复杂介质小波多尺度井间地震层析成像方法研究

复杂介质井间地震层析成像是一个很复杂的非线性反 演问题，常规的线性化反演方法无法得到好的解. 采用基于图形的弯曲射线追踪方法， 并将小波多尺度思想引入到井间层析成像，提出了小波多尺度井间地震层析成像方法，很好 地解决了非线性成像的难题，提高了图像的质量和分辨率. 物理模型实验结果表明， 该方法适合于复杂介质成像，并具有良好的实用性和效果.     

基于有限内存拟牛顿法的电阻率法三维主轴各向异性反演研究

基于各向同性假设的电阻率法三维正反演方法成熟并得到广泛应用.由于地下介质普遍存在电阻率各向异性,为提高反演精度,各向异性介质的三维正反演问题有待深入研究.本文将三维正演中总场分为一次场和二次场计算,二次场使用非结构网格有限单元法求解,基于有限内存拟牛顿法,系统研究了电阻率法三维主轴各向异性反演.通过设计低阻异常体与双异常体模型,利用地表、地井、井地与井间多种观测方式的合成数据进行了反演试算.反演结果表明：三维主轴各向异性反演能够可靠恢复异常体的位置与形状.与仅在地表采集数据的反演结果对比,地井、井地与井间多种观测数据的加入,反演结果能更好地恢复异常体的各向异性特征.证明了本文基于有限内存拟牛顿法电阻率三维反演方法的可行性与有效性.     

井间电磁成像的迭代反演算法

提出一种基于逐次逼近解法的选代反演算法,对并间地层电导率的构造进行成像．该方法用一阶Ｂｏｒｎ近似将积分方程线性化,得到对电导率分布的初始估计,在选代反演中用高阶Ｂｏｒｎ近似对井间地层电导率构造进行更精确的估计．应用该方法还可以对井间电子率分布进行二次成像,从而使成像分辨率更为准确．数值计算结果表明,这种迭代反演算法与基于Ｂｏｒｎ近似、二阶Ｂｏｒｎ近似和扩展Ｂｏｒｎ近似的反演算法相比提高了成像分辨率,且计算效率相当．     

三维斜井XSP-CDP叠加成像

为了解决三维斜井井间地震数据成像问题,借鉴二维地面地震弯线及宽线处理思路,将三维井间地震成像问题转换成二维成像问题进行研究.利用三维逐段迭代方法对三维斜井井间地质模型进行正演模拟,计算上、下行反射波走时及反射点位置,通过对比正演记录与实际资料的特征,调整地质模型参数获取准确速度场.然后对波场分离后的共炮集数据进行反射波归位,得到共反射点道集数据.最后根据反射点的分布选择一条反射点分布最集中的剖面线,以一定的宽度将剖面线左右的反射点包裹起来;根据叠加宽度划分成大小相等的矩形面元,将面元内的共反射点数据投影到剖面线上进行二维叠加成像.通过模型测试,三维XSP-CDP叠加方法能有效反演地下结构特征,指导三维井间地震采集观测系统的设计并解决不共面斜井叠加成像问题.应用该方法对M地区实际资料进行成像研究,结果表明该方法可有效反演地下三维地质结构特征,为进一步数据处理提供依据.     

井间电磁场时域有限差分数值模拟

为进一步了解井间地下介质结构及其电性特征,本文用时域有限差分方法(FDTD),实现了井间电磁场响应的数值模拟.激发源是探测深度相对磁偶极子更大一些的电偶极子,首先选择一个位于井轴上的垂直电偶极子作为场源,并假设参与计算的介质相对于发射井井轴是轴向对称的,这样可将研究区域作为二维问题处理.推导了二维井间电磁波传播时域差分公式.该方法适用于任何方向入射的电偶极子源,尤其善于解决频域差分方法所难以描述的宽频脉冲.给出了井间金属圆柱和矿体圆柱数值模拟2个例子,结果表明,时域有限差分方法能有效的模拟井间地下介质中电磁波的传播,揭示电磁波传播规律.该方法速度快、精度高、结果稳定,适合用于井间电磁场反演成像的正演响应计算.     

