Changes of bioactive components in berry seed oils during supercritical CO2 extraction

The objective of the work was to elucidate the chemical composition of fractions of oil extracts obtained during the supercritical extraction on a semi‐industrial scale from strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.), chokeberry [Aronia melanocarpa (Michx.)], and raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) seeds from industrial press cake. The oil extracts differed in terms of their content of bioactive components: carotenoids, tocopherols, chlorophylls, and fatty acids. Raspberry seed oil was the richest source of tocopherols (620.1–2166.7 mg kg^?1) and α‐linolenic acid (above 37%). Chokeberry seed oil had the highest content of linoleic acid (above 70%), and α‐tocopherol (166.0–1104.8 mg kg^?1). Strawberry oil was characterized by the highest content of chlorophylls and α‐linolenic acid (above 30%). It was showed that the oil fraction collected at the beginning of extraction is characterized by a high acid value, which requires purification steps to be used for food purposes.

Practical applications

Strawberry, raspberry, and chokeberry by‐products left over from the production of concentrated juice are a valuable source of oils rich in n‐3 and n‐6 polyunsaturated fatty acids, tocopherols, and carotenoids. The research showed that the fractionation of extracts in the course of supercritical extraction leads to oils with varying amounts of different bioactive compounds, and thus to products with potentially wide applications. Seeds oils have high potential utility as a source of unconventional oil for cosmetic and pharmaceutical sectors and biodiesel. Their targeted utilization may be exploited for economic, environmental and health benefits.     

Identification of bioactive compounds and total phenol contents of cold pressed oils from safflower and camelina seeds

The compositions of fatty acids, tocopherols, polyphenols, sterols, and the total phenol contents of cold pressed oils obtained from five varieties of safflower seeds and ten varieties of camelina seeds cultivated in Turkey were determined. Total phenol contents of safflower oils were higher (272.20–525.30 mg GAE/kg) than camelina seed oils (25.90–63.70 mg GAE/kg). Apigenin, luteolin, tyrosol, syringic acid, 3-hydroxytyrosol, p-coumaric acid and sinapic acid were detected in seed oils. Camelina seed oils were rich in tocopherol (144.11–168.69 mg/100 g). γ-Tocopherol was the predominant tocopherol in camelina seed oils consisting of averagely 80% of total tocopherol, while α-tocopherol was the main compound of safflower seed oils, representing 97.85–98.53% of total tocopherols. β-Sitosterol was the major sterol in both type of seed oils. Its concentration ranged between 92.51–121.83 mg/100 g and 80.52–25.54 mg/100 g in safflower seed and camelina oils, respectively. Camelina seed oils contained 22.31–26.57% linolenic acid, 21.25–24.05% linoleic acid and 19.46–21.47% oleic acid, whereas safflower seed oils mainly consisted of linoleic (28.03–76.85%) and oleic (13.01–62.61%) acids.     

Aframomum stipulatum (Gagnep) K. Schum and Aframomum giganteum (Oliv. & Hanb) K. Schum as Aroma Tincto Oleo Crops resources: essential oil,fatty acids,sterols, tocopherols,and tocotrienols composition of different fruit parts of Congo varieties

BACKGROUND: Today, few known plant species provide both an essential oil (EO) and a vegetable oil (VO). Seed and husk of two Aframomum species were investigated and compared in terms of EO, fatty acids, tocopherols, and tocotrienols. RESULTS: EO yield reaches 15.3 g kg⁻¹ in the seeds and 3.2 g kg⁻¹ in the husks, while VO yield is 180.0 g kg⁻¹ in the seeds and 25.0 g kg⁻¹ in the husks. β‐Pinene, 1,8‐cineol, α‐selinene, terpine‐4‐ol, linalool, myrtenal and β‐caryophyllene are the major compounds of seed and husk EO. Fatty acid analysis of two Aframomum species shows that oleic, linoleic, and palmitic acids were the major compounds of VO. Total sterol contents reached 4.3 g kg⁻¹ in seed VO and 8.5 g kg⁻¹ in husk VO. An appreciable amount of tocopherols (0.52 g kg⁻¹) was found in seed VO. CONCLUSION: The seed and husk oil of A. stipulatum and A. giganteum fruits are rich sources of many bioactive constituents such as fatty acids, sterols, tocopherols and tocotrienols. These tropical wild fruits can be considered as new Aroma Tincto Oleo Crops (ATOC) resources that contain both EOs and VOs. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

