人工髋关节置换术治疗高龄股骨粗隆间骨折48例

目的 探讨人工髋关节置换术治疗高龄患者股骨粗隆间骨折的疗效.方法 采用人工股骨头假体,全髋关节假体,结合钢丝捆绑手术治疗高龄股骨粗隆间骨折患者48例.结果 本组48例术后下床时间3～10天,平均6天.X线片骨折复位满意,随访4个月～3年,无假体松动、下沉,无钢丝松动及断裂.髋关节功能按Harris评分,优良率为83%.结论 采用人工关节置换术治疗高龄股骨粗隆间骨折创伤小,卧床时间短,可早期离床活动,减少并发症,有利于关节功能恢复,提高老年患者术后生活质量.     

双极人工股骨头置换治疗老年不稳定股骨粗隆间骨折

目的探讨双极人工股骨头置换治疗老年不稳定股骨粗隆间骨折的临床疗效。方法将82例老年不稳定股骨粗隆间骨折患者随机分为2组,每组41例,对照组采用动力髋螺钉内固定术治疗,观察组采用双极人工股骨头置换术治疗,比较2组手术时间、术中出血量及下地活动时间,患者出院后随访1年,比较术后1个月、3个月、6个月、12个月时2组髋关节Harris评分,记录并比较患者并发症发生情况。结果观察组手术时间、术中出血量及下地活动时间均小于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);2组术后1个月、3个月Harris评分差异有统计学意义,观察组优于对照组,术后6月、12月差异无统计学意义(P0.05);观察组并发症发生率低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论双极股骨头置换术操作简单、创伤小、并发症少,有利于患者早期下床活动和髋关节功能的恢复,适合老年不稳定型股骨粗隆间骨折的治疗。     

全髋关节置换术治疗高龄股骨粗隆间骨折

目的：探讨全髋关节置换术治疗高龄股骨粗隆间骨折的疗效。方法：用全髋关节置换术治疗高龄股骨粗隆间骨折24例：结果：24例手术均顺利,术后随访48～96个月,平均55个月。按Harris评分标准,优良率为92％,无脱位、假体松动,无感染,无异位骨化,无DVT发生。结论：全髋关节置换术治疗高龄股骨粗隆间骨折是一种较好的方法,患者可早期负重行走,减少并发症,提高生活质量。     

髋前外侧C形入路与常规入路动力髋螺钉治疗老年股骨粗隆间骨折的对比研究

目的对比髋前外侧C形入路与常规入路动力髋螺钉(DHS)治疗老年股骨粗隆间骨折的临床效果。方法回顾性分析于我院行DHS治疗的100例老年股骨粗隆间骨折患者的临床资料,依据手术入路将其分为常规入路组(n=46)和C形入路组(n=54)。比较2组患者手术相关指标,术前和术后3个月、6个月、12个月髋关节Harris评分,术后12个月髋关节功能及术后并发症情况。结果 C形入路组手术时间、术中出血量、术中透视次数、引流量、住院时间均短/少于常规入路组(P 0.05)。2组患者术后3个月、6个月、12个月髋关节Harris评分均优于术前,且术后3个月、6个月、12个月髋关节Harris评分依次增高,差异均有统计学意义(P 0.05);术后各时间点C形入路组髋关节Harris评分优于常规入路组(P 0.05)。C形入路组术后12个月髋关节功能优良率高于常规入路组(P 0.05)。C形入路组术后并发症发生率低于常规入路组(P 0.05)。结论与常规入路相比,采用髋前外侧C形入路DHS治疗老年股骨粗隆间骨折患者创伤更小,有利于术后关节早期功能锻炼,促进髋关节功能恢复。     

