微米线结构表面的过冷流动沸腾实验研究

以去离子水为工质,配合高速摄像观测,研究了截面为0.5 mm×5 mm的微细窄矩形通道内氧化锌微米线结构表面的竖直流动过冷沸腾。流量范围200~400 kg·m^-2·s^-1,过冷度为10 K,热流密度最高为200 kW·m^-2。分析了不同工况下过冷沸腾的沸腾曲线、平均换热系数、局部换热系数和流型特征。     

超临界CO2在螺旋槽管式换热器中的冷却换热

为了研究超临界CO₂(SCO₂)在螺旋槽管式换热器中的冷却换热特性,采用数值模拟方法对比研究了不同热流密度下,SCO₂在不同通道内流动时冷却换热系数和湍流动能。为了更合理地评价各工况下冷却换热的综合性能,从压降和传热系数角度,提出一个综合评价因子EF。研究结果表明：在SCO₂进行冷却换热时,其换热系数主要受定压比热容和湍流动能的影响。当SCO₂在内管通道内流动时,换热系数低,但压降更小,故综合评价因子EF较大。同时,在所研究工况中,存在最佳热流密度值为-40 000 W/m²,使EF达到最大值2.001 26,此时SCO₂冷却换热综合性能最优。     

R410A在水平内螺纹管中沸腾换热实验研究

对于非共沸混合制冷剂R410A在外径9.52mm、5mm的两种不同的几何参数的内螺纹的流动沸腾换热进行了实验研究,分析讨论了制冷剂质量流速、管外水流量变化、强化管的参数、强化管的压降对换热系数影响以及其机理。试验的结果表明:换热系数随着流量的增大而增大,管径的大小对换热系数的影响较大,在相同的流量下,9.52mm的换热系数比5mm的大到110%~230%,5mm管的压降比9.52mm的大200%~300%。     

超临界CO2-DME混合物竖直圆管内传热特性数值研究

本文采用RNG k-ε湍流模型对超临界CO₂/DME(二甲醚)二元混合工质在竖直圆管内的传热特性进行了数值模拟研究。管径4 mm,管长为1000 mm;CO₂/DME浓度配比分别为97/3、95/5、92/8、90/10、85/15、以及70/30;质量流速为125~200 kg·m^-2.s^-1;热流密度为15~30 kW.m^-2,入口温度295~308 K,入口压力8~15 MPa。不同浓度配比的混合工质在各自临界压力下应用时,随着DME浓度的增加,换热系数的峰值逐渐减低,但在温度大于310 K时混合工质的换热系数会高于纯CO₂。压力相同时,随着DME浓度的增大,拟临界温度升高,换热系数峰值点也随之向温度升高的方向移动。混合工质的换热系数随质量流速的增大而增大。在拟临界点前,增大热流密度及降低压力对管内传热有利,而在拟临界点之后,换热系数随热流密度的升高以及压力的降低而降低。     

内螺纹管流动沸腾气泡行为及换热特性研究

为探究内螺纹管流动沸腾过程中的气泡行为及其对换热的影响机理,采用VOF模型(Volume of Fluid Model)及相变模型对工质在小尺寸水平内螺纹管中的流动沸腾过程进行二维非稳态数值模拟。获得了不同质量流速下工质在管道内的气相分布以及管壁不同位置处的温度、换热系数。分析了内螺纹管流动沸腾过程中的气泡行为特点以及不同气泡行为对换热性能的影响。研究表明:在内螺纹管中随着质量流速的增加,管内含气率降低,平均换热系数增大。管壁面上气泡的滑移、长大行为会削弱对流换热,而近壁面气泡的聚并行为会增强对流换热。     

烧结型涂层管内R410A流动沸腾换热实验研究

文实验研究了制冷剂R410A在长1.3 m,内径4 mm的不锈钢光管和不锈钢烧结多孔涂层管内的流动沸腾换热与压降特性。实验饱和温度为10℃,进出口干度变化范围从0.1至0.9,质量流速变化范围为270～620 kg·m~(-2)·s~(-1)。实验结果表明:在进出口干度固定在0.1和0.9的工况下,烧结涂层管的流动沸腾换热系数随着质量流速的增加而降低,但是光管的1.2至1.5倍;分别固定质量流速为350和450 kg·m~(-2)·s~(-1),进出口干度差值维持在0.2时,烧结涂层管和光管的换热系数均随着干度增加先增加后急剧下降。在此工况下,烧结涂层管的流动沸腾综合强化效果是光管的2.11至3.58倍,并在高干度区域达到最大值。     

