脑啡肽酶基因多态性与散发性阿尔茨海默病的关系研究

目的探讨脑啡肽酶(neprilysin,NEP)基因单核苷酸多态性与中国北方汉族散发性阿尔茨海默病(sporadic Alzheimer’s disease,SAD)的关系。方法临床确诊的99例中国北方汉族SAD患者及109例正常对照,提取外周血基因组DNA,聚合酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态性结合DNA直接测序法确定NEP基因rs989692位点及rs6776185位点基因型,分析上述两个位点单核苷酸多态性与AD的关系。结果 AD组和正常对照组NEP基因rs989692位点各等位基因频率及基因型分布无显著性差异(P>0.05);AD组NEP基因rs6776185位点A等位基因频率显著高于正常对照组(88.9%vs 81.2%,P=0.029),AA基因型频率显著高于正常对照组(80.8%vs 67.0%,P=0.024);携带A等位基因者,发生AD的风险是不携带A等位基因者的1.85倍(OR=1.85,95%CI 1.07~3.20);经载脂蛋白E基因(apolipoprotein E,Apo E)ε4等位基因及年龄分层比较,携带ε4基因及年龄<75岁组,AD组A等位基因及AA基因型分布频率仍明显高于正常对照组(P<0.05)。结论 NEP基因rs6776185位点A等位基因和AA基因型可能是中国北方汉族人群SAD的危险因素,可使AD发病年龄提前,并与Apo Eε4等位基因可能具有协同作用。     

心血管危险因子与广西汉族迟发性阿尔茨海默病之间的相关性研究

目的　研究心血管危险因子载脂蛋白 E( Apo E)、载脂蛋白 C- ( Apo C- )以及低密度脂蛋白受体相关蛋白 ( LRP)与汉族迟发性阿尔茨海默病 ( LOAD)之间的相关性。方法　应用 PCR-RFLP技术或直接通过 PCR方法 ,分析了 1 5 6例正常老年人、79例 LOAD Apo E、Apo C- 与 LRP基因型。结果　在 LOAD患者组和正常对照组中 ,Apo Eε4等位基因出现的频率分别为 1 7.7%、5 .7% ,其间差异有显著性 ( x2 =1 5 .75 0 ;P=0 .0 0 1 ,OR=3 .3 96,95 % CI =1 .80 8～ 6.3 79) ;Apo Eε3等位基因频率分别为 76.0 %、84% ,前者低于后者 ( x2 =4.43 9;P=0 .0 3 5 ,OR=1 .65 9,95 % CI =1 .0 3 3～ 2 .665 ) ;LRP、Apo C- 基因的基因型频率和等位基因频率在 LOAD与对照组之间差异无显著性 ( P >0 .0 5 )。结论　 Apo Eε4等位基因是 LOAD的遗传危险因子 ,Apo Eε3等位基因则可能有保护效应 ;此研究未能证明 Apo C- 基因变异和 LRP基因 C766T多态性与 LOAD有相关关系     

中国人载脂蛋白E基因多态性与脑梗死的Meta分析

目的探讨我国人群中载脂蛋白E基因多态性与脑梗死之间的相关性。方法使用Review Manager 5.2统计分析软件对已发表的载脂蛋白E基因多态性与脑梗死关系的相关研究进行分析。结果 ApoEε3/3、ApoEε2/3、ApoEε4/4、ApoEε3/4及ApoEε2/4基因型的OR值分别是0.55(95%CI为0.43~0.72)、0.81(95%CI为0.66~0.98)、2.72(95%CI为1.63~4.57)、2.25(95%CI为1.66~3.04)、1.70(95%CI为1.12~2.60);携带ε4等位基因、携带ε3等位基因发生脑梗死的风险是对照组的2.44倍(95%CI为1.84~3.22)、0.59倍(95%CI为0.46~0.75)。结论 ApoEε3/3、ApoEε2/3基因型及ε3等位基因可能是脑梗死的保护因素;ApoEε4/4、ApoEε3/4及ApoEε2/4基因型和ε4等位基因可能是脑梗死的危险及遗传易感因素。     

