癫痫患儿母孕期生活事件分析

对44例不明原因癫痫患儿母孕期生活事件对照分析表明,孕期生活事件频度和单位明显高于对照组(P<0.01)。在病例组中,第二胎妊娠和30岁以上妊娠的妇女孕期的生活事件单位更高,提示母孕期生活事件较多者可增加出生儿童癫痫的发病率。     

216例症状性癫痫临床特点及预后危险因素分析

目的探究我国西北地区症状性癫痫的临床特点及预后危险因素。方法回顾性分析216例症状性癫痫的临床特点,并依据治疗后发作控制情况分为有效组与无效组,采用Logistic回归分析影响症状性癫痫预后的相关因素。结果 20岁以下起病者162例(75.0%),部分性发作152例(70.4%);病因中以脑发育异常(23.6%)、脑外伤(15.7%)、围产期损伤(12.0%)、颅内感染(11.6%)、海马硬化(9.3%)居多;并且脑发育异常、围产期损伤、颅内感染主要发生于10岁以下的患者,脑血管病和脑外伤则为30岁以上患者的主要病因;与基础期相比69.0%的患者疾病控制情况良好,其中28.2%患者6个月以上无发作,23.6%患者发作减少≥75%,17.1%患者发作减少50%~75%;剩余31.0%患者则发作减少50%或是无明显改善。患病时间、口服抗癫痫药种类、服药依从性在有效组与无效组间有显著差异(P0.05)。进一步的Logistic回归分析显示,患病时间长可能为西北地区症状性癫痫预后不良的危险因素(比值比=1.048,95%置信区间:1.009~1.091)。结论我国西北地区症状性癫痫患者发病年龄小,脑发育异常为主,患病时间长为其预后不良的危险因素;早期诊断和正规的抗癫痫治疗对于改善预后有重要意义。     

拉考沙胺在儿童难治性癫痫添加治疗的临床效果观察

目的观察考拉沙胺(Lacosamide,LCM)对儿童难治性癫痫添加治疗中的临床疗效。方法收集2019年3月-2019年7月河南省人民医院儿科收治并使用LCM添加治疗的难治性癫痫患儿41例,男21例,女20例,年龄4.6~15.5岁,平均(7.21±3.06)岁。首发年龄0.1~11.0岁,平均(2.82±2.43)岁;病程在0.6~10.0年,平均(4.49±2.34)年。通过自身空白对照研究,口服LCM 6个月,并进行随访,对比观察使用LCM前后的疗效。结果通过空白自身对照,添加LCM药物后,随访时间3、6个月患儿癫痫发作频率显著减少,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05),且LCM能有效改善患儿精神状态,但对局灶性难治性癫痫发作与全面性难治性癫痫发作改善作用的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论LCM作为第三代新型抗癫痫药物,添加治疗儿童难治性癫痫能有效地改善癫痫发作频率,并对改善患儿的精神状态具有一定作用。     

围产期异常儿童首次癫痫样大发作的预后探讨

作者对有围产期异常史的１７３例首次癫痫样大发作儿童进行了预后随访医院。结果发现首次痫样大发作后５年内，累积复发率构成比为２１．５８％。由此表明，围产期脑损后形成“产痫灶”引起癫痫发作，而窒息、产钳、吸引术及严重感染是导致脑损伤的四大危险因素。     

PRRT2基因相关发作性疾病的临床特点与预后(附1例报告)

目的探讨PRRT2基因相关发作性疾病的临床特点与预后。方法回顾性分析1例经基因诊断明确的良性婴儿癫痫的临床资料。结果本例患儿临床表现为反复抽搐,丛集性发作,查体无明显异常。基因检查示PRRT2移码变异。患儿母亲既往有发作性运动诱发运动障碍史,舅舅及表姐幼时有多次抽搐史。患儿口服奥卡西平后未再抽搐。结论 PRRT2基因相关发作性疾病以自限性婴儿期癫痫、发作性运动诱发的运动障碍为临床表现。明确诊断需进行基因检查。本病治疗以控制癫痫为主,预后良好。     

