高砷暴露致皮肤损伤人群尿砷代谢产物分析

目的 探讨高砷暴露致皮肤损伤人群尿砷代谢的特点.方法 应用氢化物发生.冷阱捕获.原子吸收分光光度法测定高砷暴露地Ⅸ(水砷浓度分别为0.21、0.24、0.36 mg/L)皮肤损伤组人群(77人)和未见皮肤损伤对照组人群(77人,性别、年龄1:1配比)尿中无机砷(iAs)、一甲基胂酸(MMA)和二甲基胂酸(DMA)含量.以iAs、MMA及DMA的总和表示总砷(tAs)水平;以iAs/tAs、MMMtAs和DMA/tAs分别计算iAs%、MMA%、DMA%;以(MMA+DMA)/tAs及DMM(MMA+DMA)分别计算一甲基化率(FMR)和二甲基化率(SMR)水平.结果 皮肤损伤组人群与对照组人群相比尿中各形态砷化合物及总砷含量差异无统计学意义(JD>0.05),而皮肤损伤组尿iAs%水平高于对照组,DMA%、FMR和SMR水平低于对照组差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05).皮肤损伤组人群中男性SMR水平显著低于女性,且尿中MMA%显著高于女性(P<0.05).结论 高砷暴露情况下,出现皮肤损伤症状的人群对砷的甲基化能力较低.

Abstract：

Objective To explore the characteristics of urine arsenic metabolism of people with skin lesion. Methods The levels of inorganic arsenic (iAs), monomethylated arsenic (MMA), dimethylated arsenic (DMA) in urine were detected with hydride generation-cold trap-atomic absorption spectroscopy among population exposed to higher levels of arsenide (0.24 ,0.36,0.21 mg/L), which consisted of skin lesion group(n=77) and non-skin lesion group (n=77,control group) in Apr.,2009 . Total arsenic (tAs) , iAs %, MMA%, DMA%, the first methylation ratio (FMR) and the secondary methylation ratio (SMR) were calculated as iAs + MMA+ DMA , iAs/tAs, MMA/tAs, DMA/tAs, (MMA + DMA)/ tAs and DMA/(MMA + DMA), respectively. Results No significant difference was observed in urinary concentrations of arsenic species and tAs between two groups (P>0.05), iAs% was much higher and the levels of FMR, SMR and DMA% were significantly lower in skin lesion group compared with the control (P<0.05). There were statistically significant differences in iAs% and SMR between males and females of the skin lesion group(P<0.05). Conclusion The arsenic methylation capacity of the persons with skin lesions is lower at high arsenic exposure.     

不同饮水砷暴露人群尿中的砷代谢物水平

目的 测定内蒙古高砷病区不同浓度饮水砷暴露人群尿中各种形态砷代谢物和总砷(total arsenic,TAs)含量.方法 于2004年10月运用横断面调查方法,随机抽取病区(A村:水砷浓度为240μg/L;B村:水砷浓度为160μg/L;C村:水砷浓度为90 μg/L,D村即对照组:水砷浓度＜5μg/L)人群尿样,采用氢化物发生原子吸收分光光度法检测尿中各形态砷代谢物和TAs含量.结果 随着饮水砷暴露浓度的增高,人群尿中无机砷(inorganic arsenic,iAs)、甲基砷(monomethylarsine,MMA)、二甲基砷(dimethylarsine,DMA)和TAs含量均增高(P＜0.05).暴露于相同水砷浓度的条件下,尿中iAs、MMA、DMA和TAs含量以及一甲基化率(primary methylation index,PMI)和二甲基化率(secondary methylation index,SMI)在不同性别间未见统计学差异(P＞0.05).各暴露组成人和儿童尿中PMI和SMI水平分别低于对照组成人和儿童(P＜0.05);240μg/L组成人尿中PMI和SMI水平显著低于90和160μg/L暴露组(P＜0.05);240μg/L组儿童尿中PMI水平低于160μg/L组儿童(P＜0.05),各暴露组儿童尿中SMI水平顺序为160μg/L组＞90μg/L组＞240μg/L组(P＜0.05);各暴露组中儿童尿中SMI水平均高于相应的成人(P＜0.05).结论 饮水中高砷暴露可能降低人群对砷的甲基化能力.相同饮水砷暴露水平,男女对砷的甲基化能力无差别,儿童二甲基化能力高于成人.低水平砷暴露可能诱导儿童对砷的二甲基化能力.     

