不同厂家香丹注射液中丹参素钠和原儿茶醛含量的比较

目的：建立以高效液相色谱法同时测定香丹注射液中丹参素钠和原儿茶醛含量的方法,并比较不同厂家生产的香丹注射液中丹参素钠和原儿茶醛含量的差异,以控制香丹注射液的质量。方法：色谱柱为AlltimaC18柱（150mm×4.6mm,5μm）,流动相为甲醇-0.5%冰醋酸（90∶10）,检测波长为280nm。结果：丹参素钠、原儿茶醛的进样量分别在0.26～1.58μg（r=0.9995）、0.12～0.73μg（r=0.9996）范围内与各自峰面积的积分值呈良好的线性关系;丹参素钠、原儿茶醛的平均回收率分别为99.8%、99.7%,RSD分别为0.4%（n=6）、0.4%（n=6）。共测定12家企业生产的16批香丹注射液,丹参素钠、原儿茶醛含量范围分别为1.02～2.08mg·mL^-1、0.24～0.51mg·mL^-1。结论：该方法简便、准确、无干扰,可用于同时测定香丹注射液中丹参素钠和原儿茶醛的含量;不同厂家生产的香丹注射液之间存在显著质量差异,建议厂家重视原药材质量,改善制剂工艺,提高产品质量。     

多波长高效液相色谱法同时测定丹红注射液中7种成分含量

目的:建立高效液相色谱法测定丹红注射液中7种成分的含量。方法:采用Aglient zorbax SB-C18色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),以乙腈-0.4%甲酸溶液为流动相,梯度洗脱,流速为1 mL.min-1;尿苷、腺苷、丹参素钠、原儿茶醛、香豆酸、迷迭香酸、丹酚酸B的检测波长分别为260,260,280,280,310,320,286nm;柱温为30℃。结果:尿苷、腺苷、丹参素钠、原儿茶醛、香豆酸、迷迭香酸、丹酚酸B分别在1.56～58.4,0.57～21.2,15.7～590.0,6.8～255.2,1.69～63.2,4.2～156.0和13.7～514.4μg.mL-1范围内线性良好,其平均回收率分别为95.6%,96.5%,100.6%,100.6%,102.9%,99.5%和100.2%。结论:该方法简便、快速、准确、重复性好,可用于丹红注射液中尿苷、腺苷、丹参素钠、原儿茶醛、香豆酸、迷迭香酸、丹酚酸B的同时测定。     

RP-HPLC法同时测定香丹注射液中5-羟甲基糠醛和酚酸类成分的含量

目的 建立同时测定香丹注射液中5-羟甲基糠醛、丹参素钠、原儿茶醛、迷迭香酸和丹酚酸B含量的反相高效液相色谱(RP-HPLC)法.方法 采用Kromasil C18(250 mm×4.6 nun,5μm)色谱柱;流动相为乙腈-0.05％三氟乙酸溶液,梯度洗脱;检测波长288 nm,柱温30℃,流速0.8 mL-min-1.外标法计算含量.结果 5-羟甲基糠醛、丹参素钠、原儿茶醛、迷迭香酸和丹酚酸B的进样量与峰面积分别在0.003～0.136 μg(r=l.0000)、0.275 ～ 13.740 μg(r=0.999 9)、0.035 ～1.732 μg(r=1.000 0)、0.054 ～2.680 μg(r=1.000 0)及0.105 ～5.265 μg(r=1.000 0)呈良好的线性关系;平均加样回收率依次为100.93％,101.36％,100.54％,105.14％,102.31％;RSD依次为1.00％,0.87％,0.52％,0.39％,1.91％.结论 该方法简便快速,重复性好,适合于同时测定香丹注射液中5-羟甲基糠醛、丹参素钠、原儿茶醛、丹酚酸B和迷迭香酸的含量.     

丹参注射剂中丹参素、原儿茶酸、原儿茶醛和丹酚酸B的同时测定

目的:建立高效液相色谱法测定丹参注射剂中丹参素、原儿茶酸、原儿茶醛和丹酚酸B等4种有效成分的含量。方法:色谱柱为Hypersil C18(4.6 mm ×250 mm,5μm);流动相由甲醇(A)和5％冰醋酸(B)组成,进行梯度洗脱,在0～5 min,B体积分数为90％,5～10 min,B体积分数由90％线性改变至65％,10～20 min,维持B体积分数为65％,流速为1.0 mL·min-1;柱温30℃,检测波长为281 nm;对羟基苯甲酸作为内标物。结果:丹参素、原儿茶酸、原儿茶醛和丹酚酸B浓度分别在3.95～47.4μg·mL-1(r=0.9996)、4.47～53.6μg·mL-1(r=0.9996)、5.14～61.7μg·mL-1(r=0.9999)和8.40～117μg·mL-1(r=0.9994)范围内呈良好线性关系,丹参素、原儿茶酸、原儿茶醛、丹酚酸B的平均回收率分别为99.45％(RSD=3.6％,n=6),97.57％(RSD=2.8％,n=6),100.2％(RSD=3.9％,n=6)和100.2％(RSD=3.2％,n=6)。测定了6批丹参注射液样品。结论:方法简便,分离效果好,能同时测定丹参注射剂中丹酚酸B、丹参素、原儿茶醛、原儿茶酸等4种水溶性成分的含量,结果准确可靠。     