儿童晚发型癫痫性痉挛的临床特点及脑电图改变

目的探讨儿童晚发型癫痫性痉挛的临床特点及脑电图(EEG)改变。方法回顾分析总结2010年6月-2015年8月就诊于南方医科大学附属中山市博爱医院儿科的13例临床诊断晚发型癫痫性痉挛患儿的临床资料、治疗、随访及结果。结果 13例入组患儿,其中男9例,女4例,起病年龄为1岁3个月~5岁7个月,病程1年3个月~4年8个月。7例有明确的病因(53.8%),其中2例明确病毒性脑炎,3例娩出时窒息、缺氧,1例新生儿期败血症、急性呼吸窘迫综合征,1例诊断甲基丙二酸血症伴高同型半胱氨酸血症;余6例未明确病因。痉挛发作仍为主要的发作类型,7例合并部分性起源发作,发作以清醒期及醒睡期为著。但易与其他的发作类型并存。发作期EEG为广泛性中-高波幅慢波、尖慢波阵发,复合或不复合低波幅快波,有时伴阵发后电压衰减数秒,成串或孤立性出现。同步双侧三角肌肌电监测可见双侧或单侧同步肌电爆发1~2s。间歇期EEG为多灶和广泛性放电,仍以尖(棘)慢波连续发放为主。治疗:所有患儿均行促肾上腺皮质激素(Adrenocorticotropic hormone,ACTH)或甲基强的松龙免疫调控治疗,3例行生酮饮食治疗。同时根据病情选择丙戊酸、托吡酯、氯硝西泮、拉莫三嗪、左乙拉西坦等抗广谱抗癫痫药物(AEDs),13例患儿均采取联合用药方式。预后:13例患儿运用ACTH或甲基强的松龙免疫调控疗程结束后发作减少或控制,随访3~12个月出现临床发作控制不良;3例生酮饮食治疗(现已持续1年3个月~2年5个月),其中1例发作控制、智力改善明显;另2例发作次数减少,智力水平明显改善。结论围产期因素与某些后天获得性脑损伤是儿童晚发型癫痫性痉挛最为常见的致病病因。发作以痉挛发作为主,与其他发作形式并存。EEG无典型高度失律表现,同步肌电监测可见双侧或单侧同步肌电爆发。对各种AEDs治疗效果欠佳,绝大多数发展为难治性癫痫。生酮饮食治疗或许是一个相对好的选择。     

早发性和晚发性儿童良性枕叶癫痫的临床特点、脑电图改变、治疗及预后比较分析

目的 探讨比较早发性儿童良性枕叶癫痫(EBOS)和晚发性儿童良性枕叶癫痫(LOS)的临床特点、脑电图改变、治疗及预后. 方法 回顾性收集整理郑州大学第五附属医院神经外科自2007年6月至2012年6月收治的60例经临床诊断为儿童良性枕叶癫痫患儿的临床资料,并按照2001年国际抗癫痫联盟(ILAE)建议分为EBOS组(28例)与LOS组(32例),分析比较2组患儿的临床表现、脑电图特点、药物治疗的有效性等. 结果 2组患儿在性别分布、热性惊厥史及癫痫家族史方面比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),但EBOS组患儿的平均发病年龄明显低于LOS组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),且在发作时间、发作频率、发作方式、发作伴随症状以及发作脑电图波形方面与LOS组有明显不同.EBOS组患儿中单用抗癫痫药治疗可达到控制效果的为23例,LOS组患儿为12例,治疗效果比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05). 结论 EBOS与LOS在发作时间、发作频率、发作方式及发作伴随症状方面存在明显差异,这些临床特征结合发作时脑电图的波形特点可以作为区分EBOS及LOS的临床指标.     

