髋关节置换术后假体无菌性松动的原因及治疗

<正>人工关节置换是作为一种重建关节功能有效的方法之一,使患者的生活质量得到很大改善。随着人工关节使用年限的延长,人工关节无菌性松动已成为人工关节置换术远期疗效受限的最主要原因,并严重妨碍了人工关节的发展和推     

人工髋关节置换术后假体无菌性松动的机制及预防的研究现状

人工髋关节置换术(artificial hip arthroplasty/replacement)自发明至今已有70多年的历史,随着冶金、高分子工业的发展及临床上的广泛应用,人工髋关节置换术的理论与技术已较为成熟,但术后如何延长人工关节的使用寿命、避免二次手术翻修一直是困扰医务工作者的难题。早期翻修的主要原     

人工髋关节置换术后假体无菌性松动的临床及影像学评估

人工髋关节置换术(THA)后假体无菌性松动问题始终是临床上存在并需要解决的问题。通过临床及放射学检查，观察分析假体松动的表现与过程，对于人工髋关节置换术后假体松动的及时临床处理及预防均有指导意义。本对人工髋关节置换术后假体无菌性松动的临床及影像学评估方法进行了回顾和分析，指出临床及各影像学评估方法的意义，提出正确的评估原则。     

基质金属蛋白酶及其组织抑制剂与全髋关节置换术后假体无菌性松动中的关系

全髋关节置换术能有效重建髋关节功能 ,减轻疼痛 ,提高生活质量。随着假体设计改进 ,骨水泥技术提高 ,人工关节假体无菌性松动已日益成为影响人工关节使用寿命的主要因素。目前文献[1] 已证实假体周围界膜的存在 ,普遍认为该界膜具有生物学活性并在假体松动中起重要作用。其中基质金属蛋白酶与其组织抑制剂的相互作用关系在假体松动中越来越为人们所重视。1　基质金属蛋白酶 (ＭａｔｒｉｘＭｅｔａｌｌｏｐｒｏｔｅｉｎａｓｅｓ,ＭＭＰｓ)ＭＭＰｓ是一组结构中含Ｚｎ2 + 和Ｃａ2 + 的蛋白水解酶家族 ,目前至少有 16个成员。根据其作用底物不…     

髋关节置换后假体无菌性松动机制研究

髋关节置换包括全髋和半髋置换,是治疗髋关节严重病损的有效手段,但假体松动作为术后晚期出现的并发症是手术失败的主要原因.早期假体松动归因于应力遮挡引起的骨质重新塑形,晚期假体松动的原因主要是假体微动和磨损碎屑诱导骨溶解.近年研究发现假体松动与运动后假体摩擦产热、吸烟、滑液中IGF-I水平等有关.该文就近几年关于髋关节置换后假体发生无菌性松动的可能发生机制作一综述.     

全髋关节置换术后病人假体松动机制的分析

目的 :根据松动假体周围骨溶解情况分析各种机制在假体松动过程中的作用。方法 :自 1991年 8月～ 2 0 0 1年十一年期间我院行全髋关节置换术 132例病人 ,共计 137髋。失访 31例 ,2例高龄病人死于与手术无关内科疾病。剩余 99例病人 (10 2髋 )年龄范围 :35～ 78岁 ,平均年龄 6 1.5岁。平均随访时间 6 .9年。其中 4 3髋出现假体松动 ,1髋假体松动由感染引起 ,余下 4 2髋为无菌型松动 ,并伴不同程度骨溶解。将假体周围骨溶解根据形态分为衬性骨溶解和扩张性骨溶解。按 Delee & Charnley髋臼分区和 Gruen近端股骨分区标准进行假体周围骨溶解发生率的影像分析。结果 :髋臼侧扩张性骨溶解 区的发生率最高 ,为 6 9% ,骨水泥固定组与非骨水泥固定组在扩张性骨溶解发生率有显著差异 (P<0 .0 5 ) ,非骨水泥固定组各区发生率较高 ;分别为 6 8%、79% ,骨水泥固定组与非骨水泥固定组在溶骨发生率无显著差异 (P>0 .0 5 )。衬性骨溶解髋臼侧发生率 区最高 ,股骨柄侧衬性骨溶解发生率由高至低为 区、 区、 区、 区 ,两种固定形式假体周围衬性骨溶解的发生率无显著差异 (P>0 .0 5 )。结论 :磨屑诱导的炎症性骨溶解在假体松动过程中起主导作用 ,而股骨侧骨溶解的发生以应力遮挡和假体早期微动等机械力学因素为前提     