RP—HPLC法同时测定丹红粉针中丹参素、原儿茶醛、红花黄色素A和丹酚酸B的含量

目的:建立 RP-HPLC 法测定丹红粉针中丹参素、原儿茶醛、红花黄色素 A 和丹酚酸 B 等4种有效成分的含量。方法:采用 Apollo-C_(18)(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm)色谱柱;以1%冰醋酸-乙腈为流动相梯度洗脱;流速1.0 mL·min~(-1);柱温25℃;检测波长280 nm。结果:丹参素、原儿茶醛、红花黄色素 A 和丹酚酸 B 浓度分别在1.12～11.2,0.256～2.56,3.46～34.6,36.2～362μg·mL~(-1)范围内与峰面积线性关系良好(r≥0.9995),方法平均回收率分别为99.5%、101.0%、98.8%和100.8%(RSD<3.0%,n=9)。结论:本方法简便、准确,重复性好,可用于同时测定丹红注射剂中丹参素、原儿茶醛、红花黄色素 A 和丹酚酸 B 的含量。     

RP-HPLC同时测定冠心宁注射液中丹参素、原儿茶醛、阿魏酸、迷迭香酸和丹酚酸B的含量

目的:建立反相高效液相色谱法同时测定冠心宁注射液中丹参素、原儿茶醛、阿魏酸、迷迭香酸和丹酚酸B的含量。方法:采用Kromasil C18(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm)色谱柱,流动相为乙腈(A)-0.05%三氟乙酸(B),梯度洗脱(0～65 min,2%A→30%A),流速0.8 mL.min-1,检测波长288 nm,柱温40℃。结果:丹参素、原儿茶醛、阿魏酸、迷迭香酸和丹酚酸B进样量分别在0.352～7.032μg(r=0.9999),0.080～1.594μg(r=0.9999),0.016～0.322μg(r=0.9999),0.057～1.133μg(r=0.9999),0.122～2.446μg(r=0.9999)范围内呈现良好的线性关系;平均回收率(n=6)分别为100.9%(RSD=1.5%),102.4%(RSD=0.9%),103.6%(RSD=0.9%),102.6%(RSD=2.0%),102.0%(RSD=2.1%);重复性试验,5个成分含量的RSD(n=6)均小于2.5%。结论:所建立的方法简便、准确,具有良好的重复性和稳定性,可用于冠心宁注射液的质量控制。     

HPLC法同时测定心可宁胶囊中丹参素、原儿茶醛、丹酚酸B的含量

目的:建立HPLC法同时测定心可宁胶囊中丹参素、原儿茶醛、丹酚酸B的含量,以更好地控制丹参的质量。方法:采用Alltech C18(4.6 mm×150 mm,5μm)色谱柱,流动相为甲醇-0.5%冰醋酸梯度洗脱,流量1.0 mL.min-1,检测波长280 nm。结果:丹参素、原儿茶醛、丹酚酸B的线性范围分别为0.190 6～1.906 2μg(r=0.999 8)、0.021 3～0.213 1μg(r=1)、0.172 7～1.727 7μg(r=1);平均回收率(n=6)分别为97.6%(RSD=1.5%)、102.2%(RSD=1.2%)、99.5%(RSD=1.6%)。结论:本方法简便、灵敏、准确,重现性好,可用于该制剂的质量控制。     

HPLC法同时测定丹参安神胶囊中丹参素钠和原儿茶醛的含量

目的建立用HPLC法同时测定丹参安神胶囊中丹参素钠和原儿茶醛含量的检测方法。方法研究丹参安神胶囊中丹参素钠和原儿茶醛的含量检测方法。ODS为固定项;甲醇-0.5%冰醋酸溶液(17?83)为流动相;检测波长280nm。结果丹参素钠在20～200μg.mL-1浓度范围内,浓度与峰面积呈良好的线性关系(r=0.9997),平均回收率为100.53%(RSD=0.796%);原儿茶醛在4～40μg.mL-1浓度范围内,浓度与峰面积呈良好的线性关系(r=0.9995),平均回收率为98.80%(RSD=1.287%)。结论本法简便、快速、准确、灵敏,重现性好,可以用于控制丹参安神胶囊的质量。     

HPLC法测定丹红注射液中4种水溶性成分的含量

目的 建立测定丹红注射液中丹参素钠、原儿茶醛、丹酚酸B、迷迭香酸4种水溶性成分含量的方法.方法 采用HPLC法,色谱柱为Kromasil C18;乙腈和0.05％磷酸溶液为流动相,进行梯度洗脱;流速为1 mL·min-1;检测波长为286 nm.结果 丹参素钠、原儿茶醛、丹酚酸B和迷迭香酸4种成分进样量分别在0.321～3.531μg、0.144～0.865μg、0.359～1.796μg、0.134～0.668μg范围内线性关系良好,平均回收率分别为100.75％(RSD=0.89％)、100.29％(RSD=1.43％)、99.23％(RSD=0.26％)和97.36％ (RSD=0.27％).结论 该方法简便、准确,可用于丹红注射液的质量控制.     

