地面塌陷特征及其遥感识别方法研究

地下矿产资源的开采会引发地面塌陷,这已成为严重制约矿区可持续发展的重要因素。其主要表现形式有：塌陷盆地、塌陷坑、地裂缝、滑坡崩塌等,并引发道路污染和道路改线及居民地和水系的变化。在矿山开发多目标遥感调查与监测过程中,这种地质灾害现象较为突出。本文在总结了地面塌陷的主要类型及其特征的基础上,对塌陷地的遥感识别方法进行了分析和研究。     

青海省北部重点成矿带与矿集区矿山地质环境遥感监测研究

为了查明青海省重点成矿带与矿集区矿山地质环境的现状及变化趋势,利用DEM和IKO-NOS、QUICKBIRD、WORLDVIEW-2、SPOT-5等卫星遥感解译资料对该地区的矿山地质环境进行了研究。结果表明,盐湖矿产开发占地面积最大,其次为煤矿,且煤矿区和盐湖矿区占地面积扩展迅速。矿山开发所引发的地质灾害(隐患)集中分布于煤矿开采区,主要表现为塌陷坑、地裂缝、崩塌(隐患)、泥石流(隐患)和地面塌陷区(隐患)等。环境污染主要表现为水体污染、粉尘污染和尾矿污染,而尾矿污染较为突出。     

农六师梅斯布拉克煤矿地质环境问题分析

梅斯布拉克煤矿西区存在地面塌陷及伴生地裂缝、废弃井口、采砂坑以及废料堆等,东区发育有两条季节性洪沟,文中分析了矿区面临的严重地质环境问题。     

新疆苇湖梁煤矿塌陷区遥感监测研究

苇湖梁煤矿已有50多年的开采历史, 长期的地下开采造成了严重的地面塌陷。本文将新疆苇湖梁煤矿塌陷区作为研究区, 以2013年的IKONOS高分遥感影像为主要数据源, 以ArcGIS为支撑平台, 采用人机交互的解译方法对塌陷区的相关信息进行提取, 结合实地调查验证的方法, 分析研究区内地质灾害的特征。通过遥感调查发现: 研究区内发育规模较大、位于塌陷区周围的拉伸区的地裂缝约有64条;塌陷坑(群)约有94个, 主要分布于南北塌陷槽及两侧;塌陷回填区总面积达0.92 km², 并在回填区发现了3个新塌陷坑。本文充分发挥了遥感技术宏观性强、速度快的特点, 调查结果反映了塌陷区灾害的实际情况。     

陕西省神木县地质灾害发育特征及防治建议

陕西省神木县近年来经济发展迅猛，但随着境内煤炭资源的开发利用和各类基础设施建设的加快发展，崩塌、滑坡、泥石流、矿区塌陷等地质灾害也愈发严重，对人民生命财产造成了巨大危害。笔者等在遥感图像解译和野外详细调查访问的基础上，查明了区内地质灾害类型、数量、规模及其时空展布规律，分析了各类地质灾害的主要形成条件。指出各类灾害中以煤矿开采及煤田自燃引起的矿区地面塌陷分布范围最广、危害最严重，其次是崩塌、滑坡，泥石流灾害仅局部发育。描述了重要灾点特征，提出了相应的防治建议。     

广东石人樟钨矿矿山采矿塌陷区提取及成果应用

地裂缝、塌陷坑是塌陷区的两个重要要素,根据两期Spot6遥感影像判读解译,对地下开采矿山塌陷区进行遥感监测,圈定两期影像矿山采矿造成的采矿塌陷坑、地裂缝,运用两期遥感影像建立三维视图,直观展示塌陷坑、地裂缝,通过对比两期影像圈定的图斑,计算出塌陷坑面积、地裂缝长度及其变化,综合分析塌陷发展趋势,圈定该矿山塌陷区范围,及时为有关部门对矿山环境进行整治提供依据和技术支撑,同时也为该矿区生态环境的综合治理提供基础数据和科学依据。     

贵州盘县石桥矿区地质灾害研究

通过对贵州省盘县某煤矿区地质灾害的实地调查,矿区主要发育的地质灾害主要有滑坡、崩塌、地裂缝、地面塌陷等,其形成与发展固然与自然地质环境相关,但长期较大规模的煤炭资源开发和无序的开采等人类工程活动是主要影响因素,采用科学的煤炭资源开发方案与采矿方法才是避免与减轻地质灾害发生的主要途径。     

大石桥市官屯镇大岭西山菱镁矿复采地质灾害预测及开采方式探讨

大石桥市官屯镇大岭西山菱镁矿区属小圣水寺菱镁矿床的一部分,由于分散开采,现状矿 山地质灾害严重,已经致使矿区停采,在矿区的复采中又可能诱发和遭受新的地质灾害,形成复采 中的安全隐患。研究认为,复采可能诱发的地质灾害类型有采空区地面塌陷、地裂缝、岩石崩塌, 可能遭受地质灾害类型有采空区塌陷、地裂缝、滑坡、矿坑突水、崩塌(冒顶垮帮)。开采方式可 采取露采为一期、坑采为二期的方式进行,并根据相应的地质灾害类型指出了在复采中应采取的安 全技术措施和建议。     

