2，4-D二甲胺盐对草鱼、鲢鱼和鲫鱼的急性毒性

【背景】2,4-D二甲胺盐是一种选择内吸性除草剂,用于清除果园、牧场、水域等环境中的藜、苋等阔叶杂草。本文明确了2,4-D二甲胺盐在防除鱼塘杂草过程中对淡水鱼类的毒性。【方法】采用半静态法测试了2,4-D二甲胺盐对草鱼、鲢鱼和鲫鱼的急性毒性,并明确了2,4-D二甲胺盐对草鱼、鲢鱼和鲫鱼的安全浓度。【结果】随着供试鱼苗在药液中暴露时间的延长,LC50。值逐渐减小。2,4-D二甲胺盐对草鱼、鲢鱼和鲫鱼的96hLC50值分别为369．27、339．20和438．47mg·L^-1。2,4-D二甲胺盐对草鱼、鲢鱼和鲫鱼的安全浓度分别为36．93、33．92和43．85mg·L^-1。【结论与意义】2,4-D二甲胺盐对草鱼、鲢鱼和鲫鱼表现低毒。本研究为合理使用2,4一D二甲胺盐防除水生杂草提供了依据。     

除草剂2,4-D特异性多克隆抗体的制备及鉴定

目的是制备特异性的2,4-D多克隆抗体.用活性酯和混合酸酐法将半抗原2,4-D分别与牛血清白蛋白(BSA)和卵清蛋白(OVA)共价偶联;以2,4-D-BSA作免疫原免疫两只新西兰白兔;以2,4-D-OVA包被96孔酶标板,用间接酶联免疫吸附分析(ELISA)法检测抗血清效价和竞争性ELISA法检测2,4-D.结果显示2,4-D与BSA和OVA的偶联比率分别为32∶1和18∶1,抗血清效价＞6.4×105,在优化条件下2,4-D的最低检测限达37ng/mL.实验成功地制备了2,4-D特异性多克隆抗体,为其ELISA方法的建立提供了条件.     

除草剂草甘膦异丙胺盐水剂对中华大蟾蜍心电活动的影响

采用生物信号采集处理系统对草甘膦异丙胺盐胁迫条件下中华大蟾蜍(BufogargarizansCantor)的心率和心电活动的相关指标进行了测定和分析。不同浓度的草甘膦异丙胺盐溶液被喷施到中华大蟾蜍的体表,由皮肤进入体内而作用于心脏。试验结果表明:随着草甘膦异丙胺盐处理浓度的增大,中华大蟾蜍的心率减慢,心电图中P波、R波和T波的电压峰值降低,而P-R间期、QRS期和Q-T间期的时值延长。草甘膦异丙胺盐胁迫条件下,蟾蜍心率与心电图的各项指标有显著相关性,可用多元线性回归模型分别对蟾蜍心率与心电图中P、R、T波和P-R、QRS、Q-T间期的相关关系进行拟合。多元回归分析结果表明,蟾蜍心电图中Q-T间期值对心率的影响最大,可以推断草甘膦异丙胺盐主要是通过延长蟾蜍心电活动周期中Q-T间期时值即心室收缩期而延长心动周期,导致蟾蜍心率减慢。由此可见草甘膦异丙胺盐水剂的喷施对中华大蟾蜍心脏的电活动周期和机械活动周期均造成了一定影响。     

富营养化湖泊规模化种养的水葫芦与浮游藻类的相互影响

水葫芦(学名凤眼莲,Eichhornia crassipes Solms)是被公认为去除富营养化水体氮、磷效果较好的水生漂浮植物[1—3],也是目前生态修复工程中应用较广的水生漂浮植物[4]。随着《太湖流域控制性种养水葫芦技术规范》的出台,水葫芦安全控养模式在太湖流域的应用相对较为成熟。目前,研究者们对于水葫芦应用的顾虑由最初的影响     

除草剂及抗除草剂作物的应用现状与展望

除草剂、抗除草剂作物的应用大大提高了农田除草效率,具有巨大的经济效益.介绍除草剂的种类、作用特点及应用现状,阐述现有抗除草剂作物的类型、研究进展及应用概况,分析除草剂及抗除草剂作物种植所产生的直接和间接影响,探讨未来抗除草剂作物的发展趋势与应用展望.     

