腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展的断裂模型

将修正的疲劳裂纹扩展静态断裂模型和裂尖腐蚀溶解相结合,提出了腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展(CFCP)的腐蚀-钝化-断裂模型.根据该模型和断裂力学原理,导出了CFCP速率的定量表达式,它揭示了CFCP速率与力学条件,裂尖表面腐蚀率、加载频率、假设的裂尖材料元临界断裂应力之间的定量关系,并能说明氢脆对CFCP率的影响规律。实验结果表明,应用所提出的模型可很好地描述铝合金在35％NaCI中CFCP的一般规律。     

新型含钪Al-Mg-Cu合金的抗应力腐蚀开裂特性

对3.5%NaCl溶液中新型含钪Al-Mg-Cu合金的应力腐蚀开裂宏观性能进行测试,并对裂纹尖端的成分与微观形貌进行分析。根据线弹性断裂力学理论,预制疲劳裂纹试样裂纹尖端处于平面应变状态,得到裂纹匀速扩展时的扩展速率、裂纹尖端应力强度因子以及应力腐蚀开裂强度因子的门槛值。扫描电镜及EDS分析表明:应力腐蚀开裂主要是沿晶扩展,预制裂纹与腐蚀介质中的溶解氧生成Al2O3,产生楔入力促使裂纹扩展;裂纹尖端基体主要发生阳极溶解反应,腐蚀产物以氯化铝为主。     

腐蚀疲劳裂尖材料损伤研究

金属环境断裂过程依赖于材料,应力与介质参数间的复杂交互作用,这些交互作用的澄清是实现材料断裂控制的重要基础,而裂纹尖端单元损伤过程的研究则是联接微观机制与宏观断裂规律的桥梁。通过对钝化和活化典型腐蚀体系下恒速长大腐蚀疲劳裂纹受力学与电化学参数扰动后的扩展动力学响应规律的系统研究,并结合多种其它分析手段,考察了不同腐蚀因素对裂尖材料的损伤作用机制。在实验基础上,对腐蚀导致裂纹闭合变化,裂纹扩展过载延     

膜致应力对应力腐蚀裂尖力学特性的影响

氧化膜破裂理论是目前定量预测核电高温水环境中镍基合金应力腐蚀开裂速率应用最为广泛的理论模型之一,其中应力强度因子是衡量应力腐蚀开裂速率的重要参量。为进一步了解氧化膜破裂机理及裂纹扩展驱动力特性,提出了膜致应力强度因子。为了深入了解膜致应力强度因子在 EAC 裂纹扩展过程中裂尖的力学状况,在不考虑外载的情况下,从理论和数值模拟两方面分析研究了EAC 裂尖基体金属区域的应力应变分布状态,得出了膜致应力强度因子对裂尖Mises应力、等效塑性应变、拉伸应力、拉伸应变及拉伸应变梯度的影响规律,为提高定量预测高温高压水环境中镍基合金及不锈钢 EAC 扩展速率精度奠定基础,进而完善了氧化膜破裂机理。     

MORPHOLOGY OF SUB-CRITICAL GROWTH ON STRESS CORROSION CRACKING AND PLASTIC ZONE AT CRACK TIP

用抛光的恒载荷试样对40CrNiMoA和AISI4330M两种高强度钢在水介质中应力腐蚀裂纹的产生和扩展进行了金相跟踪观察,研究了裂纹亚临界扩展的形貌。结果表明:表面裂纹前端产生阴影区(塑性变形区),它的形貌随钢种不同而不同。对于40CrNiMoA,阴影区是扩展、闭合,再扩展、再闭合。而对于4330M,阴影区不闭合,近乎平行扩展。只有在刚开始加载、阴影区呈耳朵状时,它才反映了裂纹尖端的塑性区。在以后绝大部分的扩展过程中,阴影区并不代表裂纹尖端的塑性,而只反映产生剪切唇所引起的变形,且与裂纹的“突进”(Pop-in)密切有关,必须和小范围屈服断裂力学中裂纹尖端的塑性区相区别。     

安全端焊接接头镍基合金600SCC裂纹扩展行为研究

镍基合金作为压水堆一回路安全端焊接接头焊缝的常用材料,由于严苛的服役环境以及焊缝处材料力学性能的不均匀使得镍基合金极易发生应力腐蚀开裂现象,对核电安全运行造成很大影响。为了解材料宏观结构参量变化(包括材料塑性性能以及应力强度因子K)对SCC裂纹扩展速率的变化,本文通过建立镍基合金600不同宏观结构参量下的SCC裂纹扩展有限元模型,分析了镍基合金600不同塑性以及载荷参数变化对裂尖塑性区和拉伸塑性应变的影响,结果表明塑性区尺寸及裂尖拉伸应变受到裂尖应力强度因子、屈服强度及硬化指数的影响,其中裂尖应力强度因子的影响较大,同时与屈服强度成反比,应力强度因子和硬化指数成正比;通过比较不同应力强度因子下计算所得SCC扩展速率结果和高温水环境下SCC扩展速率实验,获得了符合镍基合金600的特征距离r₀的取值范围;研究结果能为核电镍基合金600的高温水环境下SCC速率预测提供一定的科学依据。     

