公共建筑PM2.5空气净化应用探讨

大型公共建筑PM2.5控制技术是指室内外新回风通过物理过滤技术手段进行PM2.5高效过滤,为室内环境提供安全、健康、舒适、节能的空气.PM2.5过滤成套装置包括PM2.5空气过滤器、PM25浓度探测仪、PM2.5浓度显示仪等产品.     

室内PM2.5污染控制的现状及发展

主要综述了室内PM2.5的控制浓度标准、基本组成、室内外来源以及对于公共建筑和住宅建筑室内PM2.5污染的控制策略,给出了室内PM2.5污染控制策略的发展,以及目前还没有针对已经安装好了的空调系统进行监测看是否达到治理PM2.5的效果的建议。     

不同建筑环境空气中颗粒物PM1.0、PM2.5和PM10的污染水平及对比研究

为了解人们常停留的建筑室内空气中不同粒径段颗粒物的污染水平,本文对写字楼、地铁站台、餐饮环境、大学教室和宿舍等不同类型建筑室内和室外空气中的颗粒物PM10、PM2.5和PM10的质量浓度水平进行了测试、统计分析和对比研究,同时对不同建筑环境内不同粒径段颗粒物的浓度大小、占比情况和主要来源进行了分析探讨.结果 表明:1)...     

风机盘管加新风系统室内PM2.5污染控制

在对民用建筑通风系统常用过滤器滤料性能测试基础上,建立了常规风机盘管加新风系统空调房间室内颗粒物浓度集总参数模型,讨论了回风过滤段和新风过滤段过滤器效率的设计选型方法。以西安市某空调系统为例,为满足室内PM2.5污染控制标准,基于室外PM2.5浓度"不保证10d"取值计算,结果表明,余压为50~80Pa的机组回风过滤器效率选用G3、G4型过滤器,余压为30~50Pa的机组回风过滤器效率选用初效G2、G3型过滤器,同时,室内设置等效过滤效率的空气净化器,新风选用初效G4加中效F7或F8两级过滤。     

通风用空气过滤器的细颗粒物(PM2.5)过滤效率研究北大核心

鉴于在考虑采取通风措施降低室内空气PM2.5浓度时,面临不掌握空气过滤器的PM2.5过滤效率的困惑,以在相同的、规范的试验条件下得到的不同材质、不同过滤效率的多台空气过滤器的计数计径过滤效率和PM2.5计重过滤效率的测试数据为基础,分析探讨了2种过滤效率之间的关系,为空调通风系统针对室内PM2.5计重浓度的空气过滤器选型提供了初步依据。     

室内装修污染或猛于PM2.5急需“解药”

7月21日,在生态文明贵阳国际论坛2013年年会PM2．5（细颗粒物）分论坛上,来自中国工程院、中国环境科学研究院等权威机构的专家一致表示,中国已成为世界PM2．5污染最严重的地区。连续不断的关于室外空气污染数据的公布和措施的出台使室外空气质量问题得到人们关注,但人们对与大气污染息息相关的室内污染的认识却严重不足。实际上,室内装修等活动所造成的污染,远比室外污染严重。本期话题,我们从室内污染最严重的装修污染出发,分析在当前形势下,国家、企业、个人该如何寻求室内污染的“解药”。     

应对PM2.5污染的气承式充气膜体育建筑

分析了充气膜这一新型建筑局部治理雾霾的可行性和实现技术,并通过实测数据验证了其治理效果,指出充气膜可以通过经济的手段在其室内空间创造优良的局部空气环境,为人们的体育运动提供健康的场所。     

住宅室内PM2.5重金属污染特征与健康风险评价

现场检测长沙市住宅室内空气PM2.5颗粒物浓度及其颗粒物中包含的四种主要致癌风险重金属元素含量,并运用蒙特卡罗方法分别对4种重金属元素进行致癌风险模拟与不确定性因素分析,研究发现住宅室内PM2.5颗粒物中四种致癌重金属元素的致癌风险大小排列为CrAsCdNi,四种致癌重金属元素Cr、Ni、As、Cd的致癌风险贡献值大小为CAETBW,因此应采取有效措施降低室内PM2.5浓度。     

办公楼室内PM2.5治理设计分析

近年来,雾霾天气频繁发生,空气污染愈加严重,有关PM2.5的信息受到广泛关注.PM2.5具有粒径小和成分复杂等特点,在一定条件下会严重危害人类身体健康.PM2.5的治理不仅限于室外,室内PM2.5的治理也至关重要.由于城市办公族大部分时间待在办公室内,对室内PM2.5的治理便成为了改善城市人居环境的重要一环.该文介绍了室内外PM2.5浓度的相关标准,分析总结了室内PM2.5的治理方法,可为室内PM2.5的治理设计提供一定参考.     

