乐果好氧降解菌的驯化和筛选

为了获得有效降解有机磷农药乐果的微生物，采用北京大兴黄村施用过乐果的土壤为菌源，以乐果作为唯一碳源和能源分离得到5株对乐果有一定降解能力的细菌。正交实验结果显示：降解菌在温度为40℃，pH值为9，NaCl浓度为0．5g／L条件下生长良好。     

一株乐果降解菌的筛选、鉴定及其降解特性研究

采用自制驯化装置,从土壤中分离纯化出一株能以乐果为单一碳源生长的菌株,命名为菌株LPx。根据生理生化特征和16S rRNA(GenBank Accession No.HM488993)基因序列分析,初步将该菌株鉴定为假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas sp.)。通过对其降解乐果特性研究,结果显示,菌株LPx降解乐果的最适pH为7.5、最适温度为30℃、最适接种量为10%(体积分数)。最适条件下,100 mg/L乐果可在120 h内基本被降解。菌株对乐果的降解属于高浓度底物抑制的酶促反应,vmax(不存在抑制剂时最大酶促反应速率)=0.734 d-1,km(米氏常数)=21.700 mg/L,k1(底物抑制系数)=259.215 mg/L。     

臭氧降解乐果机理研究

研究了臭氧对乐果的降解效果，并探讨了降解机理。考查了不同浓度的臭氧及不同的接触时间对乐果的降解情况。试验发现，当初始臭氧浓度为10mg／L时，乐果的降解在5min内就达到80％左右，延长反应时间，降解率无明显增加。通过添加重碳酸盐和叔丁醇，初步探讨了降解机理，实验表明，臭氧降解乐果是个分子臭氧反应。对处理后的水样进行GC-MS检测，发现了氧化乐果的存在，证实了臭氧处理不足的情况下会产生毒副产物。     

Oxone/紫外氧化降解水中有机磷农药氧乐果的研究

选择了氧乐果废水的处理工艺,重点探究了Oxone/紫外氧化降解氧乐果的影响因素。结果表明,Oxone/紫外氧化工艺氧化降解氧乐果优于自然光照、紫外光照、Oxone氧化等工艺。氧乐果初始质量浓度为10mg/L、pH=2.03、反应温度为35℃、10mmol/L Oxone试剂用量为1.0mL时,降解20min的氧乐果降解率可达99.8%。     

VUV/UV/Cl2工艺去除饮用水中的乐果

乐果是常规饮用水处理技术难以去除的一种典型有机磷农药。为了能够控制并去除饮用水中的农药残留,达到进一步净化水质的目的,建立了降解动力学模型,采用模拟降解饮用水中乐果的方法,对比了乐果在紫外(UV)、氯(Cl2)、紫外/氯(UV/Cl2)、真空紫外/紫外(VUV/UV)和真空紫外/紫外/氯(VUV/UV/Cl2)5种工艺下的去除效果,并考察了乐果初始浓度、Cl2投加量、溶液p H、水中共存天然有机物(NOM)和无机阴离子(N O_3~-、Cl-、HCO_3~-、SO_4~(2-))对VUV/UV/Cl2工艺降解乐果的影响。结果表明:VUV/UV/Cl2对乐果的降解效率最高,乐果的去除率随其初始浓度的增加而减小;适当增加Cl2投加量,可提高乐果的降解效率;提高p H有利于乐果的降解;NOM对乐果的降解有一定的抑制作用;水中共存无机阴离子NO_3~-、Cl-和HCO_3~-可以捕获反应体系中的强氧化性羟基自由基(HO·),对乐果的降解起到抑制作用,而SO_4~(2-)因其捕获HO·的速率很低,无抑制作用。     

一株降解乐果的高效菌的分离和鉴定

从乐果合成废水生化处理的活性污泥中分离出27株具有不同程度的降解乐果能力的好氧菌株。经降解功能测定试验,获得一株降解能力高的菌株(编号5724),24小时内,对乐果降解率达57％—58％。其主要特征为;细胞杆状,革兰氏阴性,直径0.7—1.2×1.4—4.2μm,具一根极生鞭毛,能运动,胞内有聚—β—羟基丁酸颗粒,葡萄糖的O/F测定产碱、氧化酶、接触酶均为阳性,甜菜碱不利用,明胶不液化,硝酸盐还原阳性,最适生长温度为30—35℃,3℃和41℃时生长极弱。48—52℃不生长,最适生长pH6.5—7,pH4以下不生长。按照上述特征,根据《伯杰氏细菌学鉴定手册》鉴定表,该菌株属类产碱假单胞菌(Pseudomonaspseudoalcaliges)。     

