应用动态血糖监测评估2型糖尿病患者的夜间低血糖

动态血糖监测系统(CGMS)监测1 147例2型糖尿病患者血糖变化.结果 显示,夜间低血糖多发生在22:00～2:00,与平均血糖及晚餐后3 h血糖负相关,晚餐后3 h血糖4.7 mmoL/L时发生夜间低血糖几率达50%.     

动态血糖监测探讨2型糖尿病患者睡前血糖和夜间低血糖的关系

85例2型糖尿病患者使用动态血糖监测系统(CGMS)监测血糖,每例记录48-72 h,共计完整记录220 d。以睡前血糖≤4．4 mmol／L,≤5．0 mmoL／L,≤5．6 mmol／L,≤6．1 mmol／L,≤6．7 mmol／L,≤7．2 mmol／L,评估这些患者的夜间低血糖(《2．8 mmol／L)的发生情况。26例患者39夜发生夜间低血糖,他们的睡前血糖为(4．4±2．6)mmol／L(2．2-12．6 mmoL／L)。在睡前血糖≤6．7 mmol／L时ROC曲线下面积达最大值(0．359±0．046),其阳性预测值25．0％,阴性预测值91．7％。CGMS是诊断夜间无症状性低血糖的有效方法。     

实时动态血糖监测在老年糖尿病低血糖检出和干预中的作用研究

目的 以传统动态血糖监测(continuous glucose monitoring system,CGMS)为对照,评估实时动态血糖监测(real-time continuous glucose monitoring system,RT-CGMS)对老年2型糖尿病患者低血糖的检出和干预作用.方法 选取2010年1月-2013年12月住院的60岁及以上2型糖尿病患者166例,随机分入RT-CGMS组(试验组,n=84)和传统CGMS组(对照组,n=82)进行72 h持续血糖监测.设备安装当天为设备调试日,随后连续观察2d.试验组每日3次根据实时显示血糖曲线调整降糖策略,并设定高低血糖报警界限;对照组每日3次根据指末血糖调整降糖策略.比较两组间平均血糖、低血糖发生率、平均每人每天低血糖发生次数、平均每次低血糖持续时间、低血糖所占时间百分比以及时间分布规律.结果 (1)试验组和对照组平均血糖:(8.3±1.8) mmol/L vs (8.6士1.9) mmol/L,试验组较低,差异无统计学意义(t=1.286,P＞0.05);(2)试验组和对照组的低血糖发生率29.8％vs50.0％(x2=7.096,P＜0.05);平均每人每天低血糖发生次数、夜间低血糖发生次数分别为0 (0～0.5)次/人/dvs0.25 (0～0.5)次/人/d、0 (0～0)次/人/晚vs0(0～0.5)次/人/晚,差异均有统计学意义(Z=2.548、2.293,P均＜0.05);(3)试验组和对照组每次低血糖持续时间20 (15 ～35) min vs 40 (20～80) min,差异有统计学意义(Z=3.030,P＜0.05).血糖低于3.9 mmol/L所占时间百分比为(1.2±2.7)％vs(3.9±6.7)％(t=3.452,P＜0.05).结论 采用实时动态血糖监测在控制老年2型糖尿病低血糖发生方面优于指末血糖.     

应用动态血糖监测系统监测2型糖尿病低血糖

65例2型糖尿病患者应用持续血糖监测仪,每例监测72小时,每24小时测血糖288次。低血糖（〈3．9mmol／L）总共发生96次,其中43次伴有症状（12次在夜间,31次在白天）,53次无症状（42次在夜间,11次在白天）。因此持续血糖监测仪能用于发现无症状的低血糖。     

Time-in-range and frequency of continuous glucose monitoring: Recommendations for South Asia