R32在微细光管内流动沸腾的数值研究

利用Mixture多相流模型对R32在2 mm水平微细光管内流动沸腾进行了三维稳态数值模拟。模拟的工况范围为:质量流速200~400 kg/(m~2s),热流密度10~40 kW/m~2,饱和温度15~20℃。结果表明:质量流速的增加消弱了重力对两相分布的影响;热流密度的增加强化了壁面附近的核态沸腾。数值模拟的换热系数和压降与实验结果的平均偏差分别为11.3%和-1.1%。     

构形树状小通道内的流动沸腾换热特性

本文建立了构形树状小通道内流动沸腾换热模型,数值研究了树状通道网络内的流动沸腾换热特性,并与具有相同换热面积、入口直径的蛇形通道就泵功消耗、流动沸腾压降、通道温度变化和热有效性等指标进行了性能对比分析。研究表明,与蛇形通道相比,构形通道具有流动沸腾压降、泵功消耗小的优势,且其温度均匀性、热有效性也均优于蛇形通道。当热流密度为20 W/cm~2时,构形树状通道内流体的泵功消耗约为蛇形通道的一半,其热有效性为蛇形通道的1.9倍。     

烧结电镀强浸润管壁结构强化R245fa流动沸腾特性的实验研究

实验研究了有机工质R245fa在内径为10 mm的不锈钢光管和烧结电镀多尺度镀层强化管内的流动沸腾传热特性。实验工况为：饱和压力0.6 MPa，质量流速189.3～708.14 kg·s^-1·m^-2，热流密度4.94～44.74 k W·m^-2，干度0.01～0.9。实验结果表明：实验条件下观测到分层流与环状流两种流型，发现管内多尺度强浸润镀层能够促进环状流的转变提前。与光管相比，烧结电镀多尺度镀层强化管具有明显的强化沸腾换热的效果，其传热强化因子平均为1.87，最大强化效果为3.15。随着热流密度以及干度的增大，传热强化因子先增加后降低。流型可视化对比发现，强化管壁面的强润湿性促进上壁面液相吸附以及快速再浸润，对流动沸腾换热具有积极作用。     

基于纳米磁流体微通道内流动换热性能研究

为探究磁场强度和肋片高度对微通道内Fe₃O₄-H₂O纳米磁流体流动换热性能的影响,采用数值模拟的方法,以开放式间断微通道热沉为研究对象,在雷诺数为200到500之间展开数值模拟研究,模拟微通道内流体工质流动换热过程。结果表明：进出口压降随雷诺数的增大而增大,且随着磁场强度的增大,压降的增大趋势愈显著;微通道的换热性能随着磁场强度的增大,呈现出先增大后减小的趋势;通过增加肋片高度,可以有效的提高热沉的传热性能。研究发现,开放型微通道综合换热性能优于封闭型,在所研究的参数范围内,微通道肋片高度达到0.9 mm时,综合换热性能和均温性最佳。     

Experimental investigation of heat transfer and friction coefficient of the water/graphene oxide nanofluid in a pipe containing twisted tape inserts under air cross-flow

The water/graphene oxide nanofluid effect in a pipe equipped by twisted tape inserts under air cross-flow is investigated and the optimal tape geometry is determined. The range of internal and external Reynolds numbers are: 3800<Re_o<21500 and 550<Re_i<2000. Heat transfer and pressure drop increase by increasing Re and inserts width and heat transfer performance coefficient increased up to 1.4, indicating enhanced heat transfer compared to undesirable pressure drop. On the other hand, the heat transfer coefficient is 26% higher when compared with water in a plain tube. According to the results, this method is a good alternative in heat exchangers.     

Experimental investigation on thermal-hydraulic characteristics of a tube equipped with modified vortex-generator inserts

The heat transfer, pressure drop, and overall performance specification of a straight circular tube fitted with vortex-generator inserts are investigated experimentally. To modify the thermal-hydraulic performance, the longitudinal spacing of winglets is varied along the flow direction. The experiments are performed in the turbulent regime (7,470 ≤ Re ≤ 18,670). Good agreement is obtained when the results are compared and validated with previous correlations proposed for the plain tube. The results show that the use of vortex-generator inserts inside the tube yields a higher heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop than the plain tube, and these parameters augment with increasing the number of winglets. The effect of variation of longitudinal spacing of winglets along the vortex-generator inserts on the heat transfer coefficient is higher that the pressure drop. It is also detected that the variation of this parameter affects each arrangement of winglets exclusively.     

Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop Characteristics in Turbulent Flow Through a Tube

An experimental investigation has been carried out for turbulent flow through a tube with perforated strip inserts. Strips were of mild steels with circular holes of different diameters. Flow varies, with ranging Reynolds numbers from 15,000 to 47,000. Air velocity, tube wall temperatures, and pressure drops were measured for a plain and strip-inserted tube. The heat transfer coefficient and friction factor were found to be 2.80 times and 1.8 times, respectively, that of the plain tube. The heat transfer performance was evaluated and found to be 2.3 times that of the plain tube based on constant blower power.     