井间地震资料测井约束层析成像

利用井间地震资料进行层析成像,由于受观测角的限制,其成像过程具有很强的不稳定性.为了提高成像过程的稳定性,本文将测井资料引入到反演过程中,利用测井资料约束井间地震反演成像过程.采用假设模型进行数值模拟和反演实验,并与无约束反演方法进行对比实验,多种反演结果对比表明,测井约束反演方法改善了层析成像过程的稳定性,提高了成像结果的精度.     

基于共轭梯度的全通道3D井地井电阻率成像研究

随着城市工程勘探及煤矿采矿区勘探要求的不断提高,二维地面及孔间电阻率成像无法确定电性异常沿垂直剖面方向延伸范围,三维地面电阻率成像面临着纵向分辨率小、空间覆盖不均匀等问题.本文提出井地井三维全通道电阻率成像方法,该方法计算时采用除去2个供电电极外其余全部接地电极所采集数据进行反演计算.在成像时首先采用有限差分方法求解3D静电场方程,并基于伴随矩阵方法计算非线性灵敏度矩阵,最后利用牛顿共轭梯度反演方法实现全通道电阻率层析成像.通过理论数据测试表明:全通道3D井地井联合观测方式能有效的对孔间电性结构三维成像,具有较好的纵横向分辨率,可以较好的解决实际工程地质问题及采空区在空间的分布形态难题.     

基于逐段迭代射线追踪的井间地震观测系统设计方法

为了有效改善井间地震资料的成像范围及精度,同时节约野外采集的成本,并为井间地震复杂波场分离处理提供理论依据,本文提出逐段迭代射线追踪方法对井间地震观测系统进行设计及优化处理.通过分析井间距、炮检点位置变化以及激发与接收排列方式对勘探目标覆盖次数及成像范围的影响,确定适用于研究区的观测系统设计方案.同时利用正演模拟的波场与实际波场进行对比识别井间地震有效波场,为井间地震波场分离工作提供理论依据.模型及实际资料试算表明,本文研究方法能够快速、准确地进行井间地震观测系统方案设计,指导井间地震波场分离工作,为井间地震野外数据采集及处理提供技术保障.     

Born近似快速三维反演井地电法数据

本篇研究了井中电偶极激发地面接收的井地电法的快速反演成像问题.我们采用了Born近似方法和重加权正则化共轭梯度法(RRCG)算法.数值计算的结果表明Born近似是一种有效的井地电法三维快速反演方法,同时也说明井地电法监测油水前驱和储层边界预测的观测数据可以用该方法进行快速三维反演成像.     

井间地震逆高斯束共反射点叠加成像（英文）

为了解决地下复杂微小构造的精细勘探问题,使用基于高斯射线束理论的逆高斯束叠加成像方法对井间地震反射波进行成像研究。井间地震常规射线类叠加成像方法由于覆盖次数受到限制,构造复杂区精细成像质量欠佳,而以波动方程为基础的井间地震偏移方法的成像时效性不高。本文方法借鉴高斯束合成地震记录的思想,将共炮集地震数据逆高斯束分解成共反射点道集数据,然后选取合适的面元进行共反射面元数据叠加,实现了井间地震逆高斯射线束共反射点叠加。与传统的VSP-CDP叠加成像方法相比,成像范围更加广泛,且适应复杂地质构造。该方法不仅能够对二维井间地震勘探资料进行成像,针对三维井间地震资料采用基于宽线处理思路的逆高斯束叠加成像方法仍可以处理复杂构造及斜井成像问题。理论模型及实际资料试算验证了本文研究方法的有效性与稳健性。     

