沙培林治疗乳腺癌根治术后腋窝积液的疗效观察

目的探讨局部应用沙培林治疗乳腺癌根治术后腋窝积液的疗效及安全性。方法选取2010年6月至2014年5月收治的579例乳腺癌患者,均接受了乳腺癌根治术或改良根治术。随机分为治疗组(312例)和对照组(287例),治疗组患者术中给予沙培林局部浸泡15min后,应用沙培林对淋巴结清扫区进行多点注射,并将沙培林药液浸泡过的少量可吸收止血海绵填塞于腋窝局部。对照组患者术中不使用沙培林,单纯生理盐水冲洗术野。比较两组患者术后的伤口疼痛平均持续时间、疼痛程度,腋窝引流量和引流管留置时间等。结果与对照组相比,治疗组的平均腋窝引流总量及术后引流管中位留置时间均明显低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。而两组患者的术后伤口疼痛平均持续时间、疼痛程度以及术后发热发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论乳腺癌患者术中局部应用沙培林能有效预防和治疗腋窝积液,缩短术后恢复时间。     

染料法腋窝反向淋巴作图300例临床研究

  目的  研究腋窝反向淋巴作图（axillary reverse mapping,ARM）对上肢淋巴回流管网的辨别和保护作用及对减少腋窝淋巴结清扫术后上肢水肿的作用。  方法  选取2009年6月至2011年5月蚌埠医学院第一附属医院肿瘤外三科300例单侧乳腺癌患者,在进行腋窝淋巴结清扫前,经上臂内侧肌间沟皮下注射亚甲蓝2~3 mL,对上肢来源的淋巴管和淋巴结进行染色,术中加以辨别和保护。术后2个月测量双上臂周径差异（患侧臂周径-健侧臂周径≥2 cm为淋巴水肿）,记录淋巴水肿的发生情况。  结果  300例患者中有195例作图成功,成功率65%。分别于术后6、12、18、24个月进行随访,发现和同期作图失败患者相比较,作图成功患者淋巴水肿的发生率明显降低,差异具有显著性统计学意义。  结论  通过腋窝反向淋巴作图（ARM）可以辨别保护上肢回流的淋巴管道,对预防乳腺癌腋窝淋巴结清扫术后上肢水肿具有临床意义。      

Auchincloss乳腺癌改良根治术的临床应用及分析

目的评价Auchincloss乳腺癌改良根治术在I、Ⅱ、Ⅲ期乳腺癌手术治疗中的临床应用效果。方法对盐城市妇幼保健院行Auchincloss法乳腺癌改良根治术的44例女性乳腺癌患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果44例均顺利完成手术,术中彻底清扫腋窝Ⅲ组淋巴结。18例患者保留肋间臂神经（ICBN）,清扫淋巴结经病理检出平均为13．6枚。术后发生皮瓣下积液7例（15．9％）,患肢淋巴水肿1例（2．3％）,经精心治疗和护理后均痊愈,无皮瓣坏死和切口感染发生。随访6个月～6年,无局部癌肿复发和转移,也无死亡病例。结论Auchincloss法乳腺癌改良根治术操作简单,根治效果良好,术后并发症较少,不会增加局部复发的危险,并可保持胸廓外形和肢体功能。     