成纤维细胞在全髋关节置换术后无菌性松动中的潜在作用

全髋关节置换术可明显减轻病人的疼痛，改善患者的关节功能，提高病人的生活质量。然而，置换术后晚期假体无菌性松动已日益成为影响人工关节使用寿命的主要因素。许多文献已证实，假体周围往往存在一层膜性组织，这层膜性组织具有生物活性并在假体松动中起着重要的作用。...     

假体柄长度与股骨远端肿瘤术后假体无菌性松动的关系

目的 探究假体柄长度对股骨远端肿瘤膝关节假体置换术后假体无菌性松动的影响。 方法 选择自2015年6月至2021年6月于四川友谊医院行膝关节假体置换术的164例股骨远端肿瘤患者作为研究对象,根据术后随访2～8年期间假体无菌性松动情况将患者分为未松动组和松动组。未松动组126例,男71例,女55例;年龄25～69岁,平均(47.69±5.48)岁。松动组38例,男24例,女14例;年龄27～70岁,平均(46.12±5.33)岁。比较两组患者的临床资料。采用Kaplan-Meier法分析假体柄长度与假体使用寿命的关系;采用随机森林算法及多因素Logistic回归分析影响患者术后假体无菌性松动的因素;相关性E值法分析研究结果的敏感性;限制性立方样条图分析假体柄长度与患者术后假体无菌性松动的剂量-效应关系;建立预测模型并评价其预测效能。 结果 Kaplan-Meier法分析结果显示,假体柄长度与假体使用寿命有关( P<0.001);下肢力线距膝关节中心距离增加是患者术后假体无菌性松动的危险因素( P<0.05),假体柄长度、髓腔柄与股骨直径比值、机械轴股骨远端外侧角、术后髋-膝-踝角增加是保护因素( P<0.05);敏感性分析显示E＝2.015;男性患者或女性患者中,假体柄长度与术后假体无菌性松动均不存在非线性关系( P>0.05);当模型预测术后假体无菌性松动概率为0.80时,约登指数最高(77.77),准确度为92.24%,敏感度为85.63%,特异度为92.14%,受试者工作特征曲线下面积为0.825(95%CI：0.766～0.884, P<0.001)。 结论 下肢力线距膝关节中心距离、假体柄长度、髓腔柄与股骨直径比值等是股骨远端肿瘤患者膝关节假体置换术后假体无菌性松动的影响因素,建议外科医生应选择较长的假体柄和较粗的髓腔柄,增加假体髓腔柄与股骨直径和髓腔直径的贴合度,同时术后应定期检查下肢力线偏倚情况,及时重建下肢力线。     

假体柄长度与股骨远端肿瘤术后假体无菌性松动的关系

目的 探究假体柄长度对股骨远端肿瘤膝关节假体置换术后假体无菌性松动的影响。方法 选择自2015年6月至2021年6月于四川友谊医院行膝关节假体置换术的164例股骨远端肿瘤患者作为研究对象,根据术后随访2～8年期间假体无菌性松动情况将患者分为未松动组和松动组。未松动组126例,男71例,女55例;年龄25～69岁,平均(47.69±5.48)岁。松动组38例,男24例,女14例;年龄27～70岁,平均(46.12±5.33)岁。比较两组患者的临床资料。采用Kaplan-Meier法分析假体柄长度与假体使用寿命的关系;采用随机森林算法及多因素Logistic回归分析影响患者术后假体无菌性松动的因素;相关性E值法分析研究结果的敏感性;限制性立方样条图分析假体柄长度与患者术后假体无菌性松动的剂量-效应关系;建立预测模型并评价其预测效能。结果 Kaplan-Meier法分析结果显示,假体柄长度与假体使用寿命有关(P<0.001);下肢力线距膝关节中心距离增加是患者术后假体无菌性松动的危险因素(P<0.05),假体柄长度、髓腔柄与股骨直径比值、机械轴股骨远端外侧角、术后髋-膝-踝角增加...     