不同手术方法治疗老年股骨粗隆间骨折效果及其生物力学研究

目的分析股骨近端锁定钢板(locking proximal femoral plate,LPFP)和股骨近端抗旋髓内钉(proximal femoral nail anti-rotation,PFNA)内固定术治疗老年股骨粗隆间骨折的疗效及生物力学性能。方法 106例老年股骨粗隆间骨折患者随机分为LPFP治疗组53例和PFNA治疗组53例,于治疗干预后分别统计两组患者的手术时间、术中出血量、负重时间、骨折愈合时间及术后9个月Harris髋关节功能评分,统计两组患者术后并发症的发生率。取新鲜老年股骨标本10具制备老年股骨粗隆间骨折模型,并将其随机分为PFNA组和LPFP组各5具,于治疗干预后采用力学试验机进行轴向压缩实验、破坏载荷实验和扭转刚度实验,记录生物力学性能指标。结果 PFNA组平均手术时间、负重时间及骨折愈合时间均短于LPFP组(P 0.05),平均术中出血量少于LPFP组(P 0.05),平均Harris评分高于LPFP组(P 0.05)。PFNA组、LPFP组术后并发症总发生率分别为7.56%、18.87%,差异有统计学意义(P 0.05)。骨折模型治疗干预后,PFNA组平均轴向压缩、破坏载荷、扭转刚度均高于LPFP组(P 0.05)。结论 PFNA治疗老年股骨粗隆间骨折创伤小,其良好的生物力学性能可有效促进骨折愈合和髋关节功能的恢复,并显著减少髋内翻和螺钉松动与切割并发症的发生率。     

加长生物型股骨柄人工髋关节置换术治疗高龄股骨粗隆间骨折的临床效果

目的探讨应用加长生物型股骨柄人工髋关节置换术治疗高龄股骨粗隆间骨折的临床效果。方法回顾性分析内蒙古自治区赤峰市医院骨关节科及内蒙古医科大学第二附属医院骨关节科2010年2月至2015年8月对41例高龄股骨粗隆间骨折患者采用经髋关节后外侧入路加长生物型股骨柄人工髋关节置换术治疗,术后根据Harris髋关节评分评价临床效果。结果本组41例手术时间为41~95 min,平均62 min;术中出血量约180~450 mL,平均300 mL;术后下床时间为3~5 d,平均为4 d,术后卧床时间短;住院时间为12~18 d,平均15 d。术后均无深静脉血栓、肺栓塞、脂肪栓塞、关节脱位、死亡等相关并发症发生。术后复查髋关节X线片均显示假体位置及粗隆间骨折复位均良好;随访1~5年,无感染、假体松动、下沉及断裂、髋内外翻畸形等。采用Harris评分标准评定髋关节功能,优良率为88.7%。结论应用加长生物型股骨柄人工髋关节置换术治疗高龄股骨粗隆间骨折,髋关节功能恢复快,有效提高患者术后生活质量。     

PFNA与PFN内固定治疗老年股骨粗隆间骨折的临床疗效评价

目的探讨PFNA(股骨近端抗旋髓内钉)与PFN(股骨近端重建钉)内固定治疗老年股骨粗隆间骨折的治疗效果。方法 2010年5月~2012年12月采用C臂透视下闭合复位PFNA内固定治疗老年股骨粗隆间骨折108例为PFNA组,随机选取同时期病例采用PFN内固定治疗老年股骨粗隆间骨折102例为PFN组,记录手术时间、术中出血量、手术前后血红蛋白值、术后完全负重时间、术后并发症及末次随访时患髋Harris评分,对二者的疗效进行回顾性分析比较。结果两组术后均随访8~24个月,PFNA组1例发生下肢深静脉血栓。全部病例未发生螺旋刀片骨内切割、松动移位,骨折全部愈合。PFN组6例发生髋部加压螺钉松动,其中骨折畸形愈合2例,2例行PFNA翻修治疗,2例行人工关节置换补救手术治疗。两组手术时间、术中出血量、术后血红蛋白值、术后完全负重时间、术后并发症比较差异有统计学意义(0.05)。术前血红蛋白值、末次随访髋关节Harris评分无统计学意义(0.05)。结论采用PFNA微创内固定治疗老年股骨粗隆间骨折可以减少医源性血运破坏、骨质丢失,操作简单、缩短手术时间、减少术中出血量,可有效固定骨折,减少并发症,有利于骨折愈合,临床疗效满意,是老年股骨粗隆间骨折理想的治疗方法。     

复元活血汤剂辅助手术治疗老年股骨粗隆间骨折的效果及对炎症反应、凝血功能的影响

目的:研究复元活血汤剂辅助手术治疗老年股骨粗隆间骨折(Intertrochanteric Fracture,ITF)的效果及对炎症反应、凝血功能的影响.方法:随机将 2019 年4 月至 2022 年 4 月我院收治的老年ITF患者 96 例分为对照组、试验组,各 48 例.对照组采用手术治疗,试验组采用复元活血汤剂辅助手术治疗.比较两组临床疗效、术后恢复情况(骨痂生成、术后负重、住院、骨折愈合)、视觉模拟疼痛评分(Visual analogue scale,VAS)、肿胀值、凝血功能、骨代谢指标、炎性因子.结果:试验组优良率高于对照组(P＜0.05);与对照组相比,治疗后试验组骨痂生成时间、术后负重时间、住院时间、骨折愈合时间较短,试验组肿胀值、VAS评分更低,试验组凝血功能指标降低幅度更大,试验组骨代谢指标水平更高,试验组炎症因子水平更低(P＜0.05).结论:复元活血汤剂辅助手术治疗老年ITF患者疗效显著,可减轻炎症反应,降低疼痛、肿胀程度,调节机体凝血功能,改善骨代谢,加速髋关节功能恢复.     