职业性砷接触工人尿形态砷含量与健康效应指标的相关性分析

目的通过职业性砷接触工人尿形态砷水平测定分析, 探究其与健康效应的相关性。方法于2021年11月, 分别选择云南省某有色金属冶炼厂的95名接触砷及其无机化合物的工人和31名行政人员作为接触组和对照组, 进行尿形态砷、血液肿瘤标志物、肝功能检测, 并采用微核试验分析染色体损伤, 分析尿形态砷与健康效应的相关性。结果与对照组比较, 接触组班末尿三价无机砷(iAs3+)、五价无机砷(iAs5+)、无机砷(iAs=∑iAs3++iAs5+)、一甲基砷(MMA)、二甲基砷(DMA)和尿砷(∑iAs+MMA+DMA)浓度均更高(P<0.05);两组间血液肿瘤标志物和肝功能指标比较, 差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);与对照组比较, 接触组外周血微核率和细胞微核率均明显升高(P<0.05)。接触组尿砷、iAs5+、无机砷、DMA与外周血微核率呈正相关(rs=0.48、0.34、0.37、0.23, P<0.05), 尿砷、iAs5+、DMA与外周血微核细胞率呈正相关(rs=0.48、0.34、0.26, P<0.05)。结论职业性砷接触工人尿中不同价态砷与健康异常效应...     

砷暴露人群总尿砷浓度与砷甲基化代谢水平关系的研究

目的探讨砷暴露人群总尿砷浓度与砷甲基化代谢水平间的相互关系。方法于2006年7月,选择在某工业性砷污染区居住5a以上并且近6个月内持续生活在该村的村民323人为研究对象,并分为儿童组(6～13岁)和成人组(18岁及以上)。采集空腹晨尿,采用氢化物发生-原子荧光法测定总砷(TAs)浓度,采用离子色谱氢化物发生原子荧光法测定尿中无机砷(InAs)、一甲基胂酸(MMA)和二甲基胂酸(DMA)含量。结果与成人组比较,儿童组尿中TAs含量、MMA相对百分比和MMA/InAs比值均较低,DMA相对百分比和DMA/MMA比值均较高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。成人尿中TAs含量与MMA相对百分比和MMA/InAs的比值与尿TAs含量呈负相关(P<0.05),而DMA/MMA的比值与尿TAs含量呈正相关(P<0.01)。但儿童及18～39岁组尿中InAs、DMA、MMA相对百分比及DMA/MMA、MMA/InAs、OrgAs/InAs的比值与尿TAs含量未见统计学相关(P>0.05)。结论尿TAs浓度与砷的总甲基化水平可能呈负相关趋势,但年龄可能是这种相关趋势的混杂因素。     

饮水型砷暴露对人群甲基化代谢能力的影响

目的探讨饮水型砷暴露对人群甲基化代谢能力的影响。方法以带有砷化物预处理装置的原子吸收分光光度计测定砷暴露人群及无砷暴露对照人群血、尿中无机砷(iAs)、甲基胂(MMA)、二甲基胂(DMA)含量。以iAs、MMA及DMA的总和表示总胂(tAs)水平;以(MMA+DMA)/tAs及DMA/(MMA+DMA)分别计算一甲基化率(PMI)和二甲基化率(SMI)水平。结果砷暴露人群血中iAs、MMA、DMA、tAs及PMI水平均显著高于相应对照人群的水平,而SMI水平显著低于对照人群。尿中MMA水平分别与血中PMI及SMI水平呈显著正相关(r=0.419,P<0.01)及负相关(r=-0.326,P<0.05)。暴露组和对照组血中各种砷化物水平及甲基化率水平在男女间差异无显著性。结论砷暴露人群与无砷暴露人群相比甲基化率有差异,PMI显著增高,SMI显著降低。人群甲基化率无显著性别差异。     