肿瘤型假体无菌性松动翻修术后疗效观察

目的探讨采用普通长柄假体或同种异体骨假体复合物(allograft-prosthesis composite,APC)翻修治疗肿瘤型假体无菌性松动的疗效。方法 2002年1月-2008年6月,收治14例肿瘤型假体无菌性松动患者。男8例,女6例;年龄21～70岁,平均43.9岁。肿瘤部位:股骨远端8例,股骨近端2例,胫骨近端4例。假体置换术后6～31年出现患肢疼痛,负重和行走时加重;6例出现患肢短缩畸形。术前参照美国骨与软组织肿瘤协会(MSTS)功能评分系统行关节功能评分为(16.36±1.50)分。X线片检查见假体明显松动和下沉。出现症状至入院时间为3～9年,平均4.5年。7例骨量严重丢失(骨皮质厚度减少>50%)、假体下沉>2 cm、假体穿破骨皮质或即将穿破骨皮质者采用APC翻修;7例骨量丢失不严重(骨皮质厚度减少<50%)者,采用订制普通长柄假体翻修。结果患者切口均Ⅰ期愈合;2例出现腓总神经一过性麻木,对症治疗后3个月内恢复。患者术后均获随访,随访时间2年2个月～7年,平均3.6年。翻修术后患者术前疼痛症状均缓解,关节功能改善。术后12个月MSTS功能评分为(23.43±2.56)分,与术前比较差异有统计学意义(t=8.910,P=0.024)。X线片检查示,术后12个月2例采用普通长柄假体翻修患者出现骨水泥周围无症状透亮线,无假体松动和周围感染等并发症;其余患者未见明显异常。结论肿瘤型假体无菌性松动后再次行翻修重建肢体功能可行,根据患者骨量丢失情况选择APC或普通长柄假体翻修,可获较好疗效。     

依据Paprosky分型股骨侧假体无菌性松动的处理策略

目的研究全髋关节置换术后假体无菌性松动的治疗方法及疗效,探讨股骨侧假体无菌性松动的治疗原则。方法回顾性分析自2000-01—2014-12诊治的24例股骨侧假体无菌性松动,记录手术前后VAS评分、Harris评分。影像学指标包括假体松动表现、Paprosky分型、假体内翻角、Barrack分级、植骨方式、内固定位置、并发症情况等。结果所有患者均获平均15.3(13~68)个月随访。术前VAS评分平均为8.9(7.2~10)分,末次随访VAS评分4.3(2~10)分,与术前有较大改善,差异有统计学意义(t=2.361,P=0.027)。术前Harris评分平均为32.5(12~54)分,末次随访时为60.8(36~82)分,差异有统计学意义(t=2.213,P=0.032)。所有患者初次置换为骨水泥型股骨柄假体,22例透亮线位于骨水泥-骨界面间。翻修手术采用生物型翻修假体,骨水泥残留1例。术前Paprosky分型,Ⅰ型4例(16.7%),Ⅱ型6例(25%),ⅢA型8例(33.3%),ⅢB型4例(16.7%),无Ⅳ型。术中根据不同分型应用结构性植骨及打压植骨,术后骨长入良好。结论股骨侧假体无菌性松动的处理原则需要对患者骨质缺损、初次置换方式及质量等方面因素进行综合考虑。其处理以翻修手术为主,需根据不同骨缺损类型选择植骨方式及翻修方法。     

Increased interleukin-8 (IL-8) expression is related to aseptic loosening of total hip replacement