基于不等式约束的三维电阻率探测混合反演方法

三维电阻率探测的线性反演和非线性反演中均存在着多解性的固有难题.电阻率线性反演方法的效率较高,但反演结果对初始模型的依赖性较强,易陷入局部极小;而非线性反演方法不依赖初始模型,但搜索效率极低,尚未见到关于三维电阻率非线性反演的文献.针对上述问题,融合线性与非线性反演方法的互补优势,提出了最小二乘法(线性方法)与改进遗传算法(非线性方法)相结合的混合反演方法的概念和思想.首先,提出了将介质电阻率变化范围作为不等式约束引入反演方程的思路,以实现压制多解性、提高可靠性的目标.提出了宽松不等式约束和基于钻孔推断的局部严格不等式约束的获取及定义方法.在此基础上,分别提出了基于不等式约束的最小二乘线性反演方法和遗传算法非线性反演方法.其次,对于遗传算法在变异搜索方向控制、初始群体产生等方面进行了改进,优化了其搜索方向和初始群体多样性.然后,提出了混合反演方法及其实现方案,利用改进遗传算法进行第一阶段反演,发挥其对初始模型的依赖程度低的优势,搜索到最优解附近的空间,输出当前最优个体;利用最小二乘法进行第二阶段反演,将遗传算法得到的当前最优个体作为初始模型,在最优解附近空间执行高效率的局部线性搜索,最终实现地电结构的三维成像.最后,开展了合成数据与实际工程算例验证,与传统最小二乘方法进行了对比,发现混合反演方法在压制多解性、摆脱初始模型依赖和提高反演效果方面有较好效果.     

2D joint inversion of CSAMT and magnetic data based on cross-gradient theory

A two-dimensional forward and backward algorithm for the controlled-source audio-frequency magnetotelluric (CSAMT) method is developed to invert data in the entire region (near, transition, and far) and deal with the effects of artificial sources. First, a regularization factor is introduced in the 2D magnetic inversion, and the magnetic susceptibility is updated in logarithmic form so that the inversion magnetic susceptibility is always positive. Second, the joint inversion of the CSAMT and magnetic methods is completed with the introduction of the cross gradient. By searching for the weight of the cross-gradient term in the objective function, the mutual influence between two different physical properties at different locations are avoided. Model tests show that the joint inversion based on cross-gradient theory offers better results than the single-method inversion. The 2D forward and inverse algorithm for CSAMT with source can effectively deal with artificial sources and ensures the reliability of the final joint inversion algorithm.     

三维频率域航空电磁反演研究

航空电磁数据的三维解释由于数据量大需要有高效的反演算法作为支撑.本文利用两种目前主流的数值优化技术（非线性共轭梯度和有限内存的BFGS法）实现了三维频率域航空电磁反演,并进一步比较了两种方法的有效性和运算效率.在反演过程中,为了更好地反演异常体的空间位置,模型方差矩阵中的光滑系数在反演起始阶段取值较大;当数据拟合差下降趋于平缓时,再利用较小的光滑因子约束反演过程来实现聚焦和获得精确的反演结果.理论数据反演表明这两种优化策略具有相似的内存需求,但是有限内存的BFGS技术比非线性共轭梯度法在计算时间和模型反演分辨率上具有一定的优越性,因此有限内存BFGS法更适合于求解大规模三维反演问题. 模型试验进一步表明目前主流的迭代法求解技术不适合大规模航空电磁数据反演,未来移动平台多源电磁数据快速正反演可通过引入矩阵分解技术来实现.     

三维地震与地面微地震联合校正方法

由于地面微地震监测台站布设在地表,会受到地表起伏、低降速带厚度和速度变化的影响,降低了微地震事件的识别准确度和定位精度,限制了地面微地震监测技术在复杂地表地区的应用.因此,将三维地震勘探技术的思路引入到地面微地震监测中,提出了三维地震与地面微地震联合校正方法,将油气勘探和开发技术更加紧密地结合在一起.根据三维地震数据和低降速带测量数据,通过约束层析反演方法建立精确的近地表速度模型,将地面微地震台站从起伏地表校正到高速层中的平滑基准面上,有效消除复杂近地表的影响.其次,根据射孔数据和声波测井速度信息,通过非线性反演方法建立最优速度模型,由于已经消除复杂近地表的影响,在进行速度模型优化时不需要考虑近地表的影响,因而建立的速度模型更加准确.最后,在精确速度模型的基础上,通过互相关方法求取剩余静校正量,进一步消除了复杂近地表和速度模型近似误差的影响.三维地震与地面微地震联合校正方法采用逐步校正的思路,能够有效消除复杂近地表的影响,提高微地震数据的品质和速度模型的精确度,保证了微地震事件的定位精度,具有良好的应用前景.     