Composition and oxidative stabilities of oils extracted from hybrid hazelnuts grown in Nebraska,USA

Recently, hybrid hazelnuts have emerged as a potential oilseed crop in Nebraska for food and value‐added industrial applications. As with all hazelnuts, Nebraska hybrid hazelnuts were characterised by the high oil content with the average oil content of 54.3%. Oleic acid was the predominant fatty acid. Oleic acid and linoleic acid accounted for more than 90% of the total fatty acid composition, whereas small quantities of palmitoleic and linolenic acids were found. Four major tocopherols (α‐, β‐, γ‐ and δ‐tocopherols) were identified with α‐tocopherol as the most dominant isomer. The average total tocopherol content was 235.4 mg kg^?1 oil with α‐tocopherol constituting approximately 97.5% of the total tocopherols. β‐sitosterol was the most abundant sterol of the three identified sterols representing, on average, 93.1% of total sterols, followed by campesterol and stigmasterol. The oil oxidative stability was affected by the presence of high levels of natural antioxidants and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA). Genotype 16–177 was superior to the other genotypes, when combining high levels of MUFA, tocopherols and phytosterols, and high oxidative stability.     

Variation in oil content and fatty acid composition of the seed oil of Acacia species collected from the northwest zone of India

BACKGROUND: The oil content and fatty acid composition of the mature seeds of Acacia species collected from natural habitat of the northwest zone of the Indian subcontinent (Rajasthan) were analyzed in order to determine their potential for human or animal consumption. RESULTS: Oil content varied between 40 and 102 g kg^?1. The highest oil content was obtained in Acacia bivenosa DC. (102 g kg^?1) among the nine Acacia species. The fatty acid composition showed higher levels of unsaturated fatty acids, especially linoleic acid (～757.7 g kg^?1 in A. bivenosa), oleic acid (～525.0 g kg^?1 in A. nubica) and dominant saturated fatty acids were found to be 192.5 g kg^?1 palmitic acid and 275.6 g kg^?1 stearic acid in A. leucophloea and A. nubica respectively. Seed oils of Acacia species can thus be classified in the linoleic–oleic acid group. Significant variations were observed in oil content and fatty acid composition of Acacia species. CONCLUSION: The present study revealed that the seed oil of Acacia species could be a new source of high linoleic–oleic acid‐rich edible oil and its full potential should be exploited. The use of oil from Acacia seed is of potential economic benefit to the poor native population of the areas where it is cultivated. The fatty acid composition of Acacia seed oils is very similar to that reported for commercially available edible vegetable oils like soybean, mustard, sunflower, groundnut and olive. Hence the seed oil of Acacia species could be a new source of edible vegetable oil after toxicological studies. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

Fatty acids and bioactive compounds of the pulps and kernels of Brazilian palm species,guariroba (Syagrus oleraces), jerivá (Syagrus romanzoffiana) and macaúba (Acrocomia aculeata)

BACKGROUND: Bioactive compounds are capable of providing health benefits, reducing disease incidence or favoring body functioning. There is a growing search for vegetable oils containing such compounds. This study aimed to characterize the pulp and kernel oils of the Brazilian palm species guariroba (Syagrus oleracea), jerivá (Syagrus romanzoffiana) and macaúba (Acrocomia aculeata), aiming at possible uses in several industries. RESULTS: Fatty acid composition, phenolic and carotenoid contents, tocopherol composition were evaluated. The majority of the fatty acids in pulps were oleic and linoleic; macaúba pulp contained 526 g kg^?1 of oleic acid. Lauric acid was detected in the kernels of all three species as the major saturated fatty acid, in amounts ranging from 325.8 to 424.3 g kg^?1. The jerivá pulp contained carotenoids and tocopherols on average of 1219 µg g^?1 and 323.50 mg kg^?1, respectively. CONCLUSION: The pulps contained more unsaturated fatty acids than the kernels, mainly oleic and linoleic. Moreover, the pulps showed higher carotenoid and tocopherol contents. The kernels showed a predominance of saturated fatty acids, especially lauric acid. The fatty acid profiles of the kernels suggest that these oils may be better suited for the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries than for use in foods. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