水葫芦苗的组织培养与快速繁殖

1植物名称 水葫芦苗[Halerpestes sarmentosa（Adams）Kom．]（傅立国等2000）。 2材料类别 顶芽和带腋芽茎段。 3培养条件 基本培养基为加入0．05％内生菌型抑菌剂“山农一号”的MS培养基。     

一种适合稻水象甲双向电泳的蛋白质提取方法

【背景】蛋白样品制备是2-DE蛋白组学研究的关键步骤,无杂质、高纯度的蛋白样品是获得良好的2-DE结果的基础。选择合适于昆虫蛋白组学研究的常规蛋白提取方法是2-DE研究的前提。【方法】通过饱和酚法和TCA-丙酮法提取稻水象甲成虫总蛋白,比较2种方法的优缺点,以回避昆虫组织蛋白提取时可能出现的问题。【结果】TCA-丙酮法的蛋白质产率(14.55μg·mg-1)显著高于饱和酚法(9.30μg·mg-1),2种方法获得的SDS-PAGE条带结果相近,且高丰度表达蛋白在TCA-丙酮中更高表达;饱和酚的2-DE图谱蛋白点清晰,TCA-丙酮法2-DE图谱蛋白点规则但背景模糊,出现多条横纹。【结论与意义】饱和酚法适合稻水象甲成虫蛋白组学的研究。这2种方法也能适用于其他昆虫,但不同的昆虫体内有不同的干扰组分来干扰蛋白质的提取,所以获得的蛋白纯度及提取得率可能并不一样。试验结果说明了2种蛋白提取方法对2-DE研究的影响,并为稻水象甲成虫的蛋白组学研究提供了一定的参考依据。     

2,4-D诱发小麦根瘤及引导根瘤菌进入小麦根瘤细胞的研究

本文通过水培和砂培的冬小麦(丰抗8号),研究用2,4-D处理并接种慢生型大豆根瘤菌61A76(Bradyrhizobium japonicum 61A76)和快生型沙打旺根瘤菌16(Rhitobium sp. astrugllus16),诱发小麦形成含菌根瘤的可能性。结果表明2,4-D可诱发小麦根系产生瘤状结构,此瘤状结构起始于根中柱鞘,2,4-D刺激小麦根瘤细胞的DNA合成,根瘤细胞的核及DNA含量约为正常根部的二倍,2,4-D能引导上述两种根瘤菌进入小麦根瘤细胞并大量繁殖,进入根瘤细咆的根瘤菌其形态有些变化,内含聚β—羟丁酸颗粒,有些菌体被膜囊包围。从接种大豆根瘤菌的小麦根瘤内分离出一株根瘤菌,经镜检、血清学及回接大豆试验证明为原接种的大豆根瘤菌株。     

2,4-D浓度对花生体细胞胚发生的影响

选用丰花2号、鲁花11和农大818三个花生品种的胚小叶为外植体,在MSB培养基中分别添加不同浓度的2,4-D(1、5、10、15、20ms／L)作为诱导培养基,以MSB为继代培养基,研究2,4-D浓度对花生体细胞胚胎发生的影响。结果表明：2,4-D浓度对花生胚小叶脱分化及再分化有显著影响,低浓度的2,4-D对外植体脱分化有利,而较高浓度对再分化有利,诱导体细胞胚的最适2,4-D浓度为15mg／L。不同品种的体细胞胚诱导频率存在差异,丰花2号和农大818比鲁花11的体细胞胚诱导频率高;且丰花2号的成苗能力较强,在MSB培养基上即可成苗,鲁花11及农大818成苗能力较差。     

2,4-D诱导固氮螺菌和慢生型大豆根瘤菌在小麦上的结瘤作用及其效果

分别在水培和砂培条件下进行了2,4-D诱导固氮螺菌和慢生型大豆根瘤菌在小麦根上的结瘤试验,结果表明2,4-D能诱发它们在小麦根系上形成“类根瘤”,扫描电镜结果证明只有个别细菌进入小麦根瘤细胞内,在细胞间隙有较多的细菌。用乙炔还原法仅检测到接种大豆根瘤菌的小麦根瘤有微量的固氮酶活性,但在盆栽植株的生长方面,看不到2,4-D,2,4-D+固氮螺菌或2,4-D+根瘤菌对小麦生长的促进作用。     

Observations on the effect of the weevils Neochetina eichhorniae Warner and Neochetina bruchi Hustache on the growth of water hyacinth