Background and aimThe prevalence of diabetes is on its rise and South Asia bears a huge burden. Several factors such as heterogeneity in genetics, socio-economic factors, diet, and sedentary behavior contribute to the heightened risk of developing diabetes, its rapid progression, and the development of complications in this region. Even though there have been considerable advances in glucose monitoring technologies, diabetes treatments and therapeutics, glycemic control in South Asia remains suboptimal. The successful implementation of treatment interventions and metrics for the attainment of glycemic goals depends on appropriate guidelines that accord with the characteristics of the diabetes population.MethodThe data were collected from studies published for more than the last ten years in the electronic databases PubMed and Google Scholar on the various challenges in the assessment and achievement of recommended TIR targets in the SA population using the keywords: Blood glucose, TIR, TAR, TBR, HbA1c, hypoglycemia, CGM, Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), and diabetes.ResultsThe objective of this recommendation is to discuss the limitations in considering the IC-TIR Expert panel recommendations targets and to propose some modifications in the lower limit of TIR in older/high-risk population, upper limit of TAR, and flexibility in the percentage of time spent in TAR for pregnant women (GDM, T2DM) for the South Asian population.ConclusionThe review sheds insights into some of the major concerns in implementing the IC-TIR recommendations in South Asian population where the prevalence of diabetes and its complications are significantly higher and modifications to the existing guidelines for use in routine clinical practice.     

Hypoglycemia unawareness in type 1 diabetes patients using intermittent continuous glucose monitoring: Identification of risk factors and glycemic patterns

BackgroundHypoglycemia unawareness designates failure to detect eminent hypoglycemia. Clarke's questionnaire is one of the most used systems to evaluate this problem.AimsTo relate Clarke's questionnaire (QQ) results with continuous glucose monitoring data.MethodsApplication of the questionnaire in a sample of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) patients using intermittent continuous glucose monitoring (iCGM).Results111 T1DM patients were evaluated, 56.8% female, mean age 35.0 ± 12.4 years and mean disease duration 18.8 ± 10.5 years.According to CQ, 13.5% had unawareness, 76.6% awareness and 9.9% indeterminate awareness to hypoglycemia. Those with unawareness had longer disease duration (25.1 ± 10.4 vs 18.2 ± 10.3 for awareness and 14.9 ± 9.9 for indeterminate awareness, p = 0.047), more time below range (10.3 ± 4.9% vs 6.3 ± 5.1 and 6.3 ± 4.8; p = 0.009) and higher mean duration of hypoglycemia (131.7 ± 38.6 vs 116.6 ± 49.6 and 131.7 ± 38.6; p = 0.008). In multivariate analysis, mean duration of hypoglycemia was an independent predictor of CQ results. In a receiver operating curve (AUC 0.746; p = 0.004) a mean duration of hypoglycemia ≥106.5 min showed 84.6% sensitivity/64.4% specificity for unawareness.ConclusionsOur sample had a significative prevalence of hypoglycemia unawareness which increased with longer diabetes duration. iCGM data can be indicative of this problem, with a mean hypoglycemia duration ≥106.5 min being suggestive, albeit unspecific.     

Real-time continuous glucose monitoring versus internet-based blood glucose monitoring in adults with type 2 diabetes: A study of treatment satisfaction

AimsTo compare treatment satisfaction between real-time continuous glucose monitoring (RT-CGM) and internet-blood glucose monitoring (IBGM) in adults with type 2 diabetes treated with insulin.MethodsThis study recruited 40 patients who completed a parallel randomized controlled trial comparing a RT-CGM to an IBGM. Patients in the RT-CGM group monitored their blood-glucose levels bi-weekly and emailed results to their endocrinologist. Patients in the IBGM group also monitored their blood-glucose levels bi-weekly, but entered their data into an IBGM. Both groups used a secure website to submit blood-glucose readings and to receive feedback from their endocrinologist. Feedback included changes in therapy, suggestions on testing frequency, lifestyle modifications and/or encouragement to continue with no changes. At the end of 6 months, treatment satisfaction was measured using the 8-item Diabetes Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire. In this study, “treatment” refers to the blood glucose monitoring system to which patients were randomized.ResultsThirty-two of the 40 patients completed the treatment satisfaction questionnaire (80%). Compared to the RT-CGM group, the IBGM group reported a significantly higher level of overall treatment satisfaction (24.80 vs. 33.41, p < 0.000). Ratings of individual satisfaction components including convenience, flexibility, likelihood of recommending treatment to others, and willingness to continue with treatment were also found to be significantly higher in the IBGM group.ConclusionPatients using IBGM are more satisfied with their blood glucose monitoring system compared to those using RT-CGM.     