乳腺癌腔镜腋窝淋巴结清扫术后患侧肢体功能的评价

目的评价腔镜腋窝淋巴结清扫术对乳腺癌患者患侧上肢功能的影响。方法 2005年10月至2009年10月在我院住院的乳腺癌患者,按腋窝淋巴结处理方式不同分为腔镜腋窝淋巴结清扫组（A组,123例）和常规腋窝淋巴结清扫组（B组,115例）,随访两组患者术后6、12、24及≥36个月以上患侧上肢活动受限、感觉障碍、疼痛、淋巴水肿以及腋窝部肿瘤复发的发病情况。结果腔镜腋窝淋巴结清扫组（A组）患者术后6、12、24及≥36个月以上其肩关节活动受限、感觉障碍、疼痛的发病情况与常规腋窝淋巴结清扫组（B组）比较,差异无显著性（P〉0.05）,但是,患侧上肢淋巴水肿的发生率则分别为13.5%比34.6%,17.6%比36.5%和18.2%比35.0%,差异有显著性（P〈0.05）。7～55个月的随访中两组患者均未发现腋窝部肿瘤复发。结论乳腺癌患者行腔镜腋窝淋巴结清扫术与常规腋淋巴结清扫术比较可降低患侧上肢淋巴水肿的发生率,而在肩关节活动、感觉障碍、疼痛及腋窝部肿瘤复发方面无差异。     

乳腺癌前哨淋巴结规范化处理

前哨淋巴结活检术（sentinel lymph node biopsy, SLNB）标志着乳腺癌淋巴结手术进入微创时代,循证医学I类证据支持SLNB是临床腋窝淋巴结阴性早期乳腺癌患者安全、有效的腋窝诊断技术,前哨淋巴结阴性及低肿瘤负荷患者行SLNB替代腋窝淋巴结清扫术后,腋窝淋巴结复发风险和并发症极低。作为乳腺癌区域淋巴结微创诊断技术,SLNB安全有效替代腋窝淋巴结清扫术应建立在规范化操作前提下。目前SLNB在我国早期乳腺癌患者中逐渐趋于规范化和普及化,本文将对临床实践中SLNB的适应证、示踪剂应用、学习曲线掌握、手术规范操作和组织标本处理等问题进行综述。      

电视内腔镜在乳腺癌腋窝淋巴结清扫的应用

目的:总结应用电视内腔镜在乳腺癌腋窝淋巴结清扫中的体会。方法:回顾性分析2005年10月至2006年11月我院35例乳腺癌患者接受电视内腔镜腋窝淋巴结清扫手术的临床资料,并对手术适应证、手术要点及注意事项进行讨论。结果:35例乳腺癌患者中26例行乳房切除,9例行保乳手术。腔镜腋窝淋巴结清扫平均时间111.3min(75min～177min)。切除淋巴结平均每例17.5枚(8～37枚)。其中吸脂液中检出淋巴结0～19枚,每例平均2.2枚,最大直径0.6cm。术后随访1～13个月(平均4.6个月)。35例患者均无患侧上肢淋巴水肿,肩关节活动良好。随访期间未发现肿瘤复发及切口种植转移。结论:选择临床体检和/或超声检查腋窝淋巴结直径小于1cm的乳腺癌病例行电视内腔镜腋窝淋巴结清扫手术可达到开放手术效果,既缩小手术切口、又改善美观效果。     

简化腋窝淋巴结清扫术在早期乳腺癌治疗中的应用

目的探讨简化腋窝淋巴结清扫术(axillary lymph node dissection,ALND)在乳腺癌手术中的应用及效果。方法分析2009年1月至2013年6月间行前哨淋巴结活检(sentinel lymph node biopsy,SLNB)327例乳腺癌患者的临床资料,行亚甲蓝染色法SLNB后根据前哨淋巴结(sentinel lymph node,SLN)冰冻病理结果,对SLN阳性者行规范的ALND,SLN阴性则行简化的ALND(只清扫LevelⅠ),比较两组在手术时间、术后住院时间、腋窝引流时间及术后并发症的差异。结果 327例患者中,314例成功进行了SLNB,119例SLN阳性者行标准的ALND,195例SLN阴性者行简化的ALND,11例SLN阴性患者出现LevelⅠ组织淋巴结转移;简化组手术时间、术后住院时间、腋窝引流时间明显缩短,术后腋窝积液、肌力减退、活动受限、疼痛、麻木、肿胀等并发症明显减少。术后随访3~60个月,患者无腋窝淋巴结复发及远处转移。结论蓝染法SLNB是乳腺癌患者腋窝淋巴结转移状态的重要检测技术,对SLN阴性行简化的ALND,可节省医疗资源、减少术后并发症。     