Aseptic loosening is an increasing problem in total hip replacement (THR). Chronic inflammatory reaction against implant wear particle results in collageno- and osteolysis, leading to loosening of the implant. Cytokines are known to play a major role in this particular inflammatory process [10]. The aim of the present study was to examine interleukin-8 (IL-8) in the synovial-like interface membrane (SLIM) and pseudocapsular tissue of THRs and to compare it to normal knee synovial membrane. Eleven patients suffering from aseptically loosened THRs were included. All the SLIM and pseudocapsular tissue samples were obtained during revision operations. Ten control samples of normal synovium were collected per arthroscopy from the superior recessus of the knee. For immunohistochemical IL-8 detection, polyclonal mouse anti-human immunoglobulin (Ig)G₁ IL-8-primary antibody was used with the alkaline phosphatase anti-alkaline phosphatase (APAAP) method. Results were quantitated using the Vidas image analysis system. The highest count levels (mean ± SEM) were detected in SLIM tissue (386 ± 82 cells/mm²). The difference was statistically significant compared with pseudocapsular tissue (193 ± 36 cells/mm²) and control samples (18 ± 5 cells/mm²). Count levels in control tissue were on average 5% of the SLIM tissues values. The present study determines for the first time the cellular origin of IL-8 in aseptically loosened THRs and also quantitates the IL-8-producing cells in the periprosthetic tissue. The results reveal a high rise in IL-8 concentration in SLIM and in synovial tissues. This finding moves us one step forward in solving the complex network of multiple factors affecting loosening of hip implants. Received: 10 November 1998     

Role of free radicals in aseptic loosening of hip arthroplasty.

Fibrous pseudocapsule around hip implants is an invariable finding at revision operations and is believed to release inflammatory mediators that stimulate bone resorption. Reactive oxygen species have been proposed to be causative factors in various disorders with tissue fibrosis. We were interested in investigating whether aseptic loosening is connected with high oxidative stress, and in showing the underlying mechanism of periprosthetic fibrosis and its role in loosening. Levels of oxidative stress markers reduced (GSH) and oxidized (GSSG) gluthatione and malondialdehyde (MDA) were assayed in 28 loose hips and in 12 stable hips revised for high rate of wear and osteolysis. Collagen in the periprosthetic tissues was measured as hydroxyproline content. Osteolysis and polyethylene wear were graded. Increased oxidative stress measured by low GSH/GSSG ratio as well as by increased MDA level was established in patients compared to controls. Oxidative stress markers intercorrelated significantly. MDA and both GSH and GSSG levels correlated significantly with hydroxyproline level. Levels of GSSG and MDA were higher in hips with greater polyethylene wear. The results suggest that high oxidative stress may play a role in formation of a fibrous membrane observed at revision of loose hips. The fibrous pseudocapsule is probably related to high intraarticular pressure and expansion of the effective joint space. This study may elicit some aspects of the pathogenesis of aseptic hip loosening and aid in future investigations aiming at prevention of this complication.     

Total hip arthroplasty with a ribbed anatomic HA coated stem

In total hip arthroplasty, a straight stem seems to provide better results than an anatomic one. A new generation of anatomic stems is under evaluation, so the follow-up is still short and cannot compare with studies of straight stems. The clinical and radiographic results of 176 patients who underwent 189 primary total hip arthroplasties using an anatomic, collared, proximally hydroxyapatite (HA)-coated femoral component were prospectively determined from 1 to 6 years follow-up. The stem is ribbed in the metaphyseal region, allowing to decrease the elasticity modulus, to augment the surface for bone ingrowth and to preserve the space needed for the circulation of the inner half side of the corticalis. The average postoperative Harris hip score was 96.7 points. All femoral components had radiographic evidence of bone ingrowth fixation at the final follow-up. There were no cases of loosening for any reason. The strength of the study is limited by the short follow-up, but our preliminary excellent clinical results with stable bone ingrowth fixation allow us to continue to use this stem following patients over time.     

Revision total hip arthroplasty with cemented femoral component

We reviewed retrospectively the results of 28 hips (25 patients) after revision of the femoral component with use of a cemented stem, because of aseptic loosening. The mean duration of follow-up was 4.43 years (range 2–12 years). Over the course of the study period, repeat revision was done in 4 hips after an average of 4.45 years. Three hips had a repeat revision of the femoral component because of aseptic loosening and one for a deep infection. The rate of loosening of the femoral component was 32.4% (9 hips) at an average of 5.22 years. The 5-year survival rate was 76.9% with mechanical failure as end point; and 90% with re-revision of femoral component because of aseptic loosening as end point. The cement mantle was the principal factor, which was significantly associated with a better survival rate of femur fixation (P < 0.05). No correlation was noted between quality of bone loss at the time of revision, bone graft or the use of long stems, and the survival rate of femoral component. By improving the cementing technique and in selected patients, the use of cemented femoral stem could be a good alternative for aseptic loosening THA.     