大粗隆重建加翻修长柄人工股骨头置换术治疗高龄不稳定型股骨粗隆间骨折

目的 探讨股骨粗隆重建加翻修长柄人工股骨头置换治疗高龄不稳定型股骨粗隆间骨折的临床疗效。 方法 回顾性分析2014年3月—2016年9月江西省进贤县人民医院骨科手术治疗的59例高龄股骨粗隆间粉碎性骨折患者临床资料,其中男28例、女31例,年龄78~95岁。均采用2枚克氏针加钢丝环扎技术重建股骨大粗隆结构,翻修加长柄人工股骨头置换手术。术后随访观察关节假体和大粗隆愈合等情况,采用Harris髋关节评分对疗效进行评定。结果 59例病例均顺利完成手术,其中1例打入假体过程中出现股骨近端劈裂骨折,予环形钢丝捆扎,长柄假体置入。手术时间80~120 min,术中失血量200~400 mL,术中、术后输血300~600 mL,术后下床时间3~6 d,住院时间12~18 d。随访6个月,随访期间1例于术后4个月死于慢性多器官衰竭。术后1、3、6个月X线片示假体位置好,无松动塌陷,无髋关节脱位;术后6个月Harris髋关节功能评定疗效优23例,良30例,可4例,差1例,优良率91.38%(53/58)。结论 对于高龄不稳定型股骨粗隆间骨折患者,采用大粗隆重建加翻修长柄人工股骨头置换术式治疗是一种有效的手术方法。     

探讨应用PFNA在老年患者股骨粗隆间骨折治疗中的效果

目的：对PFNS治疗老年股骨粗隆间骨折的临床效果进行分析探讨。方法选取38例年龄老年股骨粗隆间骨折患者作为研究对象,将其随机分成对照组和治疗组,每组19例,对照组患者采取传统手术方法进行治疗,而治疗组则采取闭合复位PFNA内固定手术方法进行治疗。对两组患者的手术时间、术后并发症、愈合时间以及髋关节功能的恢复情况进行分析对比。结果治疗组在手术时间、出血量、并发症及住院时间等观察指标上均优于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(<0.05);髋关节功能恢复情况也明显优于对照组(<0.05)。结论采取PFNA治疗老年股骨粗隆间骨折患者效果更明显、安全性更高且操作简单等优点,值得临床推广使用。     

Counterpointing the functional role of the forebrain and of the brainstem in the control of the sleep-waking system