宜昌磷矿地质灾害现状及岩质边坡稳定性影响因素探讨

通过对宜昌磷矿矿区内崩塌、滑坡、泥石流、地面塌陷、地裂缝等地质灾害等影响区内岩质边坡稳定性的因素的发育现状及现有防治的调查研究,并分析了地震、降雨、露天和地下开挖对边坡稳定性的影响。得出结论有:1崩塌及其隐患(危岩)是宜昌磷矿最主要的地质灾害,其次为地面塌陷和地裂缝,滑坡和泥石流较少。2地下采空区变形是引发地面塌陷和地裂缝的主要原因,也是引发崩塌危岩的重要原因;泥石流以沟谷型泥石流为主,采矿产生的固体废弃物可作为泥石流的物源,采空区回填、修建拦渣坝是预防其充当物源的主要措施。3影响岩质边坡稳定的因素包括地质因素、自然因素和人为因素等。4露天开挖时,在坡角不变时,稳定性系数随坡高的增大而减小;开挖高陡边坡所能形成的最大坡高约为460m。5当巷道位于边坡内部时,随着开挖范围的扩大,稳定性系数逐渐减小。     

贵州省煤矿开采引发的地质灾害特征及致灾模式研究

贵州省地处扬子准地台与华南褶皱带的结合部,煤炭资源主要分布在六盘水煤田、织纳煤田和黔北煤田三大煤田。通过调查煤矿开采引发的地质灾害及环境问题,发现煤矿开采引发的地质灾害主要有滑坡、崩塌、泥石流、地面塌陷、地裂缝、地面沉降、矿坑突水等,总结出煤矿开采引发的地质灾害特征为:分布范围广、区域性强;突发性强、危害性大;具有同步叠加性;灾害发生具有明显的季节性;地质灾害活动的频次逐年增高。主要致灾模式有三种,即采空区垮塌+滑坡(或崩塌)+岩漠化、矿坑疏干排水+地裂缝+崩塌(或滑坡)+岩漠化、煤矸石及尾矿堆存占地+暴雨山洪+滑坡(或泥石流)+土地损毁。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

Définition d'une limite multicritère ; stratigraphie du passage Campanien–Maastrichtien du site géologique de Tercis (Landes,SW France)Definition of a multi-criteria boundary; stratigraphy of the Campanian–Maastrichtian interval of the geological site at Tercis (Landes,SW France)

Lithostratigraphy, physicochemical stratigraphy, biostratigraphy, and geochronology of the 77–70 Ma old series bracketing the Campanian–Maastrichtian boundary have been investigated by 70 experts. For the first time, direct relationships between macro- and microfossils have been established, as well as direct and indirect relationships between chemo-physical and biostratigraphical tools. A combination of criteria for selecting the boundary level, duration estimates, uncertainties on durations and on the location of biohorizons have been considered; new chronostratigraphic units are proposed. The geological site at Tercis is accepted by the Commission on Stratigraphy as the international reference for the stratigraphy of the studied interval. To cite this article: G.S. Odin, C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 409–414.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Late Wuchiapingian (Late Dzhulfian,early Late Permian) limestone olistolites within the Tertiary flysch of Glypia Unit (Mount Parnon,central–eastern Peloponnesus,Greece)

Some olistolites reworked in a Tertiary flysch of Mount Parnon (Peloponnesus, Greece) exhibit a Late Permian assemblage, dominated by Paradunbarula (Shindella) shindensis, Hemigordiopsis cf. luquensis and Colaniella aff. minima. This association corresponds to the Late Wuchiapingian (=Late Dzhulfian), a substage whose algae and foraminifera are generally little known. Contemporaneous limestones crop out in the middle part of the Episkopi Formation in Hydra, but they are rather commonly reworked in Mesozoic and Cainozoic sequences. The palaeobiogeographical affinities shared by the foraminiferal markers of Greece, southeastern Pamir, and southern China, are very strong (up to the specific level), and are congruent with the Pangea B reconstructions. To cite this article: E. Skourtsos et al., C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 925–931.     

PALEONTOLOGY

正20141596 Liu Yunhuan(School of Earth Sciences and Resources,Chang’an University,Xi’an 710054,China);Shao Tiequan Early Cambrian Quadrapyrgites Fossils of Xixiang Boita in Southern Shaanxi Province(Journal of Earth Sciences and Environment,ISSN1672-6561,CN61-1423/P,35(3),2013,p.39-43,3 illus.,20 refs.)     

GEOCHEMICAL EXPLORATION

正20141719 Chen Zhijun(State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources,China University of Geosciences,Wuhan 430074,China);Chen Jianguo Automated Batch Mapping Solution for Serial Maps:A Case Study of Exploration Geochemistry Maps(Journal of Geology,ISSN1674-3636,CN32-1796/P,37(3),2013,p.456-464,2 illus.,2 tables,10 refs.)     

MICROPALAEONTOLOGY

正20140962 Chen Fenning(Xi’an Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources,Xi’an710054,China);Chen Ruiming Late Miocene-Early Pleistocene Ostracoda Fauna of Gyirong Basin,Southern Tibet(Acta Geologica Sinica,ISSN0001-5717,CN11-1951/P,87(6),2013,p.872-886,6illus.,56refs.)     

PETROLOGY

正1.IGNEOUS PETROLOGY20142008Cai Jinhui(Wuhan Center,China Geological Survey,Wuhan 430205,China);Liu Wei Zircon U-Pb Geochronology and Mineralization Significance of Granodiorites from Fuzichong Pb-Zn Deposit,Guangxi,South China(Geology and Mineral Resources of South China,ISSN1007-3701,CN42-1417/P,29(4),2013,p.271-281,7illus.,     

ENVIRONMENTAL GEOLOGY

正20141205Cheng Weiming(State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System,Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research,CAS,Beijing 100101,China);Xia Yao Regional Hazard Assessment of Disaster Environment for Debris Flows:Taking Jundu Mountain,Beijing as an     

PROSPECTING EXPLORATION

正20141266Fan Chaoyan(Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources and Geological Processes,Guangzhou 510275,China);Wang Zhenghai On Error Analysis and Correction Method of Measured Strata Section with Wire Projection Method(Journal of