Fatty Acid Composition of ‘Cerrado’ Seed Oils

The seeds of 28 species from ‘cerrado’, a typical savanna ecosystem of Brazil, were analysed for total lipid contents and fatty acid distribution. The seeds of 10 species presented contents above 150 g kg⁻¹, the highest yield reaching 335 g kg⁻¹. Distribution of fatty acids based on polyunsaturated compounds seems to be rare in seed oils from ‘cerrado’: only three seed oils were found to be based on linoleic acid and none on linolenic acid. Eight seed oils, four of them Fabales, presented palmitic acid as a dominant constituent. Half of the species presented oleic acid based seed oils. Two species stand out for unusual fatty acid distribution: Qualea grandiflora (Vochysiaceae) with 171 g kg⁻¹ of seed oil presenting 723 g kg⁻¹ of lauric acid and Serjania erecta (Sapindaceae) with 256 g kg⁻¹ of seed oil presenting 623 g kg⁻¹ of eicosenoic acid.     

Characterisation of musk lime (Citrusmicrocarpa) seed oil

BACKGROUND: The seeds of musk lime (Citrus microcarpa) represent a substantial waste product of small‐scale citrus‐processing factories, as they constitute about 100.0 ± 3.2 g kg^?1 of the whole fruit and contain a considerable amount of crude fat (338.0 ± 11.3 g kg^?1). Thus the aim of the present study was to determine the physicochemical properties of this fat with a view to potential applications. RESULTS: The iodine and saponification values and unsaponifiable matter and free fatty acid contents of the freshly extracted oil were 118.0 g I₂ per 100 g oil, 192.6 mg KOH g^?1 oil, 22 mg g^?1 oil and 18 mg oleic acid g^?1 oil respectively. The oil had a Lovibond colour index of 33.1 Y + 1.1 B. Its fatty acid profile indicated that 73.6% of the fatty acids present were unsaturated. Linoleic (L, 31.8%), oleic (O, 29.6%) and palmitic (P, 21.4%) acids were the predominant fatty acids, existing mainly as the triacylglycerols POL (18.9%), PLL (13.7%) and OLL (11.9%). The melting and cooling points of the oil were 10.7 and ? 45.2 °C respectively. Electronic nose qualitative analysis of the oil showed the presence of volatile (aroma) compounds, although the concentrations of the more volatile compounds were lower than those present in the seeds. CONCLUSION: Musk lime seeds are a rich source of oil, which is unusual in having linoleic, oleic and palmitic acids dominating the fatty acid composition. This property should make the oil both relatively stable to thermal oxidation owing to the combined presence of oleic and palmitic acids (61.0%) and highly nutritive owing to its high concentration of unsaturated fatty acids (73.6%). Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry     