腔镜腋窝淋巴结清扫术与传统腋窝清扫术前后外周血潜伏肿瘤细胞的对比研究

目的探讨乳腺癌腔镜腋窝淋巴结清扫术安全性。方法64例乳腺癌患者分为腔镜手术组和传统手术组，每组32例。应用荧光实时定量PCR技术分别检测乳腺癌患者术前和术后外周血CK-19mRNA表达。结果64例乳腺癌患者外周血CK-19mRNA阳性率32．81％，腔镜手术组和传统手术组的外周血CK-19mRNA阳性率分别为31．25％和34．38％，两组手术可能造成的外周血潜伏肿瘤细胞（OTC）扩散几率分别为4．34％和8．70％，两组间的差异无统计学意义。术前化疗后乳腺癌患者外周血中仍然存在OTC，且随肿瘤分期的增高而增多。结论腔镜腋窝淋巴结清扫手术和传统手术对外周血潜伏肿瘤细胞影响的差异无统计学意义；腔镜腋窝淋巴结清扫手术与传统腋窝淋结清扫术相比不增加肿瘤扩散的风险。     

早期乳腺癌前哨淋巴结活检在简化腋清扫中的应用研究

[目的]探讨早期乳腺癌患者行前哨淋巴结活检（SLNB）为阴性,行简化腋窝淋巴结清扫替代腋窝淋巴结清扫术（ALND）的临床效果。[方法]采用1%亚甲蓝染色法对65例早期乳腺癌患者行SLNB,60例成功行SLNB,其中40例SLN无转移者行简化腋窝淋巴结清扫术（简化组）;20例SLN有转移者行ALND（标准组）,比较两组患者术后上肢并发症的发生情况、腋窝复发及全身转移情况。[结果]简化组手术时间和腋窝引流时间比标准组明显缩短,有统计学差异（P〈0.01）;简化组术后患侧上肢的疼痛、肿胀、麻木症状明显较标准组少（P〈0.01）。两组生存曲线没有差异。[结论]亚甲蓝染色法能够比较准确地定位乳腺癌的前哨淋巴结。简化ALND替代ALND手术时间和术后引流时间缩短,方便可行,并发症明显减少,腋窝复发率低,是早期乳腺癌患者的安全分期手术。     

对比分析乳腔镜腋窝淋巴结清扫术与常规淋巴结清扫术对乳腺癌的临床疗效

目的比较分析乳腔镜腋窝淋巴结清扫术与常规淋巴结清扫术对乳腺癌的临床疗效。方法将90例乳腺癌患者随机分为对照组和治疗组,每组45例。对照组患者给予常规淋巴结清扫术治疗,治疗组则给予患者乳腔镜腋窝淋巴结清扫术。比较分析2组的手术时间、淋巴结清扫数量、出血量、术后引流量及住院时间等,以及术后并发症发生情况、随访情况。结果治疗组患者的出血量以及术后引流量显著低于对照组,而手术时间则显著高于对照组(P<0.05);治疗组患者的淋巴结清扫数目和住院时间优于对照组,但组间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);治疗组的并发症发生率为4.4%,显著低于对照组的17.7%,组间比较差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。此外随访结果显示,治疗组患者的瘢痕面积显著小于对照组(P<0.05),而复发、转移等情况比较无明显差异。结论相较于常规淋巴结清扫术,乳腔镜腋窝淋巴结清扫术具有创伤小、恢复快、并发症少等优点。     