实时动态血糖监测对住院2型糖尿病患者血糖波动的控制

目的 评估实时动态血糖监测对血糖波动的影响.方法 2010年1月至2012年12月,选取住院胰岛素治疗的2型糖尿病患者122例,按随机数字表法分组为传统动态血糖监测（传统组,n=61）和实时动态血糖监测（实时组,n=61）.进行72 h持续血糖监测,安装当天为设备调试日（d0）,其后第1天（d1）和第2天（d2）为观察时限.传统组每日3次根据指尖末梢血糖调整血糖;实时组每日3次根据实时显示血糖曲线,调整降糖,并设定高低血糖报警界限.统计分析组内（d1和d2）和组间平均血糖波动幅度（MAGE）、平均血糖（MBG）、血糖标准差（SDBG）、日间血糖平均绝对差（MODD）、日内最大血糖波动幅度（LAGE）和低血糖情况.组间比较采用两独立样本均数比较t检验,计数资料采用x2检验.结果 （1）组内比较：实时组d1与d2的MAGE、MBG、SDBG、LAGE分别为（5.3±3.2）比（4.2±2.1）、（8.6±1.7）比（8.2±1.5）、（2.1±0.9）比（1.8±0.7）、（8.6±3.3）比（7.5±2.8）mmol/L（F=9.797、5.852、20.625、11.057,均P＜0.05）,低血糖持续时间为40（32.5 ～135） min比25（15 ～ 40） min（Z=2.456,P＜0.05）.传统组d1与d2的MAGE、MBG、LAGE差异均无统计学意义（F=0.229、0.246、0.635,均P＞0.05）;SDBG为（2.4±1.1）比（2.2±1.0） mmol/L（F=5.615,P＜0.05）.（2）组间比较：实时组和传统组d1、d2MAGE、LAGE差值之间的比较分别为0.7（-0.3 ～2.0）比0（-1.0～1.5）、0.9（-0.7～2.1）比0.1（-2.5 ～1.9）（Z值分别为2.002、2.023,均P＜0.05）;组间MODD比较1.8（1.3 ～2.6）比2.1（1.4～2.9） mmol/L（Z=1.572,P＞0.05）.结论 依据实时动态血糖监测,及时调整降糖策略,能减少血糖波动,使血糖更稳、更快达标.     

肥胖2型糖尿病肾病患者动态血糖分析

目的探讨肥胖2型糖尿病（T2DM）肾病患者的动态血糖特点。方法80例肥胖T2DM患者根据24h尿白蛋白排泄率（24hUAER）分为糖尿病肾病（DN）组和单纯2型糖尿病（T2DM）组,每组40例;另选健康体检者15名组成正常对照（NC）组。动态血糖监测系统（CGMS）监测三组72h血糖变化,并进行对比分析。结果DN组血糖波动系数（BGFC）、日内血糖波动最大幅度、2hPG均明显大于T2DM组及NC组（P均〈0．05）,DN组BGFC与24hUAER正相关（r=0．356、P〈0．05）。结论血糖波动与肥胖2型糖尿病肾病相关。     

Real-time continuous glucose monitoring improves glycemic control and reduces hypoglycemia: Real-world data