The effects of planting time on fatty acids and tocopherols in chickpea

In Turkey, as an important producer, chickpea is generally planted in March and April during spring. However, spring plantings have the disadvantage of unstable yield and quality from year to year due to irregularity in spring precipitation. In this research, fatty acids and tocopherol contents in different chickpea genotypes were investigated for consecutive 2 years with both autumn and spring plantings. Tocopherol analyses were carried out by using a high performance liquid chromatography. Gamma tocopherol was the major component of total tocopherol content and it ranged between 15.34 and 42.09 mg kg⁻¹. Alpha tocopherol content ranged between 4.55 and 10.69 mg kg⁻¹. Depending on planting time, the values of tocopherol components changed significantly. The mean values for alpha tocopherol were 6.77 mg kg⁻¹ for autumn and 7.55 mg kg⁻¹ for spring plantings; while the mean values for gamma tocopherol were 33.32 mg kg⁻¹ for autumn and 22.50 mg kg⁻¹ for spring plantings, respectively. Fatty acids, quantified using a gas chromatography, indicated that differences among the genotypes were significant. The values for autumn planting were generally higher than those of spring planting. The values of major fatty acids changed between 18.57 and 35.23% for oleic acid and 47.15 and 63.44% for linoleic acid. According to planting time the mean values for oleic acid changed between 21.23 and 30.52% and for linoleic acid between 51.77 and 60.79%.     

Oil,micronutrient and heavy metal contents of tomatoes

In this study, oils, micronutrients and heavy metal contents of tomato seeds and tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) fruits from different Turkish resources were determined. The tomato seed oil contains more than 84% unsaturated fatty acids, such as oleic acid, linoleic acid and linolenic acid. The fatty acid composition of tomato seed oil was similar to that of soybean oil. Under supercritical conditions, partial thermal degradation occurs on the double bonds of unsaturated aliphatic carbons chains in fatty acids. Linoleic acid was the major unsaturated fatty acid in tomato seed oil. The concentrations of metals (Pb, Cd, Fe, Cu, Zn, Na, K, Ca and Mg) were determined in tomato samples.     

不同品种葡萄籽油脂肪酸含量的测定

建立同时测定37种脂肪酸的气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)法,并对吐鲁番产区的40个品种的葡萄籽油中脂肪酸组成及含量进行检测分析。结果表明：葡萄籽油中可检测出19种脂肪酸,40个品种葡萄籽油样中,有14个品种的脂肪酸总含量在90 g/100 g以上。沈农金皇后总脂肪酸含量最高,为99.75 g/100 g。灰比诺、赤霞珠、沈农金皇后、巨玫瑰等品种可作为富含脂肪酸的葡萄籽油提取的优势品种,其中灰比诺中亚油酸含量最高,赤霞珠其次。对不同品种葡萄籽油进行聚类分析,可被明显分为两类,亚油酸和油酸对于品种间的分类具有较大贡献。本法具有操作简单,灵敏度高,定性定量准确等特点,为葡萄籽油中脂肪酸成分的监测和评估提供了技术支持。     

松籽油脂肪酸组成及分布特征分析

通过气相色谱法分析了松仁油的总脂肪酸组成及其上位置分布特点。结果表明,松仁油主要含有亚油酸(46.29%)、油酸(26.68%)和松籽油酸(13.84%)。sn2位置上的亚油酸(66.84%)和油酸(28.33%)含量高于sn1,3上的含量,但是Δ5系列多不饱和脂肪酸(Δ5-PUFA)主要分布在sn1,3位置上。Δ5-PUFA的存在和它们选择性地分布在sn1,3位等特点是包括红松籽油在内主要松属植物果实油脂的特点。松籽油主要由12种甘油三酯组成,其中含量比较多的是LLPi(24.13%),OLL/LOL(17.87%)和LOPi(14.32%)。我们还对植物甾醇和维生素进行分析,结果显示松籽油含有141.64mg/100g的总植物甾醇和23.63mg/100g的总生育酚。     

Genetic and environmental variability in protein,oil and fatty acid composition in high-alkaloid hite lupin (Lupinus albus)

Protein, oil and fatty acid composition ere determined on seed samples of Lupinus albus L cultivars gron in to different locations, Villafranca and Córdoba. Seeds planted in the latter location ere inoculated ith Rhizobium leguminosarum f lupini as soil pH as 7·5-7·9. Locations clearly caused differences in both protein and oil contents. Interactions beteen localities and genotypes ere not significant. Environmental effects ere much greater than the genotypic factors except for oleic and linoleic acids. Both locality and genotype effects ere clearly significant for all fatty acids studied except for palmitic acid. A negative correlation as found beteen protein and oil content. Oil and oleic acid contents ere positively correlated to each other. Linoleic acid content seemed not to be correlated ith any other fatty acid except oleic. Linolenic acid content as also negatively correlated ith that of oleic acid. Covariance analysis shoed a strong positive genetic correlation beteen oil and oleic acid contents; the genetic correlation as higher than the environmental one. Oil content is strongly negatively correlated ith both linoleic and linolenic acid contents at the genotypic level.     