宁夏农村地区惊厥性癫痫患者死亡原因分析

目的分析宁夏农村地区惊厥性癫痫患者可能的死亡原因,为预防癫痫患者死亡及降低癫痫死亡率提供依据。方法收集2012年1月1日~2014年12月31日宁夏农村地区癫痫示范项目区内死亡癫痫患者的临床资料,并进行回顾性分析,用Excel表格建立数据库,SPSS17.0软件统计分析,计数资料比较采用χ2检验,P0.05为差异有统计学意义。结果 3 y间,宁夏农村地区癫痫示范项目区内死亡患者共计137例。癫痫发作在死因构成中居于首位(32.8%),其次为意外死亡(26.9%)、脑血管病(11.0%)、不明原因死亡(8.0%)、呼吸系统疾病(6.5%)、循环系统疾病(5.1%)、消化系统疾病(4.3%)及自杀(2.9%);癫痫患者的死亡年龄主要分布在30~39岁之间(21.9%);以脑血管病为主要死亡原因者主要分布在60~69岁之间;以癫痫发作为死亡原因者20~69岁年龄组占86.7%;意外死亡的患者年龄分布在10~79岁之间,其中,40~59岁者占37.9%。宁夏农村地区癫痫患者年平均死亡率为1.4/10万,男性死亡率为1.7/10万,女性为1.1/10万,男、女性死亡率有显著性差异(P0.05);在神经系统疾病死因统计中,癫痫死亡率仅次于脑血管病。结论癫痫发作、意外(溺水及车祸为主)、脑血管病、不明原因死亡是宁夏农村地区癫痫示范项目区内癫痫患者死亡的主要原因。宁夏农村地区癫痫示范项目区内癫痫患者的死亡率为1.4/10万。男性癫痫患者的死亡率(1.7/10万)高于女性(1.1/10万)。     

影响单相抑郁发作患者服药依从性的因素

目的:探索单相抑郁发作患者服药依从性的影响因素。方法:采用服药依从性评定量表(MARS)对284例单相抑郁发作患者服药依从性进行1年的随访,以MARS 6分为界将患者分为服药依从组(≥6分)及不依从组(6分);分析两组患者一般人口学及临床资料,采用COX风险比例分析模型分析单相抑郁发作患者服药依从性的影响因素。结果:具有混合特征是单相抑郁发作患者服药依从性的危险因素(P0.01),阳性家族史、伴有焦虑症状是单相抑郁发作患者服药依从性的保护因素(P0.05或P0.01)。结论:阳性家族史以及伴有焦虑症状是单相抑郁发作患者服药依从性的保护因素,具有混合特征是其服药依从性的危险因素。     

Lennox-Gastaut综合征外科治疗进展

<正>Lennox-Gastaut综合征(LGS)是最难治疗的儿童常见癫痫综合征之一,约占儿童癫痫的5%~10%,尽管应用多种新型抗癫痫药物的联合和个体化治疗,多数患儿的癫痫发作症状仍然控制不良,并常伴有认知功能的衰退和行为异常,严重影响了患儿的生存质量。该疾病发病高峰为3~5岁之间,约80%的患儿癫痫发作迁延至成年。Lennox和Gastaut两位学者先后总结和补充了该综合征患者癫痫发作的临床     

Social aspects of epilepsy: marriage, pregnancy, driving, antiepileptic drug withdrawal and against social stigma]