三价砷甲基转移酶mRNA相对表达与砷甲基化关系的研究

目的观察三价砷甲基转移酶[As(Ⅲ)MT]mRNA在砷中毒患者、病区对照和非病区对照人群中的表达及其与尿砷甲基化水平的关系。方法选取饮水型砷中毒中重度患者、轻度患者、病区对照和非病区对照各6例,采用实时定量RT-PCR技术测定研究对象的淋巴细胞中三价砷甲基转移酶As(Ⅲ)MTmRNA表达,采用原子荧光AFS-9130、形态分析SAP-10检测尿无机砷(iAs)、一甲基胂酸(MMA)、二甲基胂酸(DMA)、总砷(TAs)含量。按PMI=(MMA+DMA)/TAs,SMI=DMA/(MMA+DMA)分别计算一甲基化指数和二甲基化指数。结果中重度组,轻度组、病区对照组人群iAs、MMA、DMA、Tas、PMI、As(Ⅲ)MTmRNA均显著高于非病区对照人群(P<0.05);As(Ⅲ)MTmRNA分别与MMA%(r=0.485,P=0.041)和PMI(r=0.476,P=0.046)呈显著正相关。结论砷暴露可能促进As(Ⅲ)MTmRNA高表达进而引起PMI水平增高导致MMA产生过多。     

叔丁基对苯二酚对Chang肝细胞无机砷甲基化代谢的影响

目的探讨叔丁基对苯二酚(tert-butylhydroquinone,tBHQ)对Chang肝细胞无机砷甲基化代谢的影响。方法将Chang肝细胞密度调整为1×105个/ml,采用25μmol/L tBHQ溶液预处理24 h后,再用5μmol/L的tBHQ溶液和0.1、0.5、1.0和5.0μmol/L亚砷酸钠溶液联合染毒24 h;并采用0.1、0.5、1.0和5.0μmol/L亚砷酸钠溶液单独染毒24 h;并设溶剂对照(三蒸水)。采用超低温捕集-氢化物发生-原子吸收分光光度法分别测定细胞内和培养液中的无机砷(inorganicarsenic,iAs)、一甲基砷(monomethylated arsenic,MMA)和二甲基砷(dimethylated arsenic,DMA)含量,并计算一甲基化率(primary methylation index,PMI)和二甲基化率(secondary methylation index,SMI)。结果随着亚砷酸钠染毒剂量的增加,亚砷酸钠单独染毒组和tBHQ+亚砷酸钠染毒组Chang肝细胞内tAs和iAs含量及Chang肝细胞和培养液中的总MMA含量均升高;亚砷酸钠单独染...     

砷接触工人尿甲基砷酸水平与P53基因损伤的关系

[目的]观察砷职业暴露人群尿甲基砷酸水平与P53基因损伤的关系,深入认识砷的遗传毒性。[方法]选取砒霜厂95名砷接触工人作为暴露组,另选对照组55人,采集外周血和晨尿。用氢化物发生原子吸收分光光度法检测尿中各形态砷化合物和总砷含量,并计算一、二级甲基化指数。实时荧光定量PCR扩增人群外周血淋巴细胞P53基因外显子5和8,通过循环阈值推算损伤后扩增效率,间接计算损伤指数。[结果]暴露组工人尿中无机砷（iAs）、甲基砷酸（MMA）、二甲基砷酸（DMA）均明显高于对照组;暴露组工人二级甲基化指数明显低于对照组;暴露组工人P53基因外显子5和8的损伤指数均明显高于对照组;尿中砷一级甲基化指数与P53基因第5外显子损伤指数存在明显的正相关,尿中砷二级甲基化指数与P53基因第5外显子损伤指数存在明显的负相关。[结论]职业砷暴露工人二级甲基化指数明显增加,体内存在较多甲基砷酸,可能是P53基因外显子5损伤的主要原因。     

内蒙古不同浓度砷暴露人群尿砷代谢产物研究

目的 测定内蒙古地区饮用高砷水人群尿砷代谢产物，探讨不同人群砷代谢的特点。方法 采用氢化物发生原子吸收分光光度法检测尿中不同形态的砷代谢产物。结果 2个暴露组人群尿中无机砷（iAs，inorganic arserlic）、甲基砷（MMA，monomethylarsine）、二甲基砷（DMA．dimethylarsine）和总砷（TAs，total arserlic）均高于对照组（P〈0．05）；同样砷暴露水平下，尿中各形态砷含量及其相对比在不同性别问的差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05），儿童DMA／MMA和DMA％高于成人（P〈0．05），MMA％低于成人（P〈0．05）；2个暴露组儿童、成人分别与对照组比较，暴露组MMA／ias、DMA／MMA、DMA／iAs、DMA％显降低（P〈0．05），而iAs％、MMA％显增高（P〈0．05）；高暴露组与低暴露组相比，儿童DMA／MMA、DMA／iAs、DMA％显增高（P〈0．05），iAs％、MMA％显降低（P〈0．05）。结论 相同砷暴露水平下，男女对砷的甲基化能力无差别，儿童二甲基化能力高于成人。高砷暴露可能降低人群对砷的生物甲基化能力。[编按]     

