HIGH CYCLE FATIGUE PROPERTIES OF NICKEL-BASE ALLOY 718

The fatigue properties of nickel-base Alloy 718 with fine- and grain-coarse grains were investigated. In the fine-grain alloy, the fatigue strength normalized by the tensile strength was 0.51 at 10^7 cycles. In contrast, the fatigue strength of the coarse-grain alloy was 0.32 at the same cycles, although the fatigue strengths in the range from 10^3 to 10^5 cycles are the same for both alloys. The fracture appearances fatigued at around 10^6 cycles showed internal fractures originating from the fiat facets of austenite grains for both alloys. The difference in fatigue strength at 10^7 cycles between the fine- and coarse-grain alloys could be explained in terms of the sizes of the facets from which the fractures originated.     

CORROSION FATIGUE OF HSLA STEELS IN SALT SPRAY

The corrosion fatigue propagation behaviour of high strength low alloy Cr-Ni and Si-Mnsteels has been investigated in 3.5 %NaCl solution spryly at the frequencies of 0.1 and 5.5 Hz.It was shown that the fatigue crack initiation resistances of the two steels are significantly re-duced in salt spray;the fatigue crack growth rates of steels increase with the decrease of fre-quency and are much higher in salt spray than in air within low ΔK range.A critical stress in-tensity factor was observed for each steel and the crack growth stoppage will occur if the ΔKvalues are lower than it.It was found that the active dissolution makes great contribution tothe fatigue crack growth within low ΔK range.     

Corrosion fatigue behavior of epoxy-coated Mg–3Al–1Zn alloy in NaCl solution

The corrosion fatigue behavior of epoxy-coated Mg–3Al–1Zn alloy was investigated in air and 3.5 wt%NaCl solution. Epoxy coating as a new method was used to improve the corrosion fatigue property of the material.Results show that the fatigue limit(FL) of the coated specimens is higher than that of the uncoated specimens in3.5 wt% NaCl solution because of the strengthening and blocking functions of the epoxy coating. The FL of the coated specimens in 3.5 wt% NaCl solution is as high as that in air. It implies that the coated specimens are not as sensitive to the environment as the magnesium alloy. The low tensile strength and the short elongation of the pure epoxy coating lead to that the fatigue crack of the coated specimen is always initiated from the epoxy-coating film Pores and pinholes accelerate the fatigue crack initiation process. Pinholes are caused by the corrosion reactions between the epoxy coating and the NaCl solution.     

FATIGUE BEHAVIOUR OF SiC_p/6061Al COMPOSITE

The fatigue of SiC_p/6061Al composite containing 15 v.-% SiC particles has been compared with 6061Al alloy.Dislocation structure and microprocess of fatigue crack initiation and propagation in the composite have been investigated by using SEM and TEM.The results in- dicate that the fatigue strength at 10~7 cycles of the composite is 196 MPa,i.e.about 25% higher than matrix alloy.The voids and microcracks initiated at and near the interface be- tween SiC_p and matrix,where has a higher density of dislocations,will propagate and link up to form the fatigue crack.It is an important evidence to note that the dislocation channels where screw dislocation can travel are formed near interface and corner region of SiC_o in the composite subjected to fatigue stress(σ_(max)=274 MPa N=2.4×10~5 cycles),demonstrating the relationship between fatigue crack initiation and dislocation movement in the SiC particles reinforced 6061 Al alloy composite.     