Persons with epilepsy need adequate advice and effective counselling about issues such as marriage, pregnancy, risks of inheriting epilepsy, driving, employment and antiepileptic drug withdrawal, because these persons are not receiving important information and education about their condition and possible adverse effects of treatment. Furthermore, women with epilepsy have increased rates of pregnancy complications and poor fetal outcomes including congenital malformations and developmental delay related to both their epilepsy and antiepileptic drugs. However, approximately 90% of all women with epilepsy undergo normal pregnancy and give birth to children free of birth defects. Pregnancy is generally safe in women with epilepsy. The study of long-term prognosis of childhood-onset epilepsy in Japan shows that the majority of these patients have lower levels of educational background as well as employment and marital status compared with the general population (Wakamoto H. et al). Of patients with epilepsy, 60% to 70% achieve control with antiepileptic medication. However, several antiepileptic drug withdrawal studies show variable rates of success, with relapse rates ranging from 12% to 63% (Britton J.W.). Driving is listed as major problem in persons with epilepsy. However, the patients with seizure-free more than two years have been able to get the driver's license since June, 2002. Social attitudes towards epilepsy cause more distress to the patient than the disease itself. We should realize that persons with epilepsy are normal or near-normal. To ameliorate the social stigma against epilepsy, continuous and repetitive educational efforts would be needed.     

Risk factors of childhood epilepsy in Kerala

Background:

We aimed to identify the risk factors for epilepsy in children.

Materials and Methods:

This case–control retrospective study was carried out in the pediatric neurology outpatient service of the Trivandrum Medical College. All children (1–12 years) with epilepsy satisfying the selection criteria were included, after obtaining consent from parents. Those with single seizures or febrile seizures were excluded. Controls were children without epilepsy attending the same hospital. Parents were interviewed and clinical data were obtained from medical records. Statistical analysis included chi-square test, odds ratio (OR), and logistic regression.

Results:

There were 82 cases and 160 controls whose mean age was 6.9 + 3.6 and 5.2 + 3.1, years respectively. On univariate analysis, family history of epilepsy, prolonged labor, cyanosis at birth, delayed cry after birth, admission to newborn intensive care unit, presence of congenital malformations, neurocutaneous markers, incessant cry in the first week, delayed developmental milestones, meningitis, encephalitis, and head trauma were found to be significant. On logistic regression, family history of epilepsy (OR 4.7), newborn distress (OR 8.6), delayed developmental milestones (OR 12.6), and head trauma (OR 5.8) were found to be significant predictors. Infants who had history of newborn distress are likely to manifest epilepsy before 1 year if they are eventually going to have epilepsy (OR 3.4).

Conclusion:

Modifiable factors such as newborn distress and significant head trauma are significant risk factors for childhood epilepsy. Newborn distress is a risk factor for early-onset (<1 year age) epilepsy.     

Prevalence, incidence and risk factors of epilepsy in older children in rural Kenya

BACKGROUND: There is little data on the burden or causes of epilepsy in developing countries, particularly in children living in sub-Saharan Africa. METHODS: We conducted two surveys to estimate the prevalence, incidence and risk factors of epilepsy in children in a rural district of Kenya. All children born between 1991 and 1995 were screened with a questionnaire in 2001 and 2003, and those with a positive response were then assessed for epilepsy by a clinician. Active epilepsy was defined as two or more unprovoked seizures with one in the last year. RESULTS: In the first survey 10,218 children were identified from a census, of whom 110 had epilepsy. The adjusted prevalence estimates of lifetime and active epilepsy were 41/1000 (95% CI: 31-51) and 11/1000 (95% CI: 5-15), respectively. Overall two-thirds of children had either generalized tonic-clonic and/or secondary generalized seizures. A positive history of febrile seizures (OR=3.01; 95% CI: 1.50-6.01) and family history of epilepsy (OR=2.55; 95% CI: 1.19-5.46) were important risk factors for active epilepsy. After the second survey, 39 children from the same birth cohort with previously undiagnosed epilepsy were identified, thus the incidence rate of active epilepsy is 187 per 100,000 per year (95% CI: 133-256) in children aged 6-12 years. CONCLUSIONS: There is a considerable burden of epilepsy in older children living in this area of rural Kenya, with a family history of seizures and a history of febrile seizures identified as risk factors for developing epilepsy.     