This paper reviews the lifetime contributions of the author to the field of sleep-wakefulness (S-W), reinterprets results of the early studies, and suggests new conclusions and perspectives. Long-term cats with mesencephalic transection show behavioral/polygraphic rapid eye movement sleep (REMS), including the typical oculo-pupillary behavior, even when the section is performed in kittens prior to S-W maturation. REMS can be induced as a reflex. Typical non-rapid eye movement S (NREMS) is absent and full W/arousal is present only after a precollicular section. The isolated forebrain (IF) rostral to the transection exhibits all features of W/arousal and NREMS [with electroencephalographic (EEG) spindles and delta waves], arousal to olfactory stimuli, and including the appropriate oculo-pupillary behaviors. These features also mature normally after neonatal transection. REMS is absent from the IF. After deprivation there is NREMS pressure and rebound in the IF, but the decerebrate cat only shows pressure for REMS. Most IF reactions to pharmacologic agents are within expectations, except for the tolerance/withdrawal effects of long-term morphine use which are absent. In contrast, these effects are supported by the brainstem (i.e. seen in the decerebrate cat). In cats with ablation of the telencephalon, or diencephalic cats, delta waves are absent in the thalamus. EEG thalamic spindle waves are seen triggering S for only 4-5 days after ablation. Therefore, true NREMS is absent in chronic diencephalic cats although pre- and postsomniac behaviors persist. These animals are hyperactive and show a pronounced, permanent insomnia; however, a low dose of barbiturate triggers a dramatic REMS/atypical NREMS rebound. Cats without the thalamus (athalamic cats), initially show a dissociation between behavioral hyperactivity/insomnia and the neocortical EEG, which for 15-20 days exhibits only delta and slower oscillations. Fast, low-voltage W rhythms appear later on, first during REMS, but spindle waves and S postures are absent from the start, such that these cats also display only atypical NREMS. Athalamic cats also show barbiturate-sensitive insomnia. Cats with ablation of the frontal cortices or the caudate nuclei remain permanently hyperactive. They also show a mild, but significant hyposomnia, which is permanent in afrontal cats, but lasts for about a month in acaudates. The polygraphic/behavioral features of their S-W states remain normal. We conclude and propose that: (a) the control of the S-W system is highly complex and distributed, but is organized hierarchically in a well-defined rostro-caudal manner; the rostral-most or highest level (telencephalon), is the most functionally complex/adaptative and regulates the lower levels; the diencephalic/basal forebrain, or middle level, has a pivotal role in inducing switching between S and W and in coordinating the lowest (brainstem) and highest levels; (b) W can occur independently in both the forebrain and brainstem, but true NREMS- and REMS-generating mechanisms exist exclusively in the forebrain and brainstem, respectively; (c) forebrain and brainstem S-W processes can operate independently from each other and are preprogrammed at birth; this helps understanding normal and abnormal polygraphic/behavioral dissociations in humans and normal dissociations/splitting in aquatic mammals; (d) NREMS homeostasis is present in the IF, but only REMS pressure after deprivation persists in the decerebrate cat; (e) the thalamus engages in both NREMS and W; (f) insomnia in diencephalic cats is the result of an imbalance between antagonistic W- and S-promoting cellular groups in the ventral brain (normally modulated by the telencephalon); (g) the EEG waves, which are signature for each S-W state, appear to truly drive the concomitant behaviors, e.g. a hypothetical human IF could alternate between behavioral NREMS and W/arousal/awareness; (h) a role for REMS is to keep the individual sleeping at the end of the self-limiting NREMS periods. The need for accelerating research on telencephaling NREMS periods. The need for accelerating research on telencephalic S-W processes and downstream control of the lower S-W system levels is emphasized.     

Effects of the lesion of the postcommissural part of the septum on the behavior of the rat.

The effects of the lesion of the postcommissural part of the septum on behavior of the rat has been studied. Results may be summarized as follows. An increase in the exploratory behavior in the open field which decreases rapidly; a decrease in the number of defecations in this test and a decrease in time leaving a dark environment for exploration. In the shuttle box test, no facilitation of the acquisition, but a permanent and quite significant increase in the intertrial activity has been found. We conclude that the lesions tend to decrease the emotivity of the subjects. An interpretation on the basis of the species -- specific defensive reactions explains the transitory and permanent effects of the lesions on the spontaneous activity.     

Adequate function of the cell: Interactions between the needs of the cell and the needs of the organism

The continuous maintenance of cell adequate function (cellular stress) is considered to be the main feature which characterizes the activity of a live cell. In accordance with the concept of cellular stress, the transition of the cell to the state of adequate funcitoning represents a dual commitment. The cell must function adequately to respond to the demands of the organism and to provide for its own needs. Thus, it is proposed that two systems exist for the regulation of the adequate function of the cell: one enabling the cell to respond to the demands of the organism, and the other providing for the needs of the cell itself. The hormonal system of the organism represents the first of these mechanisms, and I believe that another system exists for regulation of intracellular needs. Adequate function of the cell is determined by the regulative, controlling and defense mechanisms. The balance between the needs of the cell and of the organism should be a concern of physician, since it provides for the optimal function and health of the organism as a whole.     

The Beauty of the Network in the Brain and the Origin of the Mind in the Control of Behavior

Behavior is not adequately described as a stimulus-response process. It is initiated by the animal and is generated because of its expected outcome in the future. The outcome can be good or bad for the animal. The brain is in charge of the selection process. This is the basic function of the brain. Taking Drosophila as a study case, this paper discusses initiating activity, several examples of outcome expectations, trying out (the internal search for a suitable behavior), chaining of actions, and the functional roles of chance in action selection. It takes mental processes and states such as goals, intentions, feelings, memories, cognition, and attention as higher levels of behavioral control that have their origin in biological evolution.     