苯系物降解单菌间的协同耦合作用

针对BTEX降解混菌间协同耦合作用不明的问题,以稳定的BTEX降解混菌为研究对象,通过分离纯化,从混菌中分离得到的8株BTEX降解单菌,将对BTEX有降解效果和没有降解效果的单菌分别组合,采用摇瓶实验研究不同体系对BTEX的降解效果,试图找到单菌在BTEX降解过程中的作用,并探寻菌间的协同耦合作用。实验结果表明,B2、B4、B6单菌主要的作用是降解BTEX,并且B2菌可以解除B4菌和B6菌混合后对X降解的抑制,并提高了B、T和E的降解速率;B1、B3、B5、B7和B8单菌无BTEX降解功能,B1、B3和B5菌可能利用B、T和E降解过程中产生的代谢产物(各单菌没有降解能力,但在混菌中依然存在,推测单菌可以利用降解过程中产生的代谢产物),并从48 h开始降解B、T和E;B7、B8两株菌互相协同,共同完成对BTEX的降解。由优势菌群和非优势菌群组成的混合系统,促使有些没有降解功能的菌株混合后具有降解功能,还导致有些菌株混合后降解率和降解速率降低,对降解BTEX既有促进作用又有拮抗作用。混菌48 h对BTEX的总降解率为91.6%,说明一个稳定存在的天然混合群落,其内部菌种经过长期的优胜劣汰,保持了很高的降解率和降解速率。     

一株石油降解菌的活性炭纤维固定化研究

以活性炭纤维为固定化载体将一株石油降解菌固定化,对固定化后的与游离的石油降解菌的石油降解性能进行了研究.结果表明,石油降解菌固定化的最佳活性炭纤维用量为6.25 g/L;当石油培养基盐度为0～3.5%、pH为7、石油用量为5 g/L时,当石油培养基盐度为0、pH为4～10、石油用量为5 g/L时,当石油培养基盐度为0、pH为7、石油用量为1～13 g/L时,最佳活性炭纤维用量下的固定化后的石油降解菌对石油的平均去除率分别比游离的石油降解菌高30.2%、25.4%、23.2%;同一批固定化后的石油降解菌在连续4次的重复利用中,石油去除率均维持在69.1%以上.     

低温邻苯二甲酸二甲酯降解菌STX-2和STX-5的分离、鉴定及降解特性

在高海拔、低气温地区分离得到两株以邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMP)为碳源的菌株STX-2和STX-5。经鉴定,STX-2和STX-5分别为假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)和红球菌属(Rhodococcus)菌株。在单菌试验的基础上,对混菌降解DMP的条件进行了优化。结果表明,混菌在温度为15℃、初始pH为8、140r/min振荡培养72h的条件下,对1 000mg/L的DMP降解效果最好,4种表面活性剂并不能显著提高混菌降解DMP的效果。动力学试验表明,随着DMP初始浓度的增加,降解速度常数降低,半衰期变长。混菌对短链邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)降解效果较好,而对长链PAEs降解效果较差。     

氐温喹啉降解菌的筛选及降解性能

从吉林石化污水处理厂的活性污泥中驯化、筛选获得一株降解效率高且生长速率快高效耐冷菌,命名为WS-5。该菌能以喹啉作为惟一的碳源、氮源及能源。结合菌体的形态观察、生理生化特性实验及16SrDNA序列同源性对比分析,鉴定菌株WS-5为恶臭假单胞菌（Pseudomonasputida）。不同降解条件下的实验结果表明,菌株WS-5的最佳降解条件是投菌量为15％,pH值范围在8～10,摇床转速为100r／min。最佳降解环境下对200mg／L的喹啉在132h降解率达到了85．3％。菌株WS-5对初始喹啉浓度为50、100、200和300mg／L的初始喹啉浓度分别在36、72、192和262h内完全降解。这将为今后在低温条件下处理含喹啉废水提供技术指导。     

Chloroaromatic pollutants in mussels incubated in two finnish watercourses polluted by industry