Prevalence and risk factors of epilepsy among school children in eastern Turkey

Epilepsy is a serious chronic brain disorder of childhood. We performed a cross-sectional prevalence study, determined the prevalence of childhood epilepsy, and identified the significance of certain risk factors for epilepsy among 1625 primary-school students aged 6-14 years, living in the center of Kars province. A questionnaire was prepared according to the definitions and principles of the Commission on Epidemiology and Prognosis, International League Against Epilepsy. Twenty-two children were diagnosed as epileptic. The point prevalence of active epilepsy in males was 4.9/1000, and in females 12.4/1000, representing a total of 8.6/1000. The cumulative prevalence in males was 11.0/1000, and 16.1/1000 in females, representing a total of 13.5/1000. Febrile convulsions, family history of epilepsy, serious maternal illness during pregnancy, a history of head trauma, antenatal/postnatal problems, and a history of neonatal jaundice were statistically significantly related to the development of epilepsy.     

孕前癫痫控制情况对孕期癫痫发作以及母婴结局的预测分析

目的 探讨孕前6个月和孕前1年癫痫控制情况能否预测孕期癫痫发作风险以及母婴不良结局的发生,以指导女性癫痫患者(Women with epilepsy,WWE)最佳生育时机的选择.方法 回顾性分析2016年8月-2020年1月期间在天津医科大学总医院癫痫门诊随诊的WWE 46例,共48次妊娠,分析妊娠期癫痫发作的危险因素...     

Two-year remission and subsequent relapse in children with newly diagnosed epilepsy

PURPOSE: Although remission is the ultimate measure of seizure control in epilepsy, and epilepsy syndrome should largely determine this outcome, little is known about the relative importance of syndrome versus other factors traditionally examined as predictors of remission or of relapse after remission. The purpose of this study was to examine remission and relapse with respect to the epilepsy syndrome and other factors traditionally considered with respect to seizure outcome. METHODS: A prospectively identified cohort of 613 children with newly diagnosed epilepsy was assembled and is actively being followed to determine seizure outcomes. Epilepsy syndrome and etiology were classified at diagnosis and again 2 years later. Remission was defined as 2 years completely seizure-free, and relapse as the recurrence of seizures after remission. Multivariable analysis was performed with the Cox proportional hazards model. RESULTS: Five hundred ninety-four of the original 613 children were followed > or = 2 years (median follow-up, 5 years). Remission occurred in 442 (74%), of whom 107 (24%) relapsed. On multivariable analysis, idiopathic generalized syndromes and age at onset between 5 and 9 years were associated with a substantially increased remission rate, whereas remote symptomatic etiology, family history of epilepsy, seizure frequency, and slowing on the initial EEG were associated with a decreased likelihood of attaining remission. Young onset age (<1 year) and seizure type were not important after adjustment for these predictors. Relapses occurred more often in association with focal slowing on the initial EEG and with juvenile myoclonic epilepsy. Benign rolandic epilepsy and age at onset <1 year were associated with markedly lower risks of relapse. About one fourth of relapses were apparently spontaneous while the child was taking medication with good compliance, and more than half occurred in children who were tapering or had fully stopped medication. CONCLUSIONS: A large proportion of children with epilepsy remit. Symptomatic etiology, family history, EEG slowing, and initial seizure frequency negatively influence, and age 5-9 years and idiopathic generalized epilepsy positively influence the probability of entering remission. Factors that most influence relapse tend to be different from those that influence remission.     

癫(癎)术后抗癫(癎)药物的治疗模式

目的 探讨癫(癎)术后抗癫(癎)药物的应用方法及影响因素.方法 2002-2005年在我院接受了手术治疗的170例癫(癎)患者,根据不同手术时段分为3组,A组:2002年至2003年10月的病例;B组:2003年11月至2004年10月药师与临床医生一起对癫(癎)手术患者进行用药教育的病例;C组:2004年11月至2005年10月接受全程化药学服务的病例.对随访1年后各组之间的疗效、用药安全性、抗癫(癎)药应用依从性等指标进行了比较,初步探讨术后应用抗癫(癎)药的规律.结果 B组和C组在疗效(71%、81%)、用药安全性、抗癫(癎)药用药依从性等指标上均优于A组(46%),差异均有统计学意义(X2=7.08、15.50,P<0.05).结论 神经内外科医生、药师合作的个体化癫(癎)术后全程化服务是一种较新的、有效的癫(癎)术后管理模式.     