指背腱膜滑动与近侧指间关节屈曲关系及临床意义

目的:探讨指背腱膜滑动距离与近侧指间关节(PIP)屈曲关系,为临床修复提供解剖学基础。方法:男性成人新鲜尸体标本10侧30指(示、中、环指各10指),切除手指皮肤,不破坏腱鞘、屈肌支持带、伸肌支持带、内在肌及外在肌,使肌腱保持正常的生理状态,分别测量各指中央束(CS)、侧束(LB)在PIP屈曲45°和90°时的滑动距离。结果:当PIP屈曲45°时,CS滑动距离为(2.7±0.4)mm,LB滑动距离为(2.8±0.6)mm;当PIP屈曲90°时,CS滑动距离为(4.3±0.7)mm,LB滑动距离为(4.8±0.6)mm。结论:指背腱膜滑动距离减少,严重影响手指的屈曲功能。对于指背腱膜的新鲜性损伤应予以精确修复;对于陈旧性损伤的修复应确保指背腱膜的正常滑动范围。     

On the development of the sympathetic chain and the adrenal medulla in the mouse

Summary The first visible primordia of the sympathetic chain appear in the anterior thoracic region and run caudally through 8 segments in an embryo of 11 gestation days. At 12 gestation days the trunk reaches from the base of the skull into the sacral region. During the following days the trunk develops into ganglia with interganglionic fibers.At 16 gestation days there is a well developed trunk with a cranial ganglion cervicale superior and a ganglion stellatum in the anterior part of the thoracic region. In the remaining sympathetic chain there are segmentally arranged ganglia but in this common pattern large differences are noticed.At the 13th gestation day the first signs of the adrenal medulla and the splanchnic plexus appear in the form of sympathoblasts ventral to the sympathetic chain. The migration of sympathoblasts into the primordia of the adrenal cortex goes on for 3 days while the migration to the splancnic plexus in the mesenchym ventral and lateral to the aorta goes on at least 2 more days.     

Anatomical relationship between the morphology of the styloid process of the ulna and the attachment of the radioulnar ligaments

The radioulnar ligaments are the major stabilizers of the distal radioulnar joint under dynamic loading; however, anatomical detail regarding their attachment on the middle and distal thirds of the styloid process of the ulna remains unclear. Because previous anatomical studies included only old cadavers, their anatomical findings might not reflect the morphological features of younger and healthy specimens. This study investigated the anatomical features of the distal ulna, particularly the styloid process, to determine the attachment of the radioulnar ligaments to the styloid process and verified their direction and attachment to the styloid process in younger and healthy donors using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We investigated the morphological features of the distal ulna of 12 cadaveric wrists using micro-computed tomography (micro-CT). We also visualized and measured the distribution of the cortical bone thickness. We histologically analyzed three specimens in the axial plane and macroscopically analyzed seven specimens to examine the attachment of the radioulnar ligaments to the styloid process. In addition, we evaluated five wrists from living volunteers using 3.0 Tesla MRI. The distal ulna has a ridge on the dorsoradial aspect of the styloid process that corresponds to the attachment of the radioulnar ligaments. Micro-CT images after data processing revealed that the cortical thickness of the dorsoradial quadrant was thicker than that of the other quadrant at the proximal slice of the styloid process (p < 0.01), and that of the dorsoulnar (p = 0.021) and ulnopalmar (p < 0.01) quadrants at the middle slice. Histological analyses showed that the radioulnar ligaments were attached to the middle and distal thirds of the styloid process via chondral-apophyseal entheses. The direction of the fiber was dorsal in the middle third of the styloid process and changed to palmar in the distal third of the styloid process. The direction and attachment of the radioulnar ligaments on the styloid process were confirmed using MRI for younger and healthy participants. The radioulnar ligaments were attached to the dorsoradial ridge of the styloid process, which was confirmed by cortical bone thickening, histology at the attachment sites, and in vivo MR imaging. The directions of the radioulnar ligaments sterically intersected, which would satisfy both slipping stability and rotational mobility. These anatomical findings may provide the basis for biomechanical consideration of distal radioulnar joint stabilization.     

On the origin of the corticotectal projections in the cat

Summary Stereotaxic injection of horseradish peroxidase into the superior colliculus produced retrograde labelling of layer V pyramides in the Clare Bishop area and the lateral bank of the suprasylvian sulcus, in area 17,18 and 19. Single labelled cells were also found scattered in the splenial, the suprasplenial, the lateral and the suprasylvian gyri. In the cruciate sulcus no labelled cells were observed. Autoradiographically, the lateral bank of the suprasylvian sulcus was also shown to give rise to fibres to the superior colliculus.