砷及其无机化合物职业接触生物限值的研究

目的通过职业流行病学方法, 建立劳动者内外暴露相关回归分析, 提出工作场所砷及其无机化合物的职业接触生物限值。方法于2021年11月, 选择云南省某有色金属冶炼厂125名职业性接触砷及其无机化合物的工人作为接触组, 同时选择该厂49名行政人员作为对照组。采集工作日研究对象工作场所空气样本并进行砷浓度测定, 同时采集两组研究对象工作周班末尿样, 使用高效液相色谱-电感耦合等离子体质谱法(HPLC-ICP-MS)测定尿液中三价无机砷(As3+)、五价无机砷(As5+)、一甲基砷(MMA)、二甲基砷(DMA)的水平;分析工作场所空气中砷浓度与工人尿中各种形态砷的相关性, 采用直线回归分析对接触组工人接触砷浓度和尿砷(∑iAs+MMA+DMA)水平进行回归拟合, 并结合微核试验结果提出工作场所砷及其无机化合物的职业接触生物限值。结果接触组工作场所空气中砷的时间加权平均浓度(CTWA)的中位数为0.011 6 mg/m3, 超标率为71.2%(89/125)。接触组工人班末尿iAs3+、iAs5+、无机砷(iAs=∑iAs3++iAs5+)、MMA、DMA和尿砷的浓度高于对照组, 差异均有统计学...     

Acute arsenic intoxication from environmental arsenic exposure

Reports of acute arsenic poisoning arising from environmental exposure are rare. Two cases of acute arsenic intoxication resulting from ingestion of contaminated well water are described. These patients experienced a variety of problems: acute gastrointestinal symptoms, central and peripheral neurotoxicity, bone marrow suppression, hepatic toxicity, and mild mucous membrane and cutaneous changes. Although located adjacent to an abandoned mine, the well water had been tested for microorganisms only and was found to be "safe." Regulations for testing of water from private wells for fitness to drink are frequently nonexistent, or only mandate biologic tests for microorganisms. Well water, particularly in areas near mining activity, should be tested for metals.     

砷中毒地区外环境砷暴露水平的研究现状

地方性砷中毒是一种严重危害病区居民健康的地方病.根据砷源不同,分为饮水型职业性砷中毒、燃煤型职业性砷中毒和职业性砷中毒.饮水型地方性砷中毒主要是由于长期暴露于饮用水中的砷而引起的慢性砷中毒.饮水中的砷还可以通过农田灌溉等引起粮食、土壤等砷浓度的升高,间接危害居民健康.在以往的研究中发现,饮水型砷中毒地区饮用水砷超标,不...     

砷冶炼车间砷危害动态观察

长期吸入砷化合物可发生慢性砷中毒,发生早晚及程度与车间空气砷浓度大致呈平行关系。不脱离砷接触时尿砷可作为砷中毒诊断的重要指标,对尿砷超标者行驱砷治疗可降低砷中毒发病率。     

Urinary arsenic species, toenail arsenic, and arsenic intake estimates in a Michigan population with low levels of arsenic in drinking water

The large disparity between arsenic concentrations in drinking water and urine remains unexplained. This study aims to evaluate predictors of urinary arsenic in a population exposed to low concentrations (≤50?μg/l) of arsenic in drinking water. Urine and drinking water samples were collected from a subsample (n=343) of a population enrolled in a bladder cancer case-control study in southeastern Michigan. Total arsenic in water and arsenic species in urine were determined using ICP-MS: arsenobetaine (AsB), arsenite (As[III]), arsenate (As[V]), methylarsenic acid (MMA[V]), and dimethylarsenic acid (DMA[V]). The sum of As[III], As[V], MMA[V], and DMA[V] was denoted as SumAs. Dietary information was obtained through a self-reported food intake questionnaire. Log(10)-transformed drinking water arsenic concentration at home was a significant (P<0.0001) predictor of SumAs (R(2)=0.18). Associations improved (R(2)=0.29, P<0.0001) when individuals with less than 1?μg/l of arsenic in drinking water were removed and further improved when analyses were applied to individuals who consumed amounts of home drinking water above the median volume (R(2)=0.40, P<0.0001). A separate analysis indicated that AsB and DMA[V] were significantly correlated with fish and shellfish consumption, which may suggest that seafood intake influences DMA[V] excretion. The Spearman correlation between arsenic concentration in toenails and SumAs was 0.36 and between arsenic concentration in toenails and arsenic concentration in water was 0.42. Results show that arsenic exposure from drinking water consumption is an important determinant of urinary arsenic concentrations, even in a population exposed to relatively low levels of arsenic in drinking water, and suggest that seafood intake may influence urinary DMA[V] concentrations.     