胰岛素样生长因子1、载脂蛋白酶E基因多态性与阿尔茨海默病关系的研究

目的探讨河南省汉族人群胰岛素样生长因子1(insulin like growth factor 1,IGF-1)基因rs972936位点多态性、载脂蛋白酶E(Apo E)基因多态性与阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer’s disease,AD)之间的相关性。方法选取58例AD患者和126例年龄、性别相匹配的健康对照(ND)者为研究对象,柱层析法提取外周血基因组DNA,采用PCR和基因测序技术检测IGF-1基因rs972936位点及Apo E基因型多态分布,并进行对比分析。结果与ND组比较,AD组IGF-1基因rs972936位点3种基因型分布总体差异有统计学意义(χ~2=6.108,P=0.047),其中AD组中GG基因型的频率高于对照组(70.7%51.6%,χ~2=5.935,P=0.015),G等位基因频率明显高于健康对照组(χ~2=6.502,P=0.011);AD组Apo Eε4等位基因频率可能增加AD的患病风险(OR=2.872,95%CI 1.542~5.351)(P=0.001);Apo Eε4等位基因不影响IGF-1基因rs972936位点的基因型或等位基因的分布频率(P0.05)。结论 IGF-1基因rs972936位点多态性与河南汉族人群AD的发病可能有相关性,其中GG基因型、G等位基因可能是AD发病的独立于Apo Eε4等位基因的危险因素。Apo Eε4等位基因是散发性AD的主要危险因素。     

FGF1基因启动子-1385A/G多态性与阿尔茨海默病的关联性研究

目的　探讨中国汉族人成纤维细胞生长因子 1(FGF1)基因启动子、载脂蛋白 E(Apo E)基因多态性与散发性阿尔茨海默病 (Sporadic Alzheimer’s disease,SAD)的相关情况。方法　应用 PCR- RFL P方法检测 4 1例患者和 4 3例正常人中 FGF1基因启动子和 Apo E基因多态性分布 ,并通过比值比 (OR)对这两种基因与 AD之间进行关联分析。结果　 FGF1基因启动子多态性 (- 1385 A/G)与 AD的发病风险显著相关 ;GG基因型与非 GG基因型的比值比 (OR) =3.15 ,95 % CI=1.0 8～ 5 .4 6。SAD患者与 Apo E基因的等位基因 ε4正关联 ,Apo Eε4与非 ε4的比值比 (OR) =4 .0 2 ,95 % CI=1.6 4～ 9.5 2。在 Apo Eε4中携带 FGF1GG基因型的 (OR) =15 .2 2 ,95 % CI=6 .6 8～4 0 .5 8。结论　 FGF1基因启动子 - 1385 A/G多态是 AD发病的遗传危险因素。     

急性缺血性卒中ApoEε4等位基因与血脂和预后相关性研究

目的探讨急性缺血性卒中患者载脂蛋白E(Apo E)ε4等位基因与血脂水平及预后的关系。方法据Apo E基因分型和美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)评分,将786例急性缺血性卒中患者分为携带Apo Eε4等位基因组和不携带Apo Eε4等位基因组,以及预后良好组(NIHSS评分≤10分)和预后不良组(NIHSS评分10分),分别采用单因素和前进法多因素Logistic回归分析筛查影响携带Apo Eε4等位基因急性缺血性卒中患者预后的不良因素。结果携带Apo Eε4等位基因组患者血清低密度脂蛋白胆固醇和载脂蛋白B表达水平高于不携带Apo Eε4等位基因组[(3.25±0.85)mmol/L对(3.00±0.83)mmol/L,P=0.008;(1.20±0.30)mmol/L对(1.09±0.25)mmol/L,P=0.000]。前进法多因素Logistic回归分析仅入院时NIHSS评分和出院时改良Rankin量表评分是影响急性缺血性卒中患者预后的主要危险因素(均P=0.000),而Apo Eε4等位基因并非其影响因素(P=0.343)。结论携带Apo Eε4等位基因的急性缺血性卒中患者血清低密度脂蛋白胆固醇和载脂蛋白B表达水平升高,但Apo Eε4等位基因并非预后不良的预测指标。     