Computer-aided reconstruction of hip joint in revision arthroplasty

Geometric revision reconstruction of the hip joint of a female patient is presented. Because of extensive bone resorption and strong bone obstruction, we decided to employ a custom–made prosthesis not only in the pelvis but also in the femur. The custom prosthesis design and manufacturing processes were carried out with the aid of computed tomography (CT), a system of tomographic image processing, a computer–aided design (CAD) system and a computer–aided manufacturing (CAM) system. The process included tomographic measurements of the patient’s hip joint, conversion of the CT images, geometrical modelling of the femur and pelvis in the CAD system, prostheses design, virtual simulation of the reconstructed acetabulum, determination of prosthesis matching, and manufacturing on a CNC machine. The outcome of this engineering process was a total hip arthroplasty (THA) surgical operation.     

髋臼翻修术治疗THA术后单纯髋臼假体松动的临床研究

目的比较单纯髋臼翻修术治疗单纯髋臼假体松动与全髋关节翻修术治疗全髋假体松动的疗效。方法回顾性分析自2006年1月~2012年1月收治的44例单侧全髋关节置换(THA)术后假体松动,分成2组(各22例),研究组采用单纯髋臼翻修术治疗单纯髋臼假体松动,对照组采用全髋关节翻修术治疗全髋假体松动。比较两组术中出血量、手术时间及术后1.5、3、6、12个月Harris评分改善情况。结果研究组平均手术时间、术中出血量明显少于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。术后1.5、3个月研究组Harris评分改善情况优于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);术后6、12个月两组Harris评分改善情况差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论单纯髋臼翻修术后患者髋关节功能恢复情况短期内(3个月内)优于全髋关节翻修术。     

降钙素防治骨质疏松模型兔的人工假体无菌性松动的实验研究

[目的]探讨降钙素对已行人工假体植入骨质疏松模型免的假体无菌性松动防治作用的实验研究。[方法]将30只假体植入模型的骨质疏松症兔随机分成实验组和对照组，各15只。实验组给予鲑鱼降钙素治疗（6U／kg，肌注，隔日1次），而对照组给予等量的生理盐水肌注，持续治疗半年。两组均分别于术前、术后4、8、12和24周检测假体周围感应区（ROI）骨密度（BMD）；于术前及术后4、12、24周行血清骨代谢指标检测：骨特异性碱性磷酸酶（BALP）、骨钙素（BGP）、抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶-5b（TRAP-5b）；所有动物于术后24周处死，分别行假体拔出实验与扭转实验测定和假体周围骨组织形态计量学分析。[结果]术后24周，实验组假体周围局部感兴趣区BMD增加近5％，而对照组假体周围局部感兴趣区BMD下降了6％，两组比较有显著性差异（P〈0．01）；骨代谢指标中，术后24周实验组的BALP、BGP稍有下降，但组内无显著性差异（P〉0．05），而TRAP-5b有明显下降（P〈0．05），这些指标与对照组比较差异显著（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）；生物力学检测显示，实验组的假体拔出实验较对照组提高了约50％，扭转实验提高近1倍，且两组比较差异显著（P〈0．01）；骨组织形态计量学显示，实验组中反映骨吸收的Oc．No／Tb．Pm、ES／BS明显减少；反映骨量和微结构的％Tb．Ar、Tb．N明显增多，而Tb．Sp明显变窄：反映骨形成与骨矿化的OS／BS、MAR、BFR／TV及％L．Pm也均明显增多；这些指标与对照组比较差异显著（P〈0．01或P〈0．05）。[结论]鲑鱼降钙素能明显减少人工假体周围骨量的丢失和抑制骨溶解；并加快假体周围的骨形成，提高骨密度，促进生理性骨矿化；还能改善骨质量，促进骨微结构改变，提高骨的生物力学特性并增加假体四周的支撑力。其对骨质疏松症兔的假体松动有明显的预防和治疗作用。这对临床预防和治疗人工关节的无菌性松动有很好的指导意义。