Water hyacinth Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms. is an aquatic weed that infests most of the White Nile system in the Sudan. Serious economical and ecological problems are caused by this weed. The two weevils Neochetina eichhorniae and Neochetina bruchi were imported and released in an attempted biological control against the weed. The adults of these weevils attack the plant and feed by removing tissues from the leaf pseudolamina and petioles. The larvae tunnel inside the petioles and the crown. The optimum temperature for feeding and development of both species is 25° C. Results obtained from stocking hyacinth plants with adults and larvae of both species separately revealed that N. bruchi is more efficient in checking the growth of the plant. The progeny of a pair of N. bruchi and N. eichhorniae reared separately on 41 hyacinth plants for a period of 61 days (one generation period) reduced their population growth by 25.4% and 12.7% respectively. The progeny of both species in a mixed culture reduced the growth of the plants by 22.5% in the same period, while in the control the population of the plants increased 136.6%.     

Structural features of a polysaccharide from the mucin of water hyacinth

The mucin found in the nodal region of the weed, water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes), is a heteropolysaccharide composed of d-xylose, l-galactose and l-arabinose in the mol ratio of 1.3:1.2:1.0. Partial hydrolysis with acid gave four oligosaccharides which were characterized as: d-Xylp-(1 → 3)-l-Ara, l-Galp-(1 -→ 2)-l-Ara, d-Xylp-(1 → 3)-l-Galp-(1 → 2)-l-Ara, and d-Xylp-(1 → 2)-d-Xylp-(1 → 3)-l-Galp-(1 → 2)-l-Ara. These, together with the results of methylation analysis using GC and GC/MS and periodate oxidation, indicated that the trisaccharide repeating unit, → 4)-d-Xylp-(1 → 3)-l-Galp-(1 → 2)-l-Araf-(1 →, constitutes the backbone of the polysaccharide. Further, all the d-xylopyranosyl residues of the backbone are substituted at O-2 and, in addition, one out of seven such residues is also substituted at O-3; the substituents being l-Araf-(1 →, d-Xylp-(1 →, l-Galp-(1 →, d-Xylp-(1 → 3)-l-Araf-(1 →, residues.     

Impacts of a sub-lethal dose of glyphosate on water hyacinth nutrients and its indirect effects on Neochetina weevils

A sub-lethal dose of a herbicide under field conditions was applied to determine if it stimulates an increase in water hyacinth nutrients, thereby increasing feeding intensity by Neochetina spp. weevils used as biocontrol agents of the weed. Nitrogen (N) and carbon (C) were measured and compared between sprayed plants and control plants. At one site (Delta Park), N levels were lower in the sprayed plants compared to the control plants both in the leaves and the crown. At the second site (Farm Dam), leaf N was also lower in the sprayed plants than in the control plants, while no difference was found in crown N. Mean number of feeding scars per cm² at Delta Park was significantly higher on the sprayed plants compared to the control plants, while no significant difference was found at Farm Dam. At Delta Park, there was no correlation, however, between the number of weevil feeding scars and leaf N or C:N ratio in sprayed plants. In conclusion, the sub-lethal dose of glyphosate did not directly result in an increase in weevil feeding intensity but it can be recommended in an integrated control system to retard water hyacinth growth while conserving the weevil population.     

水葫芦黑斑病菌Alternaria alternata的生物学特性研究

在不同试验条件下培养水葫芦黑斑病菌Alternaria alternata菌株,探讨其主要的生物学特性,结果表明：该菌株生长的最佳培养基为PSA,最佳C源为葡萄糖,弱碱性和中性N源对该菌菌丝生长具有明显的促进作用,而酸性N源对其具有抑制作用。菌株生长的最佳pH值为pH7,最适温度为27℃。湿度越大,对菌株生长越有利。     

Distribution of cytokinin-like activity in different plant parts of the water hyacinth, Eichhornia crassipes

Cytokinin-like activity in extracts of leaf laminae, petioles, shoots, roots and flowers of young plants of the water hyacinth, Eichhornia crassipes S. was analyzed following Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography using the soybean callus bioassay. In all plant parts analyzed, two prominent peaks of cytokinin activity having elution volumes similar to zeatin and zeatin riboside were detected. Putative cytokinin gluco-side-like activity was detected only in leaves and flowers. The cytokinin complements of the leaves and the roots were qualitatively different. It would appear that cytokinins supplied by the roots are metabolized in the leaves or certain cytokinins are synthesized in the leaves themselves. The possible significance and distribution of cytokinins in different plant parts in relation to roots is discussed.     