中国人ApoE基因多态性与血管性痴呆关系的Meta分析

目的评价我国人群ApoE基因多态性与血管性痴呆的关系。方法对1996年1月至2011年5月公开发表的关于中国人血管性痴呆ApoE基因多态性的病例对照研究进行Meta分析。结果共纳入20个病例对照研究。Meta分析结果表明,中国人携带ε4等位基因的个体发生血管性痴呆的危险性的合并OR值为2.20[95%CI(1.81,2.66)];中国汉族人携带ε4等位基因的个体发生血管性痴呆的危险性的合并OR值为3.11[95%CI(2.06,4.69)]。结论载脂蛋白E基因多态性与中国人血管性痴呆相关,携带ε4等位基因的个体有发生血管性痴呆的倾向。     

ApoE基因多态性与阿尔茨海默病的相关性研究

目的 探讨阿尔茨海默病（Alzheimer disease,AD）与载脂蛋白E（ApoE）基因多态性的关系.方法 采用PCR-RFL P方法,对68例晚发型AD（LOAD）、54例早发型AD（EOAD）和168例对照组进行ApoE基因型测定,对AD患者的ApoE基因多态性进行相关分析.结果 两组人群ε3/ε3基因型比例最大,未发现ε2/ε2基因型.APOEε4携带者的频率在LOAD组中是52.5%（43/80）,对照组16.1%（27/168）,其差别有显著性（χ^2=36.2,P＜0.000 1,RR=5.76,95%CI=3.17-10.47）;APOEε4携带者的频率与EOAD呈显著性相关（X^2=6.11,P=0.013 5,RR=2.40,95%CI=1.18-4.86）.结论 ε4等位基因与LOAD、EOAD呈显著性相关,是AD的危险因素之一.     

原钙黏蛋白11X rs5984894基因多态性与迟发性阿尔茨海默病的相关性研究

目的：研究原钙黏蛋白11X（PCDH11X）rs5984894A/G基因多态性与迟发性阿尔茨海默病（AD）的相关性。方法：采用病例对照研究方法,应用聚合酶链反应限制性片段长度多态性（RCR-RFLP）技术检测355例迟发性AD患者和399名健康人的PCDH11X rs5984894的基因型及等位基因频率。应用卡方检验和Logistic回归分析其与AD的相关性。结果：AD组与对照组基因型及等位基因频率差异均无显著统计学意义（P〉0.05）,将样本按载脂蛋白Eε4及性别分层后,同样两组间的差异均无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。经Logistic回归分析去除混杂因素影响后,女性GG纯合子OR=2.90,95%CI=0.57-14.65。结论：中国北方汉族人群中PCDH11X rs5984894基因多态性可能不是迟发性AD发病的独立遗传因素,与迟发性AD的发病无关。     

蒙古族Alzheimer病患者载脂蛋白E基因多态性研究

目的探讨载脂蛋白E(ApoE)基因多态性与蒙古族Alzheimer病(AD)的关系。方法用聚合酶链反应及基因测序技术检测106例蒙古族AD患者和100名正常对照者的ApoE基因的基因型和等位基因频率,并进行比较。结果 AD组中有ApoEε4基因型频率(31.1%)显著高于正常对照组(17.0%)(χ2=5.591,P=0.018;OR=2.207,95%CI:1.136～4.289);ε4等位基因的频率显著高于正常对照组(χ2=4.27,P=0.039;OR=1.841,95%CI:1.026～3.304);两组ApoEε2、ε3等位基因频率的差异无统计学意义。结论ApoE基因ε4等位基因可能是蒙古族人群患AD的遗传性危险因素。     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.     

