内蒙古中部地区中新元古代黑色岩系中的金矿床及找矿远景

内蒙古中部地区中-新元古代黑色岩系发育,形成于渣尔泰白云鄂博裂陷槽内,命名为渣尔泰群和白云鄂博群。目前,仅在白云鄂博群的黑色岩系中发现并勘查了一批原生金矿。矿石主要类型为细脉型和蚀变变质岩型。金矿受层位和构造破碎带控制,金平均品位低,可形成大型或超大型矿床。因此,内蒙古中部中-新元古代黑色岩系中金矿资源潜力大,找矿远景好。     

内蒙古包头—白云鄂博地区金矿的同位素研究

从内蒙古包头至白云鄂博地区,横跨高、中、低级变质岩区,都发现有金矿及金矿化点。对三个主要金矿床的Pb、S、Rb—Sr、K—Ar等同位素的研究表明,成矿物质来自变质岩和花岗岩,成矿时代与古生代晚期华北陆台活化的岩浆作用有关。铅的混合模型说明在不同变质岩区变质岩和花岗岩对矿源的贡献不同。     

白云鄂博金矿、乌拉山金矿的发现及启迪

白云鄂博金矿、乌拉山金矿,是内蒙古近年来发现的两个中—大型金矿床。 白云鄂博金矿,地处白云鄂博铁矿东北5公里,位于白云鄂博铁矿北矿范围内,地质构造则为白云鄂博台缘坳陷带。川井—白云鄂博深大断裂在矿区通过。区内褶皱、断裂构造发育。在强烈构造活动过程中,伴随区域变质和岩浆活动,具有铁、铌、稀土、金的良好成矿条件。     

白云鄂博矿床成矿构造环境分析

白云鄂博矿床是世界著名的超大型铁铌稀土矿床,但因为其成因和形成时代的证据复杂多样,其成因、形成时代及其形成的大地构造环境均有多种不同认识。笔者等曾对赋矿白云岩成因、成矿时代及赋矿地层白云鄂博群的年代这两个关键问题进行了系统的地质、地球化学研究,获得了一系列关键证据,并对前人资料进行了系统地梳理,论证了白云鄂博矿床赋矿白云岩为一大型微晶丘,而微晶丘是热水沉积形成;确定其成矿时代及白云鄂博群的年代均为早古生代。本文进一步报道了在与白云鄂博群下部相当的腮林忽洞群中发现了宏体化石海绵和腹足类,在白云鄂博群中发现了与腮林忽洞群中相同的振动液化脉和振动液化角砾岩。从而笔者等认为,白云鄂博矿床成矿和白云鄂博群的沉积环境是早古生代被动大陆边缘。     

内蒙古渣尔泰山群和白云鄂博群中Pt、Pd地球化学特征及找矿建议

内蒙古渣尔泰山群和白云鄂博群是一套陆源碎屑岩、泥页岩、碳酸盐岩，地层中Pt、Pd的含量与原岩中泥质、有机碳、有机质的含量有关。其中渣尔泰山群中的阿古鲁沟组炭质板岩、增隆昌组硅质炭质板岩为含Pt、Pd最佳层位(岩性)，白云鄂博群中的比鲁特组干枚状板岩也为含Pt、Pd的最佳层位(岩性)。通过研究Pt、Pd的富集状况、存在形式、矿物学特征等，可查明渣尔泰山群、白云鄂博群中的含矿层位，以达到寻找铂、钯矿床的目的。     

内蒙古赛乌素金矿稳定同位素组成特征及成因意义

内蒙古赛乌素金矿是产于中-新元古代白云鄂博群变质碎屑岩中的石英脉型金矿,矿床稳定同位素地球化学特征表明,成矿热液来源复杂,可能有岩浆水和大气降水的混合作用;成矿早期的硫来自花岗岩浆,成矿晚期的硫有一部分可能来自地层,铅同位素特征表明铅来自地幔,因此推断成矿物质主要来自于岩浆活动.     