Corrosion Fatigue Behavior of 7A85 Aluminum Alloy Thick Plate in NaCl Solution

The S–N curves of 7A85-T7452 aluminum alloy in laboratory air and in neutral 3.5 wt% NaCl solution were obtained by axial fatigue tests. Results show that the detrimental effect of the aggressive solution was not noticeable at high-cyclic-stress regions, but the effect was significant at low-stress region. Corrosion fatigue mechanism was discussed by corrosion morphology analysis, fracture surface analysis and microstructure characterization. It was found that the corrosion fatigue crack commonly initialed at the localized intergranular corrosion site. TEM analysis showed that the microstructures of 7A85-T7452 aluminum alloy were characterized by fine and homogeneously distributed matrix precipitates, as well as continually distributed anodic grain boundary precipitates. The types of microstructures are the reason for its intergranular corrosion susceptibility. The corrosion fatigue process of 7A85 aluminum alloy in 3.5 wt% NaCl solution can be divided into four stages: the crack initiation stage, the stable growth stage with low and high growth rate and the final rupture stage. The sodium chloride solution mainly affected the crack initiation stage and the stable growth stage with low growth rate, and when the crack growth rate reached a threshold, the effect was reduced.     

Microstructure and Mechanical As-Cast Alloyed Bainite Ductile Properties of a Wear-Resistant Iron

An as-cast bainite ductile iron with excellent mechanical properties and wear resistance was fabricated by alloying and centrifugal casting method, and the alloyed chemical composition was optimized by using the thermodynamic software Thermo-Calc. By using optical microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction, the microstructure of the as-fabricated bainite ductile cast iron was characterized pertinent to the elements distribution in matrix and features of ferrite and retained austenite. The results of mechanical properties test show that the hardness and compressive strength of this alloyed ductile iron are 52 HRC and 2,200 MPa, respectively. The as- cast bainite ductile iron possesses highly abrasive wear resistance and the reason can be ascribed to the solid solution of the elements Si, Ni, Cu, and Mn in the austenite and the formation of carbides of elements Cr and Mo. The strength of bainite ductile iron is increased by the acicular bainitic ferrite in the matrix.     

The Study on Plasma Boriding of H13 Steel at Low Temperature Assisted by Surface Nanocrystallization Technology

Plasma boriding treatment was carried out at low temperature for the hot work die steel H13 assisted by surface nanocrystallization technology in this paper.At the same time,the thermal fatigue property of it was investigated through thermal fatigue testing with 3000 continuous cycles from room temperature to 700℃.The changes of structure and grain size in surface layer were characterized by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy(HRTEM).After plasma boriding at 580℃ for 4 h,the phase composition,morphology and in-situ nanomechanical property of boride layer were investigated by X-ray diffraction spectroscopy(XRD),scanning electron microscope(SEM),nanoindentation test,respectively.The results show that the boride layer with about thickness of 5μm is composed with two phases of Fe2B and FeB.The nanohardness of boride layer is as high as 21 GPa.Furthermore,thermal fatigue testing shows that the boride layer with excellent oxidation resistance and mechanical strength at elevated temperatures could effectively delay the crack initiation and impede the crack propagation.Therefore,the thermal fatigue property of H13 can be remarkably improved.     

FATIGUE BEHAVIOUR OF M/B DUPLEX STRUCTURE IN A HIGH CARBON Cr-Mo-W STEEL

Determination was carried out of fatigue crack propagation rate of steel 65Cr5Mo3W2VSiTi(LM2)with various bainite contents and M/B duplex structure tempered at various tempera-tures.The threshold value of fatigue for each processing was estimated by experimental data.The mechanism for fatigue crack propagation of M/B duplex structure in steel LM2 seemsto be non-continuous.The calculated fatigue crack micro-propagation rates are found toagree with the experimental data.     