乳房保留术后野中野正向调强全乳房照射的腋窝淋巴结剂量学研究

目的 研究早期乳腺癌患者保乳术后采用野中野正向调强技术进行单纯乳房照射时各站腋窝淋巴结剂量分布及影响因素。方法 37例乳腺癌患者保乳术后采用“野中野”技术照射乳房,在定位CT图像上勾画患侧第Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ站和胸肌间淋巴结靶区,并勾画腋静脉,在三维放疗计划软件上逐站分析其所接受的剂量。配对t检验分析影响腋窝淋巴结剂量分布的因素。结果 在全乳PTV处方剂量50 Gy分25次情况下,第Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ站和胸肌间淋巴结被95%处方剂量所包括体积比平均值分别为34.7%、6.1%、0.4%和39.6%,D_mean分别为30.8、15.7、5.0 Gy和28.8 Gy;腋静脉以下和以上淋巴结区域被95%处方剂量包括的体积比为45.6%和0.7%,D_mean为38.2 Gy和6.7 Gy。乳房照射野的上界距离肱骨头的距离是影响腋静脉以下淋巴结区域D_mean的唯一有意义因素(P=0.037)。结论 全乳正向调强野中野技术对腋静脉以下腋窝淋巴结的实际照射剂量是不可忽略的,必须在分析保乳术后腋窝淋巴结控制率时予以考虑。     

Ultrasound-assisted percutaneous catheterization of the axillary vein for totally implantable venous access device

Background

Placing a totally implantable venous access device (TIVAD) using the classical subclavian vein puncture method carries the risk of certain complications including hemothorax, pneumothorax and pinch-off syndrome. We set out to determine whether percutaneous axillary vein catheterization can decrease the incidence of these complications.

Method

This is a prospective, observational, uni-institutional study. We analyzed the outcome of 113 TIVADs performed by ultrasound-assisted percutaneous axillary vein catheterization from Jun. 2008 to Dec. 2008. Junior residents novice to subclavian and axillary vein catheterization performed the procedures. Insertion and indwelling catheter complications were recorded.

Result

In our study population, 100% of TIVAD placements were successful. 27 patients (23.9%) required 3 or more repeated punctures; only one patient (0.9%) had clinically insignificant pneumothorax. Neither arterial puncture nor brachial plexus injury was recorded in our study.

Conclusion

Ultrasound-assisted percutaneous axillary vein catheterization for TIVAD is a safe and relatively simple method for inexperienced operators.     

Conservative treatment of early carcinoma of the breast: significance of axillary dissection and iridium implant

One hundred and ninety five patients with T1T2 less than 3 cm N0 infiltrating carcinomas of the breast have been treated between 1973 and 1982 with local excision followed by cobalt irradiation and iridium boost. One hundred and sixty five underwent an elective axillary dissection. The overall survival at 5 years is 87% and the NED survival 81%. The size of the tumor on the mammogram and on the operative specimen is of significant prognostic value. At 5 years the probability of local relapse in the breast is 4% and the probability of axillary recurrence is 1.2% after axillary dissection. Comparison of these results with those of an historical group of 300 patients treated between 1950 and 1973 indicates an improvement in the local control with good cosmetic results and no obvious change in axillary recurrence and overall survival.     

Axillary recurrence after negative sentinel lymph node biopsy under local anesthesia in breast cancer

The procedure known as sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) under local anesthesia (LA) allows surgical teams to avoid the uncertainties of frozen tissue examination and to perform axillary dissection on patients who have been informed of the risks of lymph node invasion prior to the procedure.     

Management of the axillary nodes

The increasing use of screening mammography has resulted in the identification of smaller breast cancers with a lower risk of axillary node metastases than those seen in the past. In spite of this, imaging studies and currently availability prognostic markers cannot reliably identify those patients with axillary node disease. Although, in many cases, the need for adjuvant systemic therapy can be determined on the basis of primary tumor characteristics, knowledge of axillary node status remains the best predictor of the risk of breast cancer recurrence. Axillary dissection provides excellent local control, and may have a survival benefit for some patients, but these benefits are limited to patients with nodal involvement. Sentinel node biopsy has the potential to allow axillary dissection to be limited to patients with nodal involvement who will benefit from the procedure. The initial studies have proved that the status of the sentinel node reliably predicts the status of the remainder of the axillary nodes. The challenge for the future is to determine how to teach this procedure to large numbers of surgeons and to define its accuracy in a wider variety of clinical circumstances.     