AimTo study the effect of real time continuous glucose monitor (RT-CGM) use on glycemic parameters in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) in real world practice.MethodsWe retrospectively studied 91 adult subjects with DM who had been using Dexcom? RT-CGM. Two consecutive hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), both prior to and after at least 3 months of RT-CGM initiation, were collected. A total of 31 subjects completed a 5–14 day user blinded CGM using a Freestyle Libre? prior to RT-CGM initiation. The first two week period following at least 3 months use of RT-CGM was analyzed for CGM metrics.ResultsA total of 51.6 % of subjects had T1DM, 34.1 % used continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII), and 62.6 % had DM for > 10 years. Both HbA1c obtained following RT-CGM initiation decreased significantly compared to baseline (8.11 + 1.47% vs 7.69 + 1.25 %; P = 0.002 & 8.16 + 1.51 % vs 7.62 + 1.06 %; P = 0.001). Subjects with baseline HbA1c > 7.0 % showed even more robust reduction in both HbA1c after RT-CGM initiation (8.74 + 1.24 % vs 7.99 + 1.22 %; P = 0.000 & 8.74 + 1.32 % vs 7.85 + 1.07 %; P = 0.001). On comparison of CGM metrics, there was a significant reduction in time spent in hypoglycemia (sugars < 70 mg/dl) including severe hypoglycemia (sugars < 54 mg/dl) after initiation of the RT-CGM (9.16 + 8.68 % vs 1.29 + 2.21 %; P = <0.001 & 4.58 + 5.43 % vs 0.28 + 0.58 %; P = <0.001). CoV of glucose was also decreased significantly (39.61 + 9.36 % vs 31.06 + 6.74 %; P = <0.001) with RT- CGM use.ConclusionRT-CGM use for at least 3 months in patients with DM results in meaningful HbA1c reductions with stable glycemic control without increasing the risk of hypoglycemia.     

持续性血糖监测系统临床应用的可靠性研究

目的研究持续性血糖监测系统(CGMS)在临床中监测血糖的准确性和可靠性。方法以2003-10～2005-03第四军医大学附属西京医院48例2型糖尿病患者为研究对象,采用相关系数、绝对差值的均数、灵敏度和特异度等统计学方法比较CGMS血糖值与末稍指血血糖值之间的差异。结果患者佩戴CGMS的平均时间为(71.4±0.6)h,CGMS血糖值与指血血糖值相关系数波动于0.79～0.90之间,绝对差值的均数波动于6.7%～10.0%之间,CGMS监测高血糖的敏感度和特异度分别为93.15%和95.95%。结论CGMS监测的皮下组织葡萄糖浓度与末梢指血血糖浓度有良好的相关性,表明CGMS监测2型糖尿病患者血糖具有很好的临床实用性。     

动态血糖参数正常参考值的建立及临床应用

目的建立动态血糖评估参数的正常参考值,为临床应用提供依据。方法采用动态血糖监测系统（CGMS）对48例正常糖调节者进行连续3d的血糖监测,并分析24h的平均血糖水平（MBG）及其标准差（SDBG）、餐前1h及餐后3h的MBG、血糖的时间百分比（PT）、血糖的曲线下面积（AUC）、最大血糖波动幅度（LAGE）、平均血糖波动幅度（MAGE）及日间血糖平均绝对差（MODD）。各参数非正态分布者以百分位数法估计95％的正常参考值范围,呈正态分布者按x±1.96s计算。结果（1）除血糖的frr及AUC呈非正态分布外（P〈0．05）,其余参数均呈正态分布（P〉0．05）,各参数在不同性别间的差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。（2）动态血糖参数的正常参考值上限：24hMBG〈6．5mmol／L,早、中及晚餐前1hMBG分别〈6．0mmol／L、〈6．3mmol／L和〈6．0mmol／L,早、中及晚餐后3hMBG分别〈7．0mmol／L、〈6．7mmol／L和〈7．0mmol／L,血糖≥7．8mmol／L及≤3．9mmol／L的PT分别〈9％和〈20％,血糖≥5．6mmol／L的AUC〈0．9d·mmol·L^-1,SDBG〈1．4mmol／L,LAGE〈5．7mmol／L,MAGE〈3．4mmol／L,MODD〈1．4mmol／L。（3）24hMBG与MAGE、MODD及SDBG均不相关（P〉0．05）,MAGE与SDBG显著正相关（r=0．93,P〈0．01）。结论初步建立了CGMS各血糖参数的正常参考值,应用上述参数能较全面地反映受试者整体血糖水平和血糖稳定性的特征。     

Glycemic improvement with a novel interim intervention technique using retrospective professional continuous glucose monitoring (GLITTER study): A study from Mumbai,India