Thermomechanical treatment of austempered ductile iron

The production of lightweight ferrous castings with increased strength properties became unavoidable hter aluminum and magnesium castings. The relatively new ferrous casting alloy ADI offers promising strength prospects, and the thermo-mechanical treatment of ductile iron may suggest a new fluence of thermomechanical treatment,either by ausforming just after quenching and before the onset of austempering reaction or by cold rolling after of this work, ausforming of ADI up to 25％ reduction in height during a rolling operation was found to add a mechanical processing component compared to the conventional ADI heat treatment, thus increasing the rate ics of ausferrite formation was studied using both metallographic as well as XRD-techniques. The effect of ausforming on strength was quite dramatic (up to 70％ and 50％ increase in the yield and ultimate strength respectively). A mechanism involving both a refined microstructural scale and an elevated dislocation density was suggested. Nickel eformation is necessary to alleviate the deleterious effect of alloy segregation on ductility.luence of cold rolling (CR) on the mechanical properties and structural characteristics ofADI wasinvestigated. The variation in properties was related to the amount of retained austenite nsformation. In the course of tensile deformation of ADI, transformation induced plasticity (TRIP) takes place, indicated by the increase of the instantaneous value of strain-hardening exponent with o partial transformation of γr to martensite under the CR strain. Such strain-induced transformation resulted in higher amounts of mechanically generated therefore increased, while ductility and impact toughness decreased with increasing CR reduction.     

FATIGUE CRACK PROPAGATION IN Al-Li ALLOY 8090

Fatigue crack growth rates of Al-Li alloy 8090 in air were found to be strongly dependent up-on the aging conditions.The naturally aged and underaged specimens showed the highest re-sistance to the fatigue crack propagation.The fatigue crack growth resistance of the overagedspecimen is the lowest and that of the peakaged specimen in between.As compared to air,3.5% NaCl solution does not change the effect of aging conditions on the fatigue crackgrowth,but causes a decrease of the resistance to the fatigue crack growth under the same ag-ing condition.Both short cracks from notch and physically short cracks showed much higherrates of fatigue crack propagation in comparison with long cracks under the same aging condi-tion and stress intensity level.The growth behavior of the short crack depends on its type.Thegrowth rate of short crack from notch decreases first to a minimum and then increases with in-creasing △K.However,the physically short crack grows at a progressively increasing rate.The effects of aging conditions are explained in terms of the slip planarity of dislocations andthe cyclic slip reversibility.The observed short crack behavior is considered to be dependent onthe crack closure and the local plasticity near the crack tip.     

Fatigue of Austempered Ductile Iron with Two Strength Grades in Very High Cycle Regime

In this study, Austempered ductile irons (ADIs) with two different strength grades were produced and the fatigue properties were measured at 10⁹ cycles. The results show that the S-N curves give a typical step-wise shape and there is no fatigue limit in the very high cycle fatigue regime. The two grades ADI have the similar fracture behaviors and fatigue failure can initiate from defects at specimen surface and subsurface zone. On the fracture surfaces of some specimens, the ‘granular-bright-facet’ area with rich carbon distribution is observed in the vicinity of the defect. The microstructure affects the crack behaviors at the early propagation stage. The ADI with upper and lower bainite shows higher fatigue strength compared with the ADI with coarse upper bainite.     

S135钻杆钢预腐蚀后的弯曲疲劳性能

目的：考察有机盐钻井液对S135钻杆材料腐蚀及疲劳性能的影响。方法首先利用高温高压釜模拟有机盐钻井液井筒的工况环境,对疲劳试样进行预腐蚀,通过点蚀仪测定试样表面的腐蚀状况;然后利用旋转弯曲疲劳试验机在不同弯曲应力条件下对预腐蚀试样和未腐蚀试样的疲劳性能进行测试,算得不同存活率下的疲劳强度,并绘制不同存活率下的S-N曲线。用体视显微镜和扫描电镜观察预腐蚀试样和未腐蚀试样的疲劳断口形貌,进而得出S135钻杆材料表面腐蚀对其疲劳寿命的影响程度和影响机制。结果经过腐蚀的试样表面有较多腐蚀坑,腐蚀坑深度在0.4~0.7 mm之间。未腐蚀试样的疲劳强度为553 MPa,其疲劳断口只观察到单个疲劳裂纹源;腐蚀试样的疲劳强度为409 MPa,其疲劳断口观察到多个疲劳裂纹源。 S135钻杆材料腐蚀疲劳开裂敏感性指数为26%。结论经过高温高压有机盐钻井液环境腐蚀后,试样表面点蚀严重,腐蚀坑底部存在应力集中并导致裂纹源的形成,多个裂纹源的同时生长加快了裂纹的扩展,最终降低S135钻杆钢的疲劳强度。     