Diagnostic accuracy of core biopsy in patients presenting with axillary lymphadenopathy and suspected non-breast malignancy

IntroductionExcision biopsy has been the investigation of choice for patients presenting with pathological axillary lymphadenopathy without a breast abnormality. Core biopsy of nodes can provide sufficient tissue for diagnosis and has advantages in terms of morbidity and speed of diagnosis. This study evaluates the diagnostic accuracy of core biopsy in patients presenting with axillary lymphadenopathy.MethodsBetween 2009 and 2019, 165 patients referred to the Edinburgh Breast Unit had a total of 179 axillary lymph node core biopsies.Results152 (92%) of the 165 initial core biopsies were deemed to contain adequate nodal tissue. Core biopsy correctly established malignancy in 75 of the 78 patients with haematological malignancy (96%) and in all 28 patients with metastatic carcinoma (100%) and correctly diagnosed benign changes in 49 of 57 (86%) patients with benign conditions. There were no false positives and no false negatives. In 67 (85.9%) of the 78 patients with haematological malignancy there was sufficient material in the first core biopsy to allow the pathologist to make an actionable diagnosis and not ask for more tissue sampling prior to treatment. There were no complications of core biopsy. On follow up, none of the patients with benign cores has been shown to have malignancy in the axilla and none with lymphoma had their initial disease incorrectly classified.ConclusionsThis study shows that core biopsy is now the investigation of choice for patients presenting with axillary lymphadenopathy even in those suspected as having lymphoma.     

乳腺癌再次腋窝淋巴结清扫36例分析

目的探讨乳腺癌手术后腋窝淋巴结转移以及不规范性手术后残留实施再手术的可行性。方法制定纳入标准,回顾性分析我院2001年6月至2010年8月间再次腋窝淋巴结清扫手术的36例乳腺癌患者的临床病理资料,再次手术围手术期综合性治疗措施及其术后1、3、5年随访资料。结果全组非规范性手术19例占52.78%(原腋窝残留包块再次清扫11例,胸壁复发包块切除及腋窝淋巴结清扫8例)。原改良根治术11例、Halsted术6例患者术后单纯腋窝复发12例(33.33%),腋窝及胸壁复发性包块5例(13.89%);实施腋窝淋巴结清扫或加胸壁包块切除术。全组病例腋下共检出346枚淋巴结,平均17.78枚(7～35枚),阳性淋巴结58枚占16.76%(1～13枚),部分病例有淋巴结融合。再次手术后均给予4～6疗程化疗或放疗,少数辅以免疫治疗等综合性治疗措施。术后1年内死亡2例,3年内10例,5年15例其1,3,5年生存率分别为94%、72%、58%。结论规范性手术是防止乳腺癌术后复发转移的关键措施,对局部复发、腋窝淋巴结转移可切除患者再次手术有助于控制局部病情的发展,再次手术围手术期规范性治疗可以改善患者的生存质量。     

The number of axillary nodes removed as a predictor of regional recurrence in node negative breast cancer

Purpose

To determine if the number of axillary nodes removed is a predictor of recurrence in node negative breast cancer.

Materials and methods

Five hundred thirty-six patients with T1-T2, N0 invasive breast cancer, treated with lumpectomy and axillary node dissection (AND), were reviewed from January 1, 1986 to December 31, 1992. Patients received radiation to whole breast only, without regional nodal radiation. There was no adjuvant chemotherapy or Tamoxifen given. Patients were grouped according to the number of axillary nodes dissected as follows: 1-5 nodes (91 patients), 6-10 nodes (225 patients) and >10 nodes (220 patients). Hazard ratios and p-values were determined for time to local recurrence, regional recurrence and for disease specific survival.