Effects of 2,4-D on mature and juvenile plants of water hyacinth (Eichornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms)

The effects of various concentrations of the herbicide 2,4-D were investigated on two vegetative forms of water hyacinth including juvenile and mature forms. The results obtained suggest that efficient chemical control of water hyacinth may be best applied at the early stages of vegetative development of the water hyacinth, i.e. at the juvenile phase. This would require the use of 2,4-D at a concentration of 60 000 ppm (2.2 kg/ ha) which equals to half the rate of 2,4-D normally used for control of water hyacinth in the Sudan. The lower rate of 2,4-D not only means a considerable reduction in quantity and cost of the consumed herbicide but also a substantial minimisation in the level at which pollution may build up in the White Nile of the Sudan.     

Threat of water hyacinth resurgence after a successful biological control program

The aquatic weed, water hyacinth, Eichhornia crassipes, has caused serious socio-economic, industrial and domestic problems in Uganda and indeed the entire East Africa region. Control measures included the use of herbicides (in trials only), mechanical removal and biological control. Five years after the introduction of the weevils, Neochetina bruchi and Neochetina eichhorniae, the weed biomass was reduced to an insignificant level. There have been recent reports of a resurgence in the growth of the weed on Lakes Victoria, Albert and Kyoga. The significance of the successful control and apparent resurgence is discussed.     

Phytoremediation of mercury- and methyl mercury-contaminated sediments by water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes)

Phytoremediation has the potential for implementation at mercury- (Hg) and methylHg (MeHg)-contaminated sites. Water hyacinths (Eichhornia crassipes) were investigated for their ability to assimilate Hg and MeHg into plant biomass, in both aquatic and sediment-associated forms, over a 68-day hydroponic study. The suitability of E. crassipes to assimilate both Hg and MeHg was evaluated under differing phosphate (PO4) concentrations, light intensities, and sediment:aqueous phase contamination ratios. Because aquatic rhizospheres have the ability to enhance MeHg formation, the level of MeHg in water, sediment, and water hyacinth was also measured. Hg and MeHg were found to concentrate preferentially in the roots of E. crassipes with little translocation to the shoots or leaves of the plant, a result consistent with studies from similar macrophytes. Sediments were found to be the major sink for Hg as they were able to sequester Hg, making it non-bioavailable for water hyacinth uptake. An optimum PO4 concentration was observed for Hg and MeHg uptake. Increasing light intensity served to enhance the translocation of both Hg and MeHg from roots to shoots. Assimilation of Hg and MeHg into the biomass of water hyacinths represents a potential means for sustainable remediation of contaminated waters and sediments under the appropriate conditions.     

Mineral nutrient demands of the water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms) in the White Nile

The possibility that the stunted growth of the water hyacinth in Bahr el Ghazal river in Sudan is influenced by nutrient elements is considered. Greenhouse experiments were carried out to determine the effects of deficiency and mineral nutrient additions on the growth of this plant. The water hyacinth was found to grow at a wide range of nutrient levels. Maximum growth was recorded at 21 mg l^–1 N, 62 mg l^–1 P, and 0.60 mg l^–1 Fe.     

Kinetics of the pyrolytic and hydrothermal decomposition of water hyacinth

The kinetics of water hyacinth decomposition using pyrolysis and hydrothermal treatment was compared. With pyrolysis, initial vaporization occurred at 453 K as determined by thermogravimetric analysis, while initial solubilisation occurred at 433 K with subcritical hydrothermal treatment. The “kinetic triplet” was determined for the ranges of 423-483 K (range I) and 473-553 K (range II) using the Coats-Redfern method for both treatments. The calculated activation energies for ranges I and II were 110 and 116 kJ/mol for conventional pyrolysis and 145 and 90 kJ/mol for hydrothermal treatment. The similar activation energies for the two temperature ranges observed for pyrolysis implied that only hemicellulose decomposition occurred. For hydrothermal treatment, both hemicellulose and cellulose decomposition occurred in temperature range II, in which a notable lower activation energy was observed. This implied hydrothermal treatment was more suitable for conversion lignocellulosic biomass under these conditions.