3-D simultaneous inversion for velocity and reflector geometry using multiple classes of arrivals in a spherical coordinate frame

The two key requirements in conducting 3-D simultaneous traveltime tomography on real data at the regional and global scale with multiple classes of arrival time information are (1) it needs an efficient and accurate arrival tracking algorithm for multiply transmitted, reflected (or refracted) and converted waves in a 3-D variable velocity model with embedded velocity discontinuities (or subsurface interfaces), and (2) a subdimensional inversion solver is required which can easily search for different types of model parameters to balance the trade-off between the different types of model parameter updated in the simultaneous inversion process. For these purposes, we first extend a popular grid/cell-based wavefront expanding ray tracing algorithm (the multistage irregular shortest-path ray tracing method), which previously worked only in Cartesian coordinate at the local scale, to spherical coordinates appropriate to the regional or global scale. We then incorporated a fashionable inversion solver (the subspace method) to formulate a simultaneous inversion algorithm, in which the multiple classes of arrivals (including direct and reflected arrivals from different velocity discontinuities) can be used to simultaneously update both the velocity fields and the reflector geometries. Numerical tests indicate that the new inversion method is both applicable and flexible in terms of computational efficiency and solution accuracy, and is not sensitive to a modest level of noise in the traveltime data. It offers several potential benefits over existing schemes for real data seismic imaging.     

Computations of secondary potential for 3D DC resistivity modelling using an incomplete Choleski conjugate-gradient method

An accurate and efficient 3D finite-difference (FD) forward algorithm for DC resistivity modelling is developed. In general, the most time-consuming part of FD calculation is to solve large sets of linear equations: Ax = b , where A is a large sparse band symmetric matrix. The direct method using complete Choleski decomposition is quite slow and requires much more computer storage. We have introduced a row-indexed sparse storage mode to store the coefficient matrix A and an incomplete Choleski conjugate-gradient (ICCG) method to solve the large linear systems. By taking advantage of the matrix symmetry and sparsity, the ICCG method converges much more quickly and requires much less computer storage. It takes approximately 15 s on a 533 MHz Pentium computer for a grid with 46 020 nodes, which is approximately 700 times faster than the direct method and 2.5 times faster than the symmetric successive over-relaxation (SSOR) conjugate-gradient method. Compared with 3D finite-element resistivity modelling with the improved ICCG solver, our algorithm is more efficient in terms of number of iterations and computer time. In addition, we solve for the secondary potential in 3D DC resistivity modelling by a simple manipulation of the FD equations. Two numerical examples of a two-layered model and a vertical contact show that the method can achieve much higher accuracy than solving for the total potential directly with the same grid nodes. In addition, a 3D cubic body is simulated, for which the dipole–dipole apparent resistivities agree well with the results obtained with the finite-element and integral-equation methods. In conclusion, the combination of several techniques provides a rapid and accurate 3D FD forward modelling method which is fundamental to 3D resistivity inversion.     