The proximate composition and some minor constituents of poppy seeds

The proximate chemical composition of poppy seeds, along with minerals and water-soluble vitamins content was investigated. The compositions of the fatty acids and tocopherols of the extracted oil were also determined. The proximate analysis of poppy seeds showed the following composition: (440 g kg^?1), protein (211 g kg^?1), moisture (50 g kg^?1), ash (63 g kg^?1), crude fine (62 g kg^?1) and total carbohydrates (236 g kg^?1). Potassium and calcium were the predominant elements in the poppy seeds. Linoleic acid was the major unsaturated fatty acid (750 g kg^?1 total fatty acids) while palmitic acid was the main saturated one (86-4 g kg^?1). The amounts of α-, β- and δ-tocopherols found in poppy seed oil were 220 μg g^?1, 40 μg g^?1 and 20 μg g^?1 respectively. Among the water-soluble vitamins determined, pantothenic acid was found at the highest level followed by niacin and thiamin.     

Nutritional composition of Zizyphus lotus L. seeds

BACKGROUND: Zizyphus lotus seeds are an unutilized source of vegetable oil and protein and nothing has been reported on their physicochemical characteristics which would indicate the potential uses of these seeds. RESULTS: The percentage composition of the Zizyphus lotus seeds is (on a dry‐weight basis): ash 1.05%, oil 32.92%, protein 19.11%, total carbohydrate 40.87% and moisture 6.05%. Calcium, potassium and magnesium constitute the major minerals of Zizyphus lotus seeds. The seed proteins are rich in threonine, glutamic acid, leucine, arginine and aspartic acid (26.73%, 17.28%, 13.11%, 9.47% and 7.76%, respectively). The main fatty acids of the oil are oleic (61.93%), linoleic (18.31%) and palmitic (9.14%) acids. Glycerol trioleate (OOO; O: oleic acid) was the most abundant triacylglycerol, representing 26.48% of the total triacyglycerols. β‐Tocopherol was the major tocopherol (130.47 mg 100 g^?1). This oil was rich in Δ7‐campestrol and β‐sitosterol (147.82 and 82.10 mg 100 g^?1 oil), respectively. CONCLUSION: Zizyphus lotus seeds are rich in fat and protein which are of potential industrial significance. In addition, Zizyphus lotus L. seed oil contained many bioactive compounds. This fact is of great economic interest owing to several applications of Zizyphus lotus L. seeds in the food, cosmetics and medicinal industries. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

Chemical characterisation of Tylosema fassoglensis (Kotschy) Torre & Hillc oilseed

Tylosema fassoglensis seeds contain high levels of lipids (240–300 g kg^?1) and proteins (446 g kg^?1 dry weight). Major fatty acids contained in the oil are linoleic (36–42% of the total fatty acids) oleic (32–35%) and palmitic (11.5–15.7%) acids. The proteins are characteristic with their high levels of lysine, proline and tyrosine. Due to their very low content, both methionine and cystine appear to be the limiting amino acids. Tylosema fassoglensis defatted meal contains substantial amounts of trypsin inhibitors and phytates 295 TUI mg^?1 and 35 g kg^?1 dry weight, respectively.     