Concentrations of different chlorinated compounds were measured in mussels incubated in two polluted watercourses, a river (the River Kymijoki) and a lake (Lake Vanaja) for four weeks in summer 1995. The sum concentrations of polychlorinated phenols (PCP) and biphenyls (PCB) were both about 1 μg/g lipid weight (lw) in Lake Vanaja mussels, while in the River Kymijoki mussels PCPs were non-detectable and PCBs were measured 120 ng/g lIw. The concentrations of toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners ranged between <17 and 370 pg/g Iw in Lake Vanaja mussels and between <38 and 11,000 pg/g lw in the River Kymijoki mussels. Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) were detected in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki (0.4–1.1 ng/g Iw), but not in those incubated in Lake Vanaja. Polychlorinated phenoxyanisoles (PCPA) were measured 33 ng/g lw and polychlorinated phenoxyphenols (PCPP) 300 ng/g lw in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki. PCPAs were also detected in reference samples, which were sediment and pike from the River Kymijoki and Baltic salmon, seal and white-tailed sea eagle.     

Book review

The Pesticide Manual ‐ A World Compendium, 8th Edition, C.R. Worthing, Editor and S.B. Walker, Assistant Editor, British Crop Protection Council, BCPC Publications Sales, Bear Farm, Binfield, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 5QE, England. 1987, 1100 pp., UK £50; Overseas £56. ISBN 0–948404–01–9.     

Organochlorine compounds in a three-step terrestrial food chain

The concentrations of 15 organochlorine chemicals (PCBs and pesticides) were studied in a Central European oak wood food chain system: Great tit (Parus major), caterpillars (Tortrix viridana, Operophtera brumata, Erannis defoliaria), and oak-leaves (Quercus robur). Juvenile tits receive organochlorines from the mother via egg transfer and, eventually to a greater extent, from the caterpillar food source during nestling period. The concentrations of PCB 153 (2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl, the most abundant in this study) was found in leaf material at ca. 1 ng/g, in caterpillars 10 ng/g, and in bird eggs 170 ng/g on an average and on a dry mass basis.     

The chemical stability of formulations of some hydrolyzable insecticides in aqueous mixtures with hydrolysis catalysts

Abstract

The active ingredients in commercial formulations of malathion, oxamyl, carbaryl, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos diluted to “spray tank”; concentrations with buffered distilled or natural water of pH 4–9 were stable for at least 24 hr. Formulations of trichlorfon were not stable at pH 7 or above but disappearance rates were slower than for the pure chemical in homogeneous solution. Cupric ion was observed to be an effective catalyst for the hydrolysis of a variety of pure organophosphorus insecticides but did not catalyze hydrolysis of the active ingredients of the formulations examined. Increasing the dilution of the formulation increased the susceptibility of malathion, oxamyl, and carbaryl to hydrolysis.     

Radionuclides in pinon pine (Pinus edulis) nuts from los alamos national laboratory lands and the dose from consumption

Abstract

One of the dominant tree species growing within and around the eastern portion of Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM, lands is the pinon pine (Pinus edulis). Pinon pine is used for firewood, fence posts, and building materials and is a source of nuts for food—the seeds are consumed by a wide variety of animals and are also gathered by people in the area and eaten raw or roasted. This study investigated the (1) concentration of ³H, ¹³⁷Cs, ⁹⁰Sr, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^{239, 240}Pu, and²⁴¹ Am in soils (0‐ to 12‐in. [31 cm] depth underneath the tree), pinon pine shoots (PPS), and pinon pine nuts (PPN) collected from LANL lands and regional background (BG) locations, (2) committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE) from the ingestion of nuts, and (3) soil to PPS to PPN concentration ratios (CRs). Most radionuclides, with the exception of ³H in soils, were not significantly higher (p < 0.10) in soils, PPS, and PPN collected from LANL as compared to BG locations, and concentrations of most radionuclides in PPN from LANL have decreased over time. The maximum net CEDE (the CEDE plus two sigma minus BG) at the most conservative ingestion rate (10 lb [4.5 kg]) was 0.0018 mrem (0.018 μSv); this is far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem (1000 μSv). Soil‐to‐nut CRs for most radionuclides were within the range of default values in the literature for common fruits and vegetables.     