区域PM2.5污染特征及影响因素研究

通过对区域环境空气中PM2.5的采样监测,分析了区域PM2.5的时间变化特征及温度、湿度、风速对其质量浓度产生的影响,并对PM2.5与PM10污染水平及关系进行了研究,得出了一些有意义的结论。     

Real-time measurements of PM2.5 and ozone to assess the effectiveness of residential indoor air filtration in Shanghai homes

Portable air cleaners are increasingly used in polluted areas in an attempt to reduce human exposure; however, there has been limited work characterizing their effectiveness at reducing exposure. With this in mind, we recruited forty-three children with asthma from suburban Shanghai and deployed air cleaners (with HEPA and activated carbon filters) in their bedrooms. During both 2-week filtration and non-filtration periods, low-cost PM_2.5 and O₃ air monitors were used to measure pollutants indoors, outdoors, and for personal exposure. Indoor PM_2.5 concentrations were reduced substantially with the use of air cleaners, from 34 ± 17 to 10 ± 8 µg/m³, with roughly 80% of indoor PM_2.5 estimated to come from outdoor sources. Personal exposure to PM_2.5 was reduced from 40 ± 17 to 25 ± 14 µg/m³. The more modest reductions in personal exposure and high contribution of outdoor PM_2.5 to indoor concentrations highlight the need to reduce outdoor PM_2.5 and/or to clean indoor air in multiple locations. Indoor O₃ concentrations were generally low (mean = 8±4 ppb), and no significant difference was seen by filtration status. The concentrations of pollutants and the air cleaner effectiveness were highly variable over time and across homes, highlighting the usefulness of real-time air monitors for understanding individual exposure reduction strategies.     

A method for assessing the performance of nanofiber films coated on window screens in reducing residential exposures to PM2.5 of outdoor origin in Beijing

Recently, many nanofiber films have been developed for air filtration applications. These films exhibit high PM_2.5 (particles with aerodynamic diameters less than 2.5 μm) removal efficiency and relatively low air resistance. Thus, coating window screens with nanofiber films may be able to mitigate residential exposure to PM_2.5 of outdoor origin. This study developed a method for assessing the performance of nanofiber window screens in reducing residential exposure to PM_2.5 of outdoor origin in Beijing. The results show that the use of selected nanofiber window screens all the time throughout the year can reduce the mean value of the annual average indoor PM_2.5 of outdoor origin by 64%‐66% for Beijing residences. However, the mean value of annual harmonic average air exchange rate when the windows are open was also reduced from 2.34 h^?1 to 0.27‐0.35 h^?1, which is far below the national standard. If the nanofiber window screens were used only when the outdoor PM_2.5 pollution was severe, the screens had less of an impact on residential natural ventilation, but the national standard still could not be met. Hence, more efforts are needed to further reduce the air resistance of nanofiber window screens in order to ensure proper residential ventilation.     

北京地区控制PM_(2.5)污染的城市绿化树种选择建议

对影响树木阻滞吸附PM2.5能力的树种生物学特性进行了分析,并结合树种对城市环境的适应性建立了适用于控制PM2.5污染的城市绿化树种的选择方法,应用该方法对北京城市绿化常用的51种乔木树种和14种灌木树种进行了评价。结果显示,圆柏等7种乔木树种和金银木等3种灌木树种的PM2.5阻滞吸附能力和城市环境适应能力都为强等级,而其余的大部分树种的2项能力为中或强等级。建议在北京针对PM2.5污染进行的城市绿化中可以优先考虑使用这些树种。     