Kigelia africana seed: proximate,mineral, vitamin E,fibre, amino acid and fatty acid composition

Research reports on the ethnomedical and pharmacological potential of Kigelia africana extracts. In this study, the nutritional potential of K. africana seed and seed oil was evaluated by chemical analyses. Organic matter and ash constituted 915.23 ± 7.98 g kg^?1 DM and 49.05 ± 4.55 g kg^?1 DM of the seed mass, respectively. Oil constituted 492.2 g kg^?1 DM of the seed mass with oleic acid, linoleic acid and α‐linolenic acid constituting 17.6%, 12.9% and 54.3%, respectively, of the seed oil. Vitamin E concentration was 0.94 ± 0.25 μg g^?1. Crude protein was 357.35 ± 3.39 g kg^?1 DM. Arginine (6.14 ± 0.31 g per 100 g) as the most abundant amino acid and hydroxyproline (0.11 ± 0.06 g per 100 g) the least. Phosphorus (1123.2 mg per 100 g) and calcium (56.1 mg per 100 g) were, respectively, the most and least abundant minerals. Gross energy was 29.6 ± 0.06 MJ kg^?1. Kigelia africana seeds could be exploited as nutrient‐dense dietary supplement rich in protein, oleic acid and essential fatty acids.     

Analysis of the testaless seeds of chrysophyllum albidum: Nutritional aspects

The testaless seeds of Chrysophyllum albidum G Don from Nigeria were analysed and found to contain saponins with a foaming index < 100, 71 g kg^?1 crude fibre, 109 g kg^?1 total ash, 316 g kg^?1 carbohydrates, 364 g kg^?1 proteins and 52 g kg^?1 fixed oil on dry weight basis. They were also found to have appreciable amounts of K, Ca, P and Mg. Further analysis of the carbohydrates showed the presence of starch and the reducing sugars arabinose, galactose, glucose and mannose. The profile of amino acids showed the seeds to be rich in the essential amino acids lysine, threonine, leucine, isoleucine and phenylalanine. The fatty acids of fixed oil include 16–3% palmitic acid, 5–9% stearic acid, 41–3% oleic acid, 30–9% linoleic acid and 1–6% arachidic acid.     

Total lipids content and fatty acid composition of seed oils from six pomegranate cultivars

The fatty acid composition of the seed oils of six pomegranate (Punica granatum L) cultivars was qualitatively and quantitatively determined by gas chromatography. The seeds contained oil in the range 51-152 mg kg^?1 dry matter. Intervarietal differences in fatty acid composition were demonstrated (fatty acid esters as % (w/w) total fatty acid esters. Sour varieties had the highest while sour-sweet varieties had the lowest oil content. Eleven fatty acids were identified. In all varieties, the predominant fatty acids were linoleic (25.2-38.6%) and oleic acid (24.8-35.5%) followed by palmitic (18.2-22.6%), stearic (6.9-10.4%) and linolenic acid (0.6-9.9%). To a lesser extent arachidic (1.1-3.4%) and palmitoleic acid (0.2-2.7%) were also found in all varieties. Lauric, myristic, behenic and lignoceric acids were rarely detected. As far as we know linolenic (18:3), arachidic (20:0), behenic (22:0) or lignoceric (24:0) acids have not been previously reported in the seed oils of edible pomegranate varieties. Lignoceric acid has not previously been found in pomegranate seed oil.     

Antiradical and antimicrobial properties of cold-pressed black cumin and cumin oils

Cold-pressed black cumin seed oil (BCSO) and cumin seed oil (CSO) were evaluated for their fatty acid profiles, phytosterol and tocopherol contents, antiradical properties and inhibition of microbial growth. The main fatty acids in BCSO were linoleic followed by oleic and palmitic acids. Petroselinic acid (C18:1n-12) was the main fatty acid in CSO, while linoleic acid was the second major unsaturated acid. Six sterol compounds were measured in BCSO and CSO, wherein the sterol marker was β-sitosterol. α-Tocopherol constituted 45% of tocopherols in BCSO, while β-tocopherol was the main component in CSO. BCSO and CSO oils had higher antiradical action against DPPH· and galvinoxyl radicals than virgin olive oil. Antimicrobial properties of BCSO and CSO were studied, and the results revealed that CSO inhibited the growth of all microorganisms tested, while BCSO inhibited the growth of all microorganisms tested except A. niger and A. flavus. BCSO and CSO had a drastic effect on the biosynthesis of protein and lipids in cells of B. subtilis.