Causes of epilepsy in children and possibilities of its prevention]

A seven year follow-up of an unselected group of 1964 children served for establishing the incidence and causes of epilepsy development. The analysis of the health state of the parents, fetal life and birth of this group of patients and a similar analysis of 576 epileptic children treated at the Department of Neurology, Medical Academy in Gdańsk demonstrated a statistically significant correlation between the incidence of epilepsy and the course of pregnancy and labour. It was found that all harmful factors acting on the fetal brain create a specific predisposition to seizure responses of the brain, either spontaneous (epilepsy) or provoked by other factors (e.g. fever induced seizures). Discussing the possibility of epilepsy prevention the author stresses the necessity of reducing the number of pregnancy and labour complications by raising the standard of care of pregnant women and women in labour.     

A population-based study on epilepsy in mentally retarded children

PURPOSE: This study presents data on cumulative risk of seizures, cause, comorbidity, and remission of epilepsy among mentally retarded (MR) children followed until the age of 22 years. METHODS: A total of 151 MR children were identified at the age of 8 or 9 years by screening four birth cohorts of 12,882 children born from 1969 to 1972 in the Finnish province of Kuopio. Information about epilepsy was gathered longitudinally when children were 9 to 10, 17, and 22 years old. The guidelines for epidemiological studies on epilepsy proposed by the International League Against Epilepsy were followed. RESULTS: By the age of 10 years, 29 of the 151 MR children (19%) had epilepsy. The cumulative risk for epilepsy at 22 years was 21%. The probability of developing epilepsy was increased fivefold in severely MR children compared with mildly MR children, i.e., in 27 of the 77 severely MR children (35%) versus 5 of the 74 mildly MR children (7%). Postnatal causes of mental retardation or association with cerebral palsy increased the risk for epilepsy, especially in the mildly MR children. When these risk factors were not present, the mildly MR children exhibited only a 3% risk for epilepsy, whereas the respective risk was about 10-fold in severe mental retardation. The cumulative probability of epilepsy being in remission for 5 years by the age of 22 was 32%. CONCLUSIONS: The cumulative risk of epilepsy varies according to the severity and the cause of the retardation as well as the presence of additional disabilities. The cumulative probability of epilepsy remission tended to increase with age.     

惊厥性癫癎持续状态患者220例的临床特征

目的 了解我院就诊的220例惊厥性癫癎持续状态(CSE)患者的临床特征,为CSE的针对性预防和治疗提供依据.方法 采用连续登记方法,前瞻性观察四川大学华西医院1996年1月至2007年10月住院的CSE患者,用Logistic回归方法分析CSE预后的预测因素.结果 纳入220例患者,其中农村患者102例(46.4%).首要病因为中枢神经系统(CNS)感染(72例,32.7%),其次为停(减)抗癫癎药物(34例,15.5%).接受抗惊厥治疗前持续时间中位数为2 h,总持续时间中位数为5 h,农村患者(分别为3.5、7.0 h)均长于城市患者(2.0、3.0 h,Z=-1.558、-3.433,均P<0.05).研究对象首选地西泮静脉推注或苯巴比妥肌肉注射治疗,35例难治性癫癎持续状态(RSE)接受静脉丙戊酸钠治疗,12例接受麻醉治疗,病死率15.9%.Logistic回归分析示CSE持续时间(χ2=20.941)、癫痫病史(χ2=4.910)、呼吸抑制(χ2=16.086)为影响CSE预后的独立因素(均P<0.05).结论 农村人口及癫癎患者是CSE发生的重要人群,CNS感染及停(减)抗癫癎药物是CSE的重要病因,我国抗惊厥治疗与欧洲癫持癎续状态指南差距较大.