划痕诱发的镍基合金应力腐蚀裂尖扩展驱动力分析

为了解表面划伤导致的不同氧化物形貌对镍基合金应力腐蚀(SCC)行为的影响,模拟了膜致应力下镍基合金划伤裂纹尖端的局部应力应变场。结果表明,楔形力是引发SCC裂纹扩展的主要驱动力。划痕裂纹前端的氧化物越厚,楔形力越大,并会增大SCC裂纹扩展速率。裂尖氧化物的形成导致了压应力、压应变和负的应变速率,并会阻碍半椭圆裂纹尖端上部和下部的SCC裂纹扩展。     

Untersuchungen zur transkristallinen und interkristallinen Spannungsrißkorrosion austenitischer Chrom-Nickel-Stähle in heißen Magnesiumchlorid-Lösungen

Investigations Into transgranular and intergranular stress corrosion cracking of austenitic stainless steels In hot magnesium chloride solutions The stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of austenitic stainless steels in hot magnesium chloride solutions is known to be transgranular. Therefore the slip-step-dissolution model is most favourable when explaining the failure mechanism. Constant load and constant extension rate tests (CERT) show that both methodes are almost equivalent. Moreover constant extension rate tests in more concentrated magnesium chloride solutions at 135°C reveal a small potential range of intergranular stress corrosion cracking more negative than the range of transgranular SCC. Observations of crack nucleation and crack propagation make plain that crack nucleation is a localized corrosion process. Pitting produces crack nucleis in the elastic range whereas cracks start along slip lines after plastic deformation. Fractography of specimens which failed by intergranular and transgranular SCC show macroscopically brittle fracture surfaces. Therefore a model is proposed which explains crack propagation by hydrogen-induced intermitted cracking at high-stressed sites at the crack tip.     

Influence of specimen orientation and loading history on s.c.c. in an aluminium alloy

A contoured double cantilever beam specimen developed for linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM) studies was used in a stress corrosion cracking study of the Al Alloy RR 58. Subcritical s.c.c. tests were performed, in which a 3.5% NaCl solution, at 21°C, was drip-fed on to the crack surfaces with the crack propagating in the S-L orientation.Initial results showed three distinct regions of crack propagation when plotted as crack growth rate, da/dt, as a function of stress intensity K. Additional comparative tests showed that a faster-crack growth rate was obtained when the specimens had their longitudinal axis positioned vertically rather than horizontally, due to the better access of the corrodent to the crack tip. The present results were compared with data obtained under similar conditions on a range of 2000 series A1 alloys.The influence of loading history on the crack growth rate was studied. When the level of K was increased a temporary increase in crack growth rate was observed. Tests under decreasing K values showed an increase of the incubation time with decreasing values of the stress intensity. This latter effect is discussed in terms of the plastic zone size and an analytical solution suggested.     

Effects of water chemistry and loading conditions on stress corrosion cracking of cold-rolled 316NG stainless steel in high temperature water

The effects of electrode potential, stress intensity factor and loading history on stress corrosion cracking growth of a cold-rolled 316NG stainless steel in 288 °C pure water were investigated. Crack branching and intergranular stress corrosion cracking along random grain boundaries were observed by electron-back scattering diffraction. A strong dependence of crack growth rate on stress intensity factor is observed. A single-cycle overloading produced a retarded transient cracking growth period. The mild inhibiting effect of decreasing electrode potential on crack growth of cold-rolled 316NG SS is analyzed based on the interaction between crack tip mechanics and crack tip oxidation kinetics.     

Kinetics of stress corrosion crack propagation in AA 7039 using double cantilever beam specimens

Abstract

The kinetics of stress corrosion (SC) crack propagation in region II of the crack propagation rate versus stress intensity factor curve for AA 7039 has been studied as a function of temperature and sodium chloride concentration using double cantilever beam specimens. Stress corrosion cracking tests were carried out over the range 298–328K in solutions containing 0, 2, and 3·5 wt-%NaCI. Crack propagation rate increased with increasing chloride ion concentration and temperature. Activation energies for theSC crack propagation processes in region II were found to be 32 kJ mol^?1 in distilled water and 54 kJ mol^?1 in 2·0–3·5 wt-%NaCI solution respectively. The rate controlling steps for SC crack propagation are discussed in terms of anodic dissolution at the crack tip, ion transport within the crack tip solution, creep at the crack tip, and hydrogen diffusion within the metal. From the relation between SC crack propagation rate and stress intensity factor in region II, it is suggested that crack propagation is controlled by hydrogen transport within the metal in sodium chloride solutions, but by cation transport from the crack tip solution to the bulk solution in distilled water.     