Nonlinear response estimates of RC frames using linear analysis of SDOF systems

An approximate‐simple method for nonlinear response estimates of reinforced concrete frames subjected to near‐field and far‐field records is presented in this paper. The approximate method is based on equivalent single‐degree‐of‐freedom and linear multi‐degree‐of‐freedom models. In this procedure, the nonlinear maximum roof displacement is estimated using an effective period factor and elastic response spectrum with an equivalent damping. The effective period factor was proposed for far‐field and near‐field ground motion records. For regions of high seismicity, the maximum roof displacement can be estimated by applying an effective period factor of 2.3 and 2.1 for near‐field and far‐field records, respectively, and 9% damped displacement response spectrum. For regions of moderate seismicity, a lower effective period factor of 1.9 and 1.8, for near‐field and far‐field records, respectively, can be applied to estimate the maximum roof displacement. A relationship between linear and nonlinear response of multi‐degree‐of‐freedom systems was also proposed to obtain estimates of the maximum inter‐story drift of nonlinear responding reinforced concrete frames. In addition, the effects of number of ground motion records used in the analyses on the scatters of results were investigated. The required number of ground motions to produce a reliable response was proposed. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

非线性层析反演速度建模技术

深度速度模型的构建仍然是地震成像中的巨大挑战,获得一个精确的深度速度模型和减少深度成像项目周期都是至关重要的。常规层析反演速度建模每次迭代相当于一次线性反演,且需要重新的拾取工作,导致非常耗时,效率低下。本文提出非线性层析反演速度建模技术来建立速度模型。拾取共成像点道集的RMO量,转换到叠前域,作为运动学不变量,通过层析反演迭代进行模型更新。用一个多次的线性反演来逼近一个非线性的物理过程,避免重复的拾取工作,大大提高项目的运转效率。通过实例证明该方法的有效性。      

Multistep inversion workflow for 3D long‐offset damped elastic waves in the Fourier domain

We present a new workflow for imaging damped three‐dimensional elastic wavefields in the Fourier domain. The workflow employs a multiscale imaging approach, in which offset lengths are laddered, where frequency content and damping of the data are changed cyclically. Thus, the inversion process is launched using short‐offset and low‐frequency data to recover the long spatial wavelength of the image at a shallow depth. Increasing frequency and offset length leads to the recovery of the fine‐scale features of the model at greater depths. For the fixed offset, we employ (in the imaging process) a few discrete frequencies with a set of Laplace damping parameters. The forward problem is solved with a finite‐difference frequency‐domain method based on a massively parallel iterative solver. The inversion code is based upon the solution of a least squares optimisation problem and is solved using a nonlinear gradient method. It is fully parallelised for distributed memory computational platforms. Our full‐waveform inversion workflow is applied to the 3D Marmousi‐2 and SEG/EAGE Salt models with long‐offset data. The maximum inverted frequencies are 6 Hz for the Marmousi model and 2 Hz for the SEG/EAGE Salt model. The detailed structures are imaged successfully up to the depth approximately equal to one‐third of the maximum offset length at a resolution consistent with the inverted frequencies.     

Full waveform inversion using oriented time‐domain imaging method for vertical transverse isotropic media

Full waveform inversion for reflection events is limited by its linearised update requirements given by a process equivalent to migration. Unless the background velocity model is reasonably accurate, the resulting gradient can have an inaccurate update direction leading the inversion to converge what we refer to as local minima of the objective function. In our approach, we consider mild lateral variation in the model and, thus, use a gradient given by the oriented time‐domain imaging method. Specifically, we apply the oriented time‐domain imaging on the data residual to obtain the geometrical features of the velocity perturbation. After updating the model in the time domain, we convert the perturbation from the time domain to depth using the average velocity. Considering density is constant, we can expand the conventional 1D impedance inversion method to two‐dimensional or three‐dimensional velocity inversion within the process of full waveform inversion. This method is not only capable of inverting for velocity, but it is also capable of retrieving anisotropic parameters relying on linearised representations of the reflection response. To eliminate the crosstalk artifacts between different parameters, we utilise what we consider being an optimal parametrisation for this step. To do so, we extend the prestack time‐domain migration image in incident angle dimension to incorporate angular dependence needed by the multiparameter inversion. For simple models, this approach provides an efficient and stable way to do full waveform inversion or modified seismic inversion and makes the anisotropic inversion more practicable. The proposed method still needs kinematically accurate initial models since it only recovers the high‐wavenumber part as conventional full waveform inversion method does. Results on synthetic data of isotropic and anisotropic cases illustrate the benefits and limitations of this method.