内蒙古白云鄂博矿床的稀土矿化时代与期次

内蒙古白云鄂博REE-Fe-Nb矿床是世界罕见的超大型多金属矿床, 但矿床成因一直没有解决, 而年代学研究是解决矿床成因的基础。本文结合矿床地质特征, 系统地分析了前人的年代学研究成果, 并对白云鄂博矿床的Sm-Nd同位素体系进行了深入的分析和讨论。结果表明, 白云鄂博稀土的成矿时代约为1.3 Ga, 与碳酸岩墙的形成时间一致, 成矿物质来源于地幔。加里东期的热事件(约0.44 Ga)导致了白云鄂博矿床晚期稀土矿脉的形成和原有矿体中部分稀土矿物的重结晶, 但成矿物质主要来源于矿体内部的稀土再循环, 外源物质的贡献不明显。约1.3 Ga到约0.44 Ga间的一系列中间年龄为后期热扰动的结果, 并不代表成矿事件。简言之, 白云鄂博矿床只在中元古代发生过一次实质性的稀土矿化作用, 地幔是稀土物质的单一源区。     

白云鄂博铁-稀土-铌矿床成因模型新解

<正>"中东有石油,中国有稀土",中国的稀土,指的就是著名的白云鄂博矿床。白云鄂博地质学研究将近一个世纪,在矿床成因、成矿元素富集机制、成矿流体、成矿时代、赋矿白云岩成因以及控矿构造研究等方面,不同学者、流派提出了众多认识和见解,时至今日,依然没有达成共识。本文利用地质统计学、元素空间富集规律的变异函数模型、原位LA-ICP-MS微量元素分析、最新深部钻孔资料岩相学分析、流体包裹体研究资料,重新厘定了白云鄂博成因模型,提出白云鄂博铁、稀土矿是     

白云鄂博矿区深边部铁矿床勘查突破及启示

围绕白云鄂博矿山寻找铁矿接替资源的急迫需求,聚焦构造对深部矿体控制作用,开展复杂地形及强干扰地区重力-磁法-电法-高精度反射地震综合勘查示范研究.通过一系列专题地质填图和综合研究,笔者构建了白云鄂博矿床成矿模式和新的勘查模型,提出矿区近东西向逆-平移断层(F2)导致了主矿、东矿深部矿体向东平移的新认识,明确指出深部存在...     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率

在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。     

Mercury,arsenic, antimony,and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River,Bethel, Alaska,USA

The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources.     

滇东南花岗岩与锡、银、铜、铅、锌多金属矿床的成因关系

滇东南锡、银、铅、锌多金属矿床主要分布在个旧、白牛厂、都龙3个矿区,而滇东南较大的3个花岗岩体又分别出露在3个矿区或附近.花岗岩体均形成于燕山晚期,岩石化学、矿物成分相似,富含锡、银、铅、锌、钨、铜等成矿元素.矿床主金属元素组合与岩体之间的距离由远而近出现由锡、钨、(铍、铌、钽)→锡、钨、(铁)、铜、铟→锡、铅、锌、银、铟、(锑)有规律的变化.花岗岩浆是成矿物质来源和成矿热源.岩浆侵入初期使上覆地层隆起产生背斜(凹陷部位成向斜);同时使地层产生一系列裂隙、压性断层或层间断裂;岩浆侵入晚期,这些断层再次活动,表现为张性,岩浆产生的含矿热液沿由其活动所造成的断裂迁移、充填、交代、沉淀而形成矿床.     

Bellechester,Minnesota, USA,lagoon collapses

Bellechester, Minnesota, is a small community of approximately 155 residents located on the county line between Goodhue and Wabasha counties in southeast Minnesota's karst region. Bellechester is served by a 21-year-old wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) consisting of three waste-stabilization ponds. On 28 April 1992 six sinkholes were discovered to have drained cell 2 of the WWTF resulting in the loss of approximately 8.7×10⁶ 1 of partially treated effluent and about 600 m³ of soil into previously undetected subsurface voids of unknown dimensions. In the week following the collapse, approximately 200 water wells located within a 5-km radius of the WWTF were sampled in an after-the-fact, emergency sampling program. Twelve samples with elevated fecal coliform levels, 18 samples with nitrate-nitrogen greater than the 10 mg/1 standard, and no samples with elevated chlorides were found. However, the elevated levels could not be unambiguously attributed to the WWTF collapse. This is the third WWTF to fail by sinkhole collapse in southeast Minnesota since 1974. All three collapsed lagoons have been located in similar geomorphic and stratigraphic settings. However, at least two lagoons have collapsed in the adjacent area in northeast Iowa, and these lagoons are located at different stratigraphic positions. Twenty-two WWTFs constructed in southeast Minnesota's karst region in the last 25 years have been identified as subject to potential sinkhole collapse. An unknown but significant number of manure storage lagoons, flood control structures, etc., have also been constructed in the karst region and are at risk. Public agencies are beginning to develop plans to deal with the risk associated with existing and future waste lagoons in this environment. The critical hydrogeologic parameters that can be used to prioritize the risk of collapse at existing facilities include: (1) the lithology of the first bedrock beneath each lagoon, (2) the thickness of surficial materials between the lagoon and the bedrock surface, (3) the presence and construction of liners (seepage rate), and (4) the proximity to existing sinkholes.