Degradation and sorption of imidacloprid in dissimilar surface and subsurface soils

Degradation and sorption/desorption are important processes affecting the leaching of pesticides through soil. This research characterized the degradation and sorption of imidacloprid (1-[(6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)-methyl]-N-nitro-2-imidazolidinimine) in Drummer (silty clay loam) and Exeter (sandy loam) surface soils and their corresponding subsurface soils using sequential extraction methods over 400 days. By the end of the incubation, approximately 55% of imidacloprid applied at a rate of 1.0 mg kg^?1 degraded in the Exeter sandy loam surface and subsurface soils, compared to 40% of applied imidacloprid within 300 days in Drummer surface and subsurface soils. At the 0.1 mg kg^?1 application rate, dissipation was slower for all four soils. Water-extractable imidacloprid in Exeter surface soil decreased from 98% of applied at day 1 to > 70% of the imidacloprid remaining after 400 d, as compared to 55% in the Drummer surface soil at day 1 and 12% at day 400. These data suggest that imidacloprid was bioavailable to degrading soil microorganisms and sorption/desorption was not the limiting factor for biodegradation. In subsurface soils > 40% of ¹⁴C-benzoic acid was mineralized over 21 days, demonstrating an active microbial community. In contrast, cumulative ¹⁴CO₂ was less than 1.5% of applied ¹⁴C-imidacloprid in all soils over 400 d. Qualitative differences in the microbial communities appear to limit the degradation of imidacloprid in the subsurface soils.     

Biochemical interaction of six op delayed neurotoxicants with several neurotargets

Abstract

Five organophosphorous insecticides: Leptophos, EPN, Cyano‐fenphos, trichloronate and salithion proved to cause irreversible ataxia not only to chicken but also to mice and sheep. TOCP was included as a reference. Cyanofenphos blocked the catecholamine B‐receptor binding activity with ³H‐norepinephrine at a level similar to that of the specific inhibitor propranolol in the mouse heart preparation. In the lamb heart preparation, the B‐receptor was more sensitive to Leptophos, salithion and TOCP than to propranolol. The six compounds and their oxons were screened for their in‐vitro inhibition to monamine oxidase (MAO), acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) and neurotoxic esterase (NTE) in the brain of either mouse, lamb or chicken. It is believed that their AChE inhibition stands for their acute toxicity, while NTE inhibition is responsible for their paralytic ataxia.     

土壤中砷的化学平衡

本文比较详细地综述了砷的化学特性,环境背景值及来源和循环,土壤中砷的三大化学平衡即沉淀溶解平衡,氧化还原平衡,吸附解吸平衡,以及微生物对砷的转化。     

Elemental uptake by edible herbs and lettuce (Latuca sativa)

The total concentration of toxic elements (aluminum, cadmium, chromium and lead) and selected macro and micro elements (iron, manganese, copper and zinc) are reported in six leafy edible vegetation species, namely lettuce, spinach, cabbage, chards and green and red types of Amaranth herbs. Although spinach and chards had greater than 125 mv of iron, both the amaranthus herbs recorded > than 320 μ g g^{? 1} dry weight. In both the spinach and chard species, the Mn and Zn levels were appreciable recording > 225 μ g g^{? 1} and 150 μ g g^{? 1} dry weight, respectively. Aluminum concentrations were (in μ g g^{? 1} dry weight) lettuce (10), cabbage (11), spinach (167), chards (65), amaranthus green (293) and amaranthus red (233). All the micro and macro elements and the toxic elements (Ni, Cr, Cd and Pb) elements analyzed, were below the recommended maximum permitted levels (RMI) in vegetables. Further the elemental uptake and distribution of the nine elements, at three growth stages of the lettuce plant grown on soil bed under controlled conditions are detailed. In the soil, except for iron (16%), greater than 33% of the other cations were in exchangeable form. Generally in the lettuce plant, roots retained much of the iron (> 224 μ g g^{? 1}) and aluminum (> 360 μ g g^{? 1}), while leaves had less than 200 μ g g^{? 1} of iron and 165 μ g g^{? 1} of Al. Although the concentrations of elements marginally decreased with growth, the lettuce leaves had significant amounts of Mn (30 μ g g^{? 1}), Zn (50 μ g g^{? 1}) and Cu (3.6 μ g g^{? 1}). Some presence of lead in leaves (2.0 μ g g^{? 1}) was noticed, but all the toxic and other elements analyzed were well below the RMI values for the vegetables.     

The dissipation of nonlyphenol in stream and pond water under simulated field conditions

Abstract

The dissipation of 1.0 ppm nonylphenol in stream and pond water, incubated in flasks at 16°C under simulated field conditions up to 44 days indicated that the half‐life was 2.5 days if the flasks were open, and 16 days if they were closed. A transformed product was detected in the closed flasks.

Translocation of nonylphenol in water occurred when treated water samples were incubated in the presence of sediment. After 10 days, nonylphenol was detected only in the sediment, but not in water (detection limit = 10 ppb). About 80% of the nonylphenol was degraded in 71 days, but no degradation occurred if the water and the sediment were autoclaved prior to incubation.