Clobazam for Treatment of Intractable Epilepsy: A Critical Assessment

Summary: Clobazam (CLB), a 1,5-benzodiazepine, is a remarkably effective add-on drug for individual patients with refractory partial epilepsy. CLB has an excellent safety record. As with all benzodiazepines used for treating epilepsy, sedation and withdrawal effects, together with the development of tolerance, limit its usefulness. Recent efforts to prevent or reverse tolerance with intermittent administration of CLB or periodic injection of a benzodiazepine antagonist, flumazenil, are encouraging and justify further investigations.     

La passion de Torquemada et le terrorisme islamique : quelques points de comparaison

This original research compares the doctrinal, psychopathological and operational standpoints of the 15th century Spanish Inquisition (Torquemada) with those of radical Islamism from 1988 to 2005 (Al-Qaeda). The following are reviewed: (a) the main texts codifying the procedure for conducting the criminal investigation of a Holy Office trial (Directorium inquisitorum); (b) the life and work of the grand inquisitor Tomás de Torquemada (1420–1498); (c) the psychopathological relations between passion (passionate psychoses, passionate idealism, paranoid personality) and fanaticism; (d) “the madmen, the enlightened and the criminals” of Islamic terrorism; (e) the cognitive and emotional motives for engagement in the jihadist radicalization of young people; (f) the common principles of monotheistic fanaticism (Inquisition, Al-Qaeda) and the particular dogmas of Islamic terrorism in our time; (g) the operating modes of the Inquisition and the Jihadist holy war. The author concludes that the rigour and seriousness of the inquisitorial judicial procedure, which was precise, individual and personalized, contrasts with the revolutionary pamphlets of Al-Qaeda, which only provide broad guidelines for the modus operandi of the fight against infidels, who are usually random victims.     

Claustration et collectionnisme : réflexions à propos d’un cas de syndrome de Diogène avec vols kleptomaniaques et vengeurs

Social withdrawal is a pathognomonic behaviour that is consistently associated with mental illnesses. Compulsive hoarding can also be interpreted as a pathological behaviour, even when it does not involve kleptomania. Diogenes syndrome (DS) was first described in 1975, and is characterized by both behaviours - social withdrawal and compulsive hoarding. Even though it is often the manifestation of a psychiatric condition, its aetiology is diverse. The most frequent ones are however: dementia, schizophrenia and mental retardation. In this study, we describe an atypical case presenting with DS. Il consists of a young man, seen in a forensic setting, who had been diagnosed with kleptomania in the past, presents with compulsive hoarding, and whose recent thefts were fuelled by revenge. Finally, to our knowledge, the way social withdrawal is viewed is seldom taken into account. We analyse its implication on social withdrawal.     

Neurological soft signs and schizophrenia: a review of current knowledge

Schizophrenia is a frequent and disabling disorder emerging during adolescence or early adulthood. The identification of underlying processes has been hampered by the complex clinical expression and the probable etiological heterogeneity. The frequency of neurological soft signs (NSS) in patients with schizophrenia and their presence early in life (during the first two years) in high risk subjects support the hypothesis that schizophrenia is a "brain disease" reflecting pre- or perinatal insults during development. The growing interest for NSS has lead to multiple studies that are often difficult to compare. The objective of this review is to summarize the current knowledge on NSS, methodological issues and the future perspectives.     

Lacan, lecteur de Minkowski : l'approche structurale

The notion of structure occupies a predominant place in the theory of Lacan. He indicates that was developed from the work of Minkowski. In fact, through his phenomeno-structural approach, Minkowski does not limit himself to purely observable phenomena, but attempts to determine the underlying structure. He refers to the comprehensive phenomenology and psychopathology, and this method provides him with clinical finesse and another means of determining a diagnosis. Thus Lacan has used this as a basis for his approach to structure to develop a theory regarding the individual. This implies that the structure of the individual is based on his relation to language. From this concept, he then develops the clinical structures of neurosis, psychosis, and perversion. These structural landmarks also have an effect on the course of treatment.