Results

Median follow-up was 11.2 years. The overall local recurrence and regional recurrence rates for the three groups were: 1-5 nodes, 9.9% and 8.8%, respectively, 6-10 nodes, 10.2% and 2.2%, respectively, and >10 nodes, 11.8% and 2.7%, respectively. The effect of number of axillary nodes removed was statistically significant only for regional recurrence (p = 0.017). There was no adverse effect on disease specific survival (p = 0.363).

Conclusion

The number of axillary nodes removed predicts only for regional recurrence in node negative breast cancer patients, with less than 6 nodes removed associated with higher regional recurrence. This may have clinical implications with the current practice of sentinel node biopsy (SNB) replacing axillary node dissection in early stage breast cancer.     

Surgeon Bias in the Management of Positive Sentinel Lymph Nodes

BackgroundThe standard of care for clinically node-negative (cN0) patients following positive sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) was completion axillary lymph node dissection (CALND). Publication of ACOSOG Z0011 in 2010 changed this standard for patients undergoing lumpectomy. Clinicians have since expanded this practice to mastectomy patients, and ongoing prospective studies are seeking to validate this practice. Here, we evaluate patient and tumor characteristics that led surgeons to forego a second surgery for CALND in cN0 mastectomy patients with positive SLNB.Patients and MethodsA single institution, retrospective review of cN0 patients with invasive primary breast cancer and positive SLNB from 2010 to 2016 was performed. Patients with T4 disease, positive preoperative axillary biopsy, prior neoadjuvant therapy or axillary surgery were excluded. Patients with positive SLNB undergoing CALND were compared with patients for whom CALND was omitted. Statistical analysis was performed using Kruskal-Wallis tests for continuous variables and χ² tests or Fischer exact tests for categorical variables.ResultsOf 259 patients with positive SLNB, 180 (69.4%) patients underwent mastectomy. CALND was performed at the time of mastectomy in 54 (30%) patients, at time of second operation in 22 (12.2%) patients, and not performed in 104 (57%) patients. Delayed CALND was significantly associated with younger age, larger tumors, increased number of positive sentinel nodes, invasive lobular carcinoma, extranodal extension, and lymphovascular invasion.ConclusionsThe management of cN0 patients with positive SLNB that do not meet ACOSOG Z0011 criteria is evolving and is influenced by tumor and patient characteristics in an attempt to balance the morbidity of CALND with the low rate of local regional recurrence.     

Axillary sampling in the definitive treatment of breast cancer by radiation therapy and lumpectomy

Between January, 1967 and July, 1980, 176 women who were referred to the Joint Center for Radiation Therapy (JCRT) for definitive breast irradiation underwent low axillary dissection. A typical operative technique is described. The dissection stops short of the axillary vein although the vein is usually visualized. One hundred thirty-two axillae were thought to be N₀ or N_1a. Forty-six axillae were felt to be N. Seventeen percent of the T₁N₀ patients had pathologically positive nodes. Twenty-seven percent of the T₂N₀ patients had positive nodes. When 5 or less nodes were removed at axillary sampling the incidence of nodal involvement was very low. There were no differences in nodal positivity when comparing upper quadrant to lower or central lesions. Lateral lesions appeared to have higher positivity rates compared with either medial or central lesions. Ninety-four percent of axillae with N_1b lesions were pathologically confirmed. The complication rate for this procedure was low. There were 5 transient non-surgical complications and 1 cellulitis resulting in a frozen shoulder, which required corrective surgery. There were no cases of moderat or severe arm edema. Axillary sampling is compared to axillary dissection as a diagnostic procedure. Axillary sampling may underestimate the true pathologic positive rate, but diagnostic accuracy appears excellent if level 1 and 2 nodes are sampled.