高速列车车轴用EA4T钢腐蚀疲劳性能研究

目的 研究腐蚀环境中EA4T车轴钢疲劳性能,为车轴的腐蚀检测和使用寿命评估提供依据.方法 采用旋转弯曲疲劳试验机,在人造雨水模拟的腐蚀环境和空气环境中,对EA4T车轴钢试样进行疲劳试验,以获得不同环境下试样的疲劳S-N曲线、表面损伤以及裂纹扩展规律.然后对扩展裂纹进行概率统计,通过扫描电镜对疲劳失效的断口进行观察,并分析对比不同环境中裂纹扩展门槛值的变化.结果 空气环境中,试样的疲劳极限为355 MPa,而在腐蚀环境中,试样不存在疲劳极限,107循环周次对应的疲劳强度降低到245 MPa,相比空气环境中降低了31％.Gumbel分布统计与Weibull双参数分布统计相比,更适合描述EA4T车轴钢试样表面腐蚀裂纹长度随加载次数的变化.腐蚀环境中,疲劳裂纹萌生于表面腐蚀坑,并存在多个裂纹源.腐蚀环境显著降低了试样裂纹扩展门槛值,空气环境下,该值为6.29 MPa·m1/2,腐蚀环境下降低到4.1 MPa·m1/2.结论 腐蚀环境降低EA4T钢疲劳寿命的主要原因是,腐蚀环境降低了裂纹扩展门槛值,加快了裂纹萌生以及短裂纹扩展.而当裂纹达到一定长度时,腐蚀环境对裂纹扩展几乎没有影响.     

等温淬火温度对奥贝球铁水脆化行为的影响

研究了等温淬火温度对奥贝球铁(ADI)水脆化行为的影响，水附着条件下不同等温淬火温度处理的ADI均发生水脆化行为，抗拉强度和伸长率显著降低；但随着等温淬火温度升高，ADI的水脆化程度降低。高强度的ADI、淬火回火球铁和珠光体球铁均发生水脆化行为，而铁素体含量高的铸态球铁和铁素体球铁无明显的水脆化行为。     

Effect of C and Si on mechanical properties of austempered ductile iron

It is well known that ductile cast iron can be strengthened and toughened by austempering. The tensile strength and the fatigue strength of austempered ductile iron (ADI) are equal to those of forged steel. Previous studies have been aimed at establishing a suitable process to obtain both strength and toughness in ADI.^1,2 These studies focused on the effect of alloying such as Mo, Ni, Mn, Cu, etc. and the austempering conditions such as temperature and holding time. In this study, a new type of ADI with higher toughness and higher elongation was developed as compared with conventional ADI. A new type of ADI with a low carbon content was achieved by reducing the initial carbon content, long annealing and ordinary austempering. The suitable silicon content was found to be 2.5% and effective alloying was 0.25% Mo and 0.7% Cu to obtain maximum impact energy and elongation.     

微弧表面处理对AZ31B镁合金耐腐蚀及耐腐蚀疲劳性能的影响

采用微弧表面处理技术(微弧氧化MAO和微弧复合MCC)在AZ31B镁合金基体上制备出不同断面结构的防护涂层。通过电化学腐蚀及腐蚀疲劳测试方法,研究了MAO、MCC涂层的电化学腐蚀及腐蚀疲劳性能。结果表明,生长10 min的MAO涂层具有较好的耐电化学腐蚀性能。MAO涂层表面存在微孔和微裂纹,在应力条件下微孔和微裂纹作为疲劳断裂的裂纹萌生点,可加速裂纹的萌生与扩展,使其腐蚀疲劳寿命相较AZ31B合金基体降低了55%。而具有MCC涂层的AZ31B合金试样腐蚀疲劳极限为(64.0±5.4) MPa,比AZ31B合金基体提高了59%。在低应力载荷下(＜80 MPa),微弧复合涂层试样的腐蚀疲劳强度得到明显提高。     

