaussian beam are also presented in the far-field, respectively. The influence of the phase delay on the energy flux distributions of the TE term, the TM term, and the apertured Gaussian beam is discussed in the far-field.     

Vectorial Structure of Non-Paraxial Linearly Polarized Gaussian Beam in Far Field

According to the vectorial structure of non-paraxial electromagnetic beams and the method of stationary phase, the analytical TE and TM terms of non-paraxial linearly polarized Caussian beam are presented in the far field. The influence of linearly polarized angle on the relative energy flux distributions of the whole beam and its TE and TM terms is studied. The beam spot of the TE term is perpendicular to the direction of linearly polarized angle, while that of the TM term coincides with the direction of linearly polarized angle. The whole beam spot is elliptical, and the long axis is located at the direction of linearly polarized angle. The relative energy flux distribution of the TE term is relatively centralized in the direction perpendicular to the linearly polarized angle. While that of the TM term is relatively centralized in the direction of linearly polarized angle. To obtain the isolated TM and TE terms, a polarizer should be put at the long and the short axis of the whole beam spot, respectively.     

非傍轴高斯光束传输特性的研究

基于非傍轴矢量光束横截面上光强的严格定义〈S_z〉,采用桶中功率定义光束的束宽、远场发散角以及M²因子. 以非傍轴矢量高斯光束为例,对光束的传输特性进行了详细的理论分析和数值计算,并与非傍轴标量理论的结果进行了比较分析. 研究表明,光源半宽ω₀/Λ<1时,传输特性的矢量描述与非傍轴标量描述有显著差别,随着ω₀/Λ的增大,两者趋于一致,并逐步过渡到 关键词： 非傍轴高斯光束 桶中功率 束宽 发散角     

基于格林函数法的奇型Mathieu-Gaussian光束

根据光束传播的独立性和叠加性原理,引入了一组能够产生第一类(2n+2阶)奇型Mathieu-Gaussian光束的虚光源点.利用虚源点技术和格林函数法,计算得到第一类奇型Mathieu-Gaussian光束的严格解析积分表达式.利用该表达式得到了轴上光场分布的积分解析解.以三阶非旁轴修正为例,得到了第一类奇型Mathieu-Gaussian光束保留到三阶非旁轴修正项的轴上光场分布精确解.     

Propagation properties of ultrashort pulsed beams with constant waist width in free space

Based on the Rayleigh diffraction integral and complex analytical signal representation, the strict propagation expression and its Fourier spectrum for ultrashort pulsed Gaussian beams with constant waist width are derived, which have the general applicable advantage, because the paraxial approximation, pulsed envelope representation and far-field approximation are not invoked. The far-field and paraxial expressions are obtained as the special cases of our general results. Numerical calculation results are given to illustrate the spatiotemporal propagation properties of few- and single-cycle pulsed Gaussian beams with constant waist width. A comparison with the paraxial results and previous work is also made.     

标量衍射理论的非傍轴近似及其有效性

当光束束腰（或衍射孔孔径）可与波长相比拟或光束具有较大的发散角时,傍轴近似不再成立.在标量瑞利.索末菲衍射积分的基础上,进一步研究了衍射场的非傍轴近似解,并详细分析了解的有效性.以平面波圆孔衍射为例,对衍射场的精确解、非傍轴近似解以及菲涅耳近似解进行了详细的数值计算和比较研究.结果表明,非傍轴近似对微小孔衍射非常精确、有效.     

非傍轴矢量高斯光束的光强表示

 基于瑞利-索末菲衍射积分，未使用任何近似，对非傍轴矢量光束的两种光强表示式，即传统光强公式和时间平均坡印廷矢量的z分量进行了研究。对非傍轴矢量高斯光束详细数值计算结果的比较表明，两种表示式之间的差异，即两者的相对误差与束腰宽度及传输距离和波长的比值有关。对非傍轴矢量高斯光束，若传输距离与波长的比值为10，束腰宽度与波长的比值大于等于0.8，则最大相对误差不到1.5%。因此，传统光强公式是可用的。