多波长HPLC法同时测定心宁片中5种成分的含量

目的:建立同时测定心宁片中丹参素、原儿茶醛、丹酚酸B、芍药苷和阿魏酸含量的方法。方法:采用多波长高效液相色谱法。色谱柱为Agilent Zorbax Eclipse XDB-C18,流动相为乙腈-甲醇-0.5%H3PO4溶液(梯度洗脱),流速为1.0 ml/min,柱温为30℃,进样量为10μl,检测波长为280 nm(丹参素、原儿茶醛、丹酚酸B)、230 nm(芍药苷)、320 nm(阿魏酸)。结果:丹参素、原儿茶醛、丹酚酸B、芍药苷、阿魏酸质量浓度分别在66.25~1 060.00、5.55~88.86、187.20~2 995.20、23.71~379.39、0.20~3.12μg/ml范围内与各自峰面积呈良好的线性关系(r=0.999 9、0.999 9、0.999 7、0.999 9、0.999 7);精密度、稳定性、重复性试验的RSD<2%;平均加样回收率分别为98.85%、97.95%、99.18%、98.14%、97.16%,RSD分别为0.12%、0.19%、0.37%、0.25%、1.36%(n=6)。结论:该方法分离效果好、操作简便,可用于测定心宁片中5种成分的含量。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

2-(Acetoxyphenyl)-(Z)-styryl sulfides as cyclooxygenase inhibitors

2-(Acetoxyphenyl)-(Z)-styryl sulfides are described as selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors, useful for treating inflammation and COX-2-mediated disorders including neoplasia. 2-(Acetoxyphenyl)-(Z)-styryl sulfide is claimed to be the most potent COX inhibitor in the series with a COX-2 selectivity ratio of 33. This compound is also claimed to be superior to celecoxib (Celebrex^®, Pfizer) in inhibiting cell growth of colorectal carcinoma cells. In this evaluation, the COX inhibitory activity of this compound is compared to that previously disclosed for diarylheterocycles and 2-(acetoxyphenyl)alkyl sulfides. The validity of the DLD-1 cell line in the growth inhibition studies is questioned based on recent literature reports indicating the lack of COX-2 expression in this cell line.     

Sleep-disordered breathing with chronic opioid use

Chronic opioid use for pain relief or as substitution therapy for illicit drug abuse is prevalent in our societies. In the US, retail distribution of methadone and oxycodone has increased by 824 and 660%, respectively, between 1997 and 2003. μ-Opioids depress respiration and deaths related to illicit and non illicit chronic opioid use are not uncommon. Since 2001 there has been an emerging literature that suggests that chronic opioid use is related to central sleep apnoea of both periodic and non-periodic breathing types, and occurs in ～ 30% of these subjects. The clinical significance of these sleep-related abnormalities are unknown. This review addresses the present knowledge of control of ventilation mechanisms during wakefulness and sleep, the effects of opioids on ventilatory control mechanisms, the sleep-disordered breathing found with chronic opioid use and a discussion regarding the future research directions in this area.     

Drug targets for cognitive enhancement in neuropsychiatric disorders

The investigation of novel drug targets for treating cognitive impairments associated with neurological and psychiatric disorders remains a primary focus of study in central nervous system (CNS) research. Many promising new therapies are progressing through preclinical and clinical development, and offer the potential of improved treatment options for neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) as well as other disorders that have not been particularly well treated to date like the cognitive impairments associated with schizophrenia (CIAS). Among targets under investigation, cholinergic receptors have received much attention with several nicotinic agonists (α7 and α4β2) actively in clinical trials for the treatment of AD, CIAS and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Both glutamatergic and serotonergic (5-HT) agonists and antagonists have profound effects on neurotransmission and improve cognitive function in preclinical experiments with animals; some of these compounds are now in proof-of-concept studies in humans. Several histamine H3 receptor antagonists are in clinical development not only for cognitive enhancement, but also for the treatment of narcolepsy and cognitive deficits due to sleep deprivation because of their expression in brain sleep centers. Compounds that dampen inhibitory tone (e.g., GABA_A α5 inverse agonists) or elevate excitatory tone (e.g., glycine transporter inhibitors) offer novel approaches for treating diseases such as schizophrenia, AD and Down syndrome. In addition to cell surface receptors, intracellular drug targets such as the phosphodiesterases (PDEs) are known to impact signaling pathways that affect long-term memory formation and working memory. Overall, there is a genuine need to treat cognitive deficits associated with many neuropsychiatric conditions as well as an increasingly aging population.