Damage mechanism of a nodular cast iron under the very high cycle fatigue regime

Fatigue behaviour in the very high cycle regime (VHCF) of 10¹⁰ cycles were investigated with a cast iron (GS51) under ultrasonic fatigue test system (20 kHz) in ambient air at room temperature with a stress ratio R = −1.

The influence of frequency was examined by comparing similar data generated on conventional servo hydraulic test systems. An advanced, high-speed, and high-sensitivity infrared imaging system was used to measure the temperature changes during ultrasonic fatigue test at various load levels caused by internal damping due to a very high frequency cycling. The temperature field on the surface specimen was determined by using a non-destructive measurement technique called infrared pyrometer. An infrared camera made up of a matrix of 320 × 240 detectors was used.

The S-N curves obtained show that fatigue failure occurred beyond 10⁹ cycles, fatigue limit does not exist for the cast iron and there is no evidence of frequency effect on the test results. A detailed study on fatigue specimens subjected to ultrasonic frequency shows that the temperature evolution of the cast iron specimen is very evident, the temperature increased just at the beginning of the test, the temperature increased depending on the maximum stress amplitude. Under the current test conditions, the high cycle fatigue (VHCF) behaviour of the cast iron exhibited a typical fatigue crack growth process, that is, fatigue initiation takes place always at the surface graphite or subsurface void; the distinctive stable fatigue crack growth zone can be found around the fatigue crack initiation site, the change of fatigue initiation site from surface to subsurface is associated with the complex effects of applied maximum stress level, surface condition.

Under lower stress amplitude and high cycle condition, surface graphite fatigue initiation is predominantly depended on cyclic stress amplitude; subsurface void fatigue initiation is determined by maximum cyclic stress.

In the process of small crack propagation, the temperature in local plastic zone increase very sharply. The temperature field of ultrasonic fatigue specimen can be changed with the cooling condition; internal heating can accelerate surface fatigue crack initiation and propagation.

Fatigue properties in VHCF regime were studied for cast iron (GS51) at 20 kHz frequency and for the first time, crack initiation and propagation stages were analyzed using a high-sensitivity infrared camera. The new Paris's model for fish eye formation in the gigacycle fatigue were also confirmed by this study.     

火焰喷焊对碳钢疲劳寿命的影响

对三种不同基材状态的45~3钢经表面火焰喷焊Ni60后的疲劳性能及腐蚀疲劳性能变化的研究,表明强度高的调质态基材喷焊后的疲劳极限下降7%,而正火态和轧态基材喷焊后疲劳极限提高14%。当有3.5%NaCl腐蚀介质存在时,不管基材强度高或低,表面喷焊都使材料的腐蚀疲劳强度(10~7寿命)提高30%以上。文中通过断口金相分析阐明喷焊后基材表面组织结构变化及其对疲劳裂纹形成及扩展的影响,讨论了Ni60喷焊层在腐蚀疲劳过程的行为,为喷焊工艺在工业中的应用提供了依据。     

环境介质对40Cr结构钢高周和超高周疲劳行为的影响

选用40Cr结构钢,分别在空气、水和3.5%NaCl水溶液中进行旋转弯曲疲劳实验,研究环境介质对该结构钢高周和超高周疲劳特性的影响.结果表明,40Cr钢在水环境中的疲劳强度比在空气中明显降低;在3.5%NaCl水溶液环境中的疲劳强度比在水中低.断面观察显示,在水和3.5%NaCl水溶液中,疲劳裂纹多源萌生;在稳态扩展阶段,裂纹沿品界扩展并存在广泛分布的沿晶二次裂纹.