Binational arsenic exposure survey: methodology and estimated arsenic intake from drinking water and urinary arsenic concentrations

The Binational Arsenic Exposure Survey (BAsES) was designed to evaluate probable arsenic exposures in selected areas of southern Arizona and northern Mexico, two regions with known elevated levels of arsenic in groundwater reserves. This paper describes the methodology of BAsES and the relationship between estimated arsenic intake from beverages and arsenic output in urine. Households from eight communities were selected for their varying groundwater arsenic concentrations in Arizona, USA and Sonora, Mexico. Adults responded to questionnaires and provided dietary information. A first morning urine void and water from all household drinking sources were collected. Associations between urinary arsenic concentration (total, organic, inorganic) and estimated level of arsenic consumed from water and other beverages were evaluated through crude associations and by random effects models. Median estimated total arsenic intake from beverages among participants from Arizona communities ranged from 1.7 to 14.1 μg/day compared to 0.6 to 3.4 μg/day among those from Mexico communities. In contrast, median urinary inorganic arsenic concentrations were greatest among participants from Hermosillo, Mexico (6.2 μg/L) whereas a high of 2.0 μg/L was found among participants from Ajo, Arizona. Estimated arsenic intake from drinking water was associated with urinary total arsenic concentration (p < 0.001), urinary inorganic arsenic concentration (p < 0.001), and urinary sum of species (p < 0.001). Urinary arsenic concentrations increased between 7% and 12% for each one percent increase in arsenic consumed from drinking water. Variability in arsenic intake from beverages and urinary arsenic output yielded counter intuitive results. Estimated intake of arsenic from all beverages was greatest among Arizonans yet participants in Mexico had higher urinary total and inorganic arsenic concentrations. Other contributors to urinary arsenic concentrations should be evaluated.     

污染区人群砷累积暴露量及与砷中毒的关系砷污染区人群砷累积暴露量的估计

利用人群流行病学调查资料 ,通过估计人群累积呼吸量和大米食用量的方法 ,估算了污染区人群经呼吸和饮食的累积砷暴露量。并对如何评价人群环境污染物暴露水平的方法进行了探讨。不考虑非污染期经呼吸道的砷暴露时 ,所估计的污染区人群最大累积砷暴露量 ,经呼吸道途径 ,女性为 5 91 4mg ,男性为6 12 9mg。消化道途径为 34 88 74mg,合计女性为 40 80 14mg ,男性为 410 1 6 6mg。按污染时间折算成每日暴露量 :女性为 34 9 1μg (天·人 ) ,男性为 35 0 9μg (天·人 ) ,约为调查时所计算日均暴露量的 80 %左右     

Airborne arsenic and urinary excretion of metabolites of inorganic arsenic among smelter workers

Summary The relationship between airborne concentrations of arsenic and the urinary excretion of inorganic arsenic metabolites (inorganic arsenic + methylarsonic acid + dimethylarsinic acid) have been studied among smelter workers exposed to arsenic trioxide. The urinary concentrations of arsenic metabolites were found to increase steadily during the first day of the working week (after 2–3 d off from work), whereafter they reached a steady state. The concentration in the late evening after a day of exposure was very similar to that in the early morning after. Both were well correlated to the total daily excretion. In the second part of the study, comprising 18 subjects, the first-void morning urine of each participant was collected for 2 to 3 d during the steady-state phase. Total concentration of arsenic in the breathing zones was measured by personal air samplers. Airborne arsenic (8-h values) varied between 1 and 194 g As/m³, and urinary arsenic between 16 and 328 g As/g creatinine. With the urinary arsenic concentrations (mean values of 2–3 d for each subject) plotted against the corresponding airborne arsenic concentrations, the best fit was obtained by a power curve with the equation y = 17 x x^0.56. However, four of the participants were found to excrete far more (105–260%) arsenic in the urine than possibly could have been inhaled, most likely due to oral intake of arsenic via contaminated hands, cigarettes or snuff. If these four were excluded, the best fit was obtained by a straight regression line with the slope 2.0 and the intercept 29 g As/g creatinine (coefficient of correlation 0.92; P < 0.001).