高温水环境中镍基合金力学性能对裂尖力学化学效应的影响

力学与化学相互作用引起的力学化学效应会加速核电站中镍基合金的应力腐蚀开裂行为。焊接接头材料力学性能的不均匀性,将间接影响材料的力学化学效应。本文采用标准紧凑拉伸试样和有限元方法,研究得到了高温水环境中600合金屈服强度和硬化指数对裂纹尖端表面力学化学效应的影响,分析了弹性和塑性变形对裂纹尖端力学化学效应的作用。结果表明600合金裂尖表面的力学化学效应受到屈服强度的变化的影响,但硬化指数对裂尖表面力学化学效应的影响不明显。     

钢轨表面裂纹扩展方向研究

目的研究钢轨表面裂纹的扩展方向。方法采用有限元分析软件ANSYS,在不同轴重和不同角度裂纹的工况下,获得不同裂纹位置的应力强度因子。结果裂纹在接触斑边缘的位置时,应力强度因子K最大。随着轴重的增加,应力强度因子KI和KII均增大;随着裂纹角度的增加,KI增加,而KII减小。当裂纹角度为60°时,其等效应力强度因子幅值ΔKeff最大。结论钢轨表面的裂纹在扩展初期,以斜裂纹为主,扩展角度趋向于60°。     

EFFECT OF CRACK CLOSURE ON SLOW PROPAGATION IN DUAL-PHASE STEEL

The effect of ferrite content in ferrite-martensite dual-phase steel on the initiation and prop-agation of fatigue crack and the plastic deformation at crack tip has been studied.In the rangeof ferrite content from 24.2 to 41.5％,the optimum seems to be 33.8％,of which the crack ini-tiation will be prolonged,the threshold value increased,the propagation rate decreased and theclosure stress intensity factor increased.As the propagation force is described by effectivestress intensity factor,three steels with various ferrite contents will show the same propagationbehaviour on da/dN vs △ K_(eff)curve.It is shown that the closure effect increases with thedecrease in △K at the fatigue crack tip.When △K equals to △K_(th),the closure effect reachesa maximum value of0.7 in a dual-phase steel with 33.8％ferrite.     

DUCTILE CRACK INITIATION AND STEADY-STATE PROPAGATION OF HIGH STRENGTH STRUCTURAL STEEL

The resistance to crack propagation at earlier stage for a high strength structural steel withcertain ductility and its correlation to microstructures,stress states,deformation history andstrain characteristics have been investigated.The resistance to crack propagation is mainly de-termined by the plastic constrain ahead of the crack tip,the elastic energy and plastic workabsorbed in the stress-strain field.These are connected with the state function of triaxialstress.The deformation history and strain characteristic during deformation of material aredescribed by the flow line in which the deformation history and strain characteristic restrainthe crack initiation at stage Ⅱ and the crack propagation at stage Ⅲ.The strain hardeningrate may sensitively reflect the stress distribution and micro-fracture mechanism in the interi-or of material.     

Effect of stress on electrochemical characteristics of pre-cracked ultrahigh strength stainless steel in acid sodium sulphate solution

The electrochemical behaviors of ultrahigh strength stainless steel Cr12Ni5MoCo14 at crack tip under applied stress were studied by micro-electrochemical measurements as well as finite element analysis. The non-uniform distribution of the stress and strain induces a higher electrochemical activity at crack tip and promotes the anodic dissolution rate. The corrosion rate increases with increasing applied stress. In the elastic stress range, the effect of the applied stress on the electrochemical behaviors of Cr12Ni4Mo2Co14 steel is small. In the plastic stress range, the plastic deformation has a dramatic effect on the mechanical–electrochemical interaction and enhances the anodic activity.     

高强度结构钢的韧性启裂和稳态扩展

研究了具有一定韧度的高强度结构钢裂纹早期扩展阻力与材料的微观组织结构、应力状态、变形历史和应变特性之间的关系。结果表明:裂纹扩展阻力(指J_R阻力曲线中的J_i和dJ/da)主要决定于裂纹尖端的塑性约束程度和应力应变场中消耗的弹性能和塑性功。这与三轴应力状态函数σ_mσ~(1/2)有关。材料的流变曲线描述了形变过程中的变形历史和应变特性,有明显的阶段性,其中第Ⅱ阶段的变形历史和应变特性制约着裂纹的启裂过程,第Ⅲ阶段的变形历史和应变特性制约着裂纹的扩展过程。应变硬化率dσ/dε可以敏感地反映出材料内部的应力分布和微观断裂机制。     

铝合金疲劳裂纹扩展声发射监测

采用声发射(acoustic emission,AE)技术对7N01铝合金单边缺口三点弯曲试样不同应力比、不同峰值载荷下疲劳裂纹扩展过程中声发射信号进行了监测,建立了裂纹扩展速率、声发射计数(count)与应力强度因子之间的关系.结果表明,大部分的声发射信号主要产生于疲劳循环载荷的低应力阶段,这主要是低应力阶段的声发射活动主要与裂纹尖端的塑性变形和裂纹闭合现象有关,声发射计数与应力强度因子之间呈指数增长的关系.基于所建立的声发射计数率与裂纹扩展速率的关系,可以预测疲劳损伤结构的剩余寿命.     

Formulating stress corrosion cracking growth rates by combination of crack tip mechanics and crack tip oxidation kinetics

A theoretical equation for stress