超临界CO2-丙烷混合物管内传热特性数值研究

采用SST k-w湍流模型对超临界CO₂/丙烷混合工质水平管内的传热特性进行数值模拟研究。管径d=4 mm,加热段L₂=800 mm;混合工质浓度配比为100/0、95/5、90/10、85/15、80/20、75/25;质量流速为150～250 kg·m^?2·s^?1;热流密度为30～40 kW·m^?2,入口温度293 K,入口压力7.5～30 MPa。随着丙烷浓度的增加,CO₂/丙烷二元混合工质的临界压力降低,临界温度升高,丙烷浓度从5%增加到25%,换热系数峰值降低6.19%～31.45%,但增加丙烷浓度可提高拟临界温度后的换热效果。P=7.5～8.5 MPa,换热系数有明显峰值;P=20～30 MPa,换热系数变化规律无明显峰值,并随压力的升高而减小。混合工质的换热系数随质量流速的增大而增大。同一流体温度所对应的换热系数,随着热流密度的增加而减小。     

低不凝性气体含量下水平螺旋扁管管束中的沸腾换热实验研究

以汽油和空气为工质,在低质量含气率的条件下,对导程分别为100 mm和150 mm的螺旋扁管管束外的沸腾换热进行了实验研究。得到了沸腾换热系数随质量含气率变化的基本规律。在不凝性气体含量较低的情况下沸腾换热系数随质量含气率的增加而增加;当继续增加不凝性气体时,沸腾换热系数受到了一定的抑制。采用渐进逼近模型给出了低含气率条件下的沸腾换热系数准则方程。将用准则方程计算的三种流量下的两相沸腾换热系数与实验处理值进行比较,误差均在6%以内。     

INFLUENCE OF FLUID FLOW ON NUCLEATE BOILING FROM A TUBE

Abstract

The mechanisms of nucleate boiling on the outside of a horizontal tube differ fundamentally from those on a flat plate. In this experimental work the variation of heat transfer coefficient around the periphery of a tube is measured with the aim of clarifying these mechanisms. A specially designed tube is used in which local variations are not masked by conduction through the metal surface. The tube diameter is 27 mm, and the working fluid is R113 under saturated conditions at 1 atm.

When there is no imposed velocity the peripheral variations are typically 10–20% with the maximum heat transfer coefficient at the base of the tube. At very low velocity of upward flow ( ? 0.1 m/s) there is a marked change in the variation, with the maximum coefficient occurring at a point about 70° from the base. At higher velocities there is a slight increase in angle to the maximum point with maximum peripheral variations in heat transfer coefficient of around 25%.

The variations are explained in terms of nucleate boiling at the base and top and flow boiling at the sides. The thin layer of two-phase bubbly flow at the sides leads to the predominance of heat transfer caused by sliding bubbles aver other mechanisms in this region. The complex mix of mechanisms involved in boiling on tubes implies an inherent limit to the accuracy of predictive correlations.     

管道连接装配型ITER增强热负荷第一壁的热工水力分析

对管道连接装配型ITER增强热负荷第一壁(EHF FW)的标准手指对、边缘手指对及中心梁(CB)开展了热工水力分析.分析结果显示流速分布合理,低于1m·s-1或高于10m·s-1的区域非常小;手指对间的流量分配较合理;整个第一壁的压降为0.351MPa,小于0.4MPa的限定值;在8个循环周期内CB最高温度为409.2...     

Heat transfer behaviour of nanofluids in a uniformly heated circular tube fitted with helical inserts in laminar flow

The CFD simulation of heat transfer characteristics of a nanofluid in a circular tube fitted with helical twist inserts under constant heat flux has been explained using Fluent version 6.3.26 in laminar flow. Al₂O₃ nanoparticles in water of 0.5%, 1.0% and 1.5% concentrations and helical twist inserts of twist ratios 2.93, 3.91 and 4.89 has been used for the simulation. All thermophysical properties of nanofluids are temperature dependent. The heat transfer enhancement increases with Reynolds number and decreases with twist ratio with maximum for the twist ratio 2.93. By comparing the heat transfer rates of water and nanofluids, the increase in Nusselt number is 5%–31% for different helical inserts and different volume concentrations. The maximum heat transfer enhancement is 31.29% for helical insert of twist ratio 2.93 and for the volume concentration of 1.5% corresponding to the Reynolds number of 2039. The data obtained by simulation match with the literature value of water with the discrepancy of less than ±10% for plain tube and tube fitted with helical tape inserts for Nusselt number.