Background/aimsTo assess the efficacy of a novel interim intervention technique using retrospective, blinded, professional continuous glucose monitoring system (pro CGM) with the Freestyle Libre Pro system over a 14-day single sensor wear-period.MethodsA retrospective analysis comprised of 105 consecutive adults at single centre in India with Type 2 diabetes, HbA1c > 53 mmol/mol (>7%), on non-insulin divabetes agents and/or insulin. The interim intervention technique included three visits over 14 days: Visit 1, sensor placed and patients asked to keep a food log while on pro-CGM; Visit 2 (within 1 week), interim assessment of pro CGM and diet or pharmacotherapy modifications made accordingly; Visit 3 at day 14, pro CGM re-evaluated to assess glycemic control. Glucose target range was set at 70–180 mg/dL. Analyses included pre & post daily average glucose, time in range, time above range, and time below range.ResultsAverage time for interim analysis was 5 days after pro CGM initiation. At Visit 3, daily average glucose decreased from 191.3 mg/dL at baseline to 137.4 mg/dL (p < 0.001). Time in range improved from 42.2% to 80.2% (p < 0.001). Time above range decreased from 52.1% to 18.3% (p < 0.001), with a concurrent decrease in time below range from 5.7% to 1.5% (p < 0.001). Recurrent hypoglycemia was detected in 27 (25.7%) individuals, whose average baseline time below range reduced from 21.1% to 1.9% (p < 0.001).ConclusionThe interim intervention technique is a cost effective and efficient method for improving glucose outcomes through lifestyle and pharmacotherapy modifications and while utilizing a single pro-CGM sensor.Location of StudyWockhardt Hospital, Mumbai, India.Clinical Registrationnot applicable due to retrospective chart review study design.     

Effects of a sodium glucose co‐transporter 2 selective inhibitor,ipragliflozin, on the diurnal profile of plasma glucose in patients with type 2 diabetes: A study using continuous glucose monitoring

Aims/Introduction

To assess the effects of sodium glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitor therapy on the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes.

Materials and Methods

We administered ipragliflozin to 21 inpatients with type 2 diabetes for 7 days, and analyzed the diurnal profiles of plasma glucose and 3-hydroxybutyrate. A total of 21 age-, sex- and body mass index-matched diabetic patients served as controls.

Results

Continuous glucose monitoring showed that the 24-h glucose curve was shifted downward without hypoglycemia by the administration of ipragliflozin. The average glucose level was reduced from 182 ± 54 mg/dL to 141 ± 33 mg/dL (P < 0.0001). The magnitude of the reduction was highly correlated with the baseline average glucose level. Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance was decreased, and homeostasis model assessment of β-cell function was increased during the treatment. Urinary glucose excretion was correlated with the average glucose level both on day 0 and on day 7, although the regression line was steeper and shifted leftward on day 7. The ipragliflozin-treated patients lost more weight than the control patients (1.4 ± 0.5 vs 0.5 ± 0.6 kg, P < 0.0001). Plasma levels of 3-hydroxybutyrate were significantly increased with peaks before breakfast and before dinner. Patient age and bodyweight loss were negatively and positively correlated with the peak levels of 3-hydroxybutyrate on day 7, respectively.

Conclusions

The ipragliflozin treatment improved the 24-h glucose curve without causing hypoglycemia. The close correlation between the magnitude of glucose reduction and the baseline plasma glucose concentration suggests that the risk of hypoglycemia is likely low. It might be prudent to monitor ketone body levels in younger patients and in patients with rapid weight loss.     

动态血糖监测系统血糖波动评估参数及其临床应用

动态血糖监测系统(CGMS)是近年推出的新型血糖监测系统,它有很多反映血糖波动的指标,如血糖水平的标准差、曲线下面积或血糖的频数分布、平均血糖波动幅度、24 h平均血糖水平、日间血糖平均绝对差、平均每日风险范围等.各指标均有优势和缺陷,现回顾了CGMS常用的一些指标和近年来提出的新指标,为临床工作者和研究者提供评估血糖...