Analysis of indoor PM2.5 exposure in Asian countries using time use survey

Most household fuels used in Asian countries are solid fuels such as coal and biomass (firewood, crop residue and animal dung). The particulate matter (PM), CO, NOx and SOx produced through the combustion of these fuels inside the residence for cooking and heating has an adverse impact on people's health. PM 2.5 in particular, consisting of particles with an aerodynamic diameter of 2.5 μm or less, penetrates deep into the lungs and causes respiratory system and circulatory system diseases and so on. As a result, the World Health Organization (WHO) established guideline values for this type of particulate matter in 2005. In this study, the authors focused on PM 2.5 and estimated indoor exposure concentrations for PM 2.5 in 15 Asian countries. For each environment used for cooking, eating, heating and illumination in which people are present temporarily (microenvironment), exposure concentrations were estimated for individual cohorts categorized according to sex, age and occupation status. To establish the residence time in each microenvironment for each of the cohorts, data from time use surveys conducted in individual countries were used. China had the highest estimate for average exposure concentration in microenvironment used for cooking at 427.5 μg/m³ , followed by Nepal, Laos and India at 285.2 μg/m³, 266.3 μg/m³ and 205.7 μg/m³ , respectively. The study found that, in each country, the PM2.5 exposure concentration was highest for children and unemployed women between the ages of 35 and 64. The study also found that the exposure concentration for individual cohorts in each country was greatly affected by people's use of time indoors. Because differences in individual daily life activities were reflected in the use of time and linked to an assessment of exposure to indoor air-polluting substances, the study enabled detailed assessment of the impact of exposure.     

合肥地区公共建筑夏季通风分析

本文首先根据合肥地区典型气象年(设计典型)夏季气象参数,得出该地区夏季通风的基本原则:白天在满足卫生要求的前提下,限制通风为主;夜间加强通风,在室外温度空气温度升高时停止通风。然后以该地区某办公建筑为研究对象,分析了不同等级热惰性围护结构下最佳通风策略,得出Ⅰ型结构在白天通风策略一定时,夜间通风为9次/h左右较为经济,Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ型结构夜间通风为5次/h左右较为经济,并指出该地区较适合夜间通风的围护结构的热惰性类型。     

Personal exposure to PM2.5 in Chinese rural households in the Yangtze River Delta

High levels of PM_2.5 exposure and associated health risks are of great concern in rural China. For this study, we used portable PM_2.5 monitors for monitoring concentrations online, recorded personal time‐activity patterns, and analyzed the contribution from different microenvironments in rural areas of the Yangtze River Delta, China. The daily exposure levels of rural participants were 66 μg/m³ (SD 40) in winter and 65 μg/m³ (SD 16) in summer. Indoor exposure levels were usually higher than outdoor levels. The exposure levels during cooking in rural kitchens were 140 μg/m³ (SD 116) in winter and 121 μg/m³ (SD 70) in summer, the highest in all microenvironments. Winter and summer values were 252 μg/m³ (SD 103) and 204 μg/m³ (SD 105), respectively, for rural people using biomass for fuel, much higher than those for rural people using LPG and electricity. By combining PM_2.5concentrations and time spent in different microenvironments, we found that 92% (winter) and 85% (summer) of personal exposure to PM_2.5in rural areas was attributable to indoor microenvironments, of which kitchens accounted for 24% and 27%, respectively. Consequently, more effective policies and measures are needed to replace biomass fuel with LPG or electricity, which would benefit the health of the rural population in China.     

浅谈水体景观在室内公共建筑中的运用

自古代以来，人类就开始重视水在人居环境里的作用。现在随着城市化、工业化的进程加快，使得人们对于自然之水的渴望日渐增强。但是如何设计才能使得室内公共建筑和水体景观更加和谐、更加自然，这还是一个需要探讨的话题。     

Household and behavioral determinants of indoor PM2.5 in a rural solid fuel burning Native American community

Indoor and outdoor concentrations of PM_2.5 were measured for 24 h during heating and non-heating seasons in a rural solid fuel burning Native American community. Household building characteristics were collected during the initial home sampling visit using technician walkthrough questionnaires, and behavioral factors were collected through questionnaires by interviewers. To identify seasonal behavioral factors and household characteristics associated with indoor PM_2.5, data were analyzed separately by heating and non-heating seasons using multivariable regression. Concentrations of PM_2.5 were significantly higher during the heating season (indoor: 36.2 μg/m³; outdoor: 22.1 μg/m³) compared with the non-heating season (indoor: 14.6 μg/m³; outdoor: 9.3 μg/m³). Heating season indoor PM_2.5 was strongly associated with heating fuel type, housing type, indoor pests, use of a climate control unit, number of interior doors, and indoor relative humidity. During the non-heating season, different behavioral and household characteristics were associated with indoor PM_2.5 concentrations (indoor smoking and/or burning incense, opening doors and windows, area of surrounding environment, building size and height, and outdoor PM_2.5). Homes heated with coal and/or wood, or a combination of coal and/or wood with electricity and/or natural gas had elevated indoor PM_2.5 concentrations that exceeded both the EPA ambient standard (35 μg/m³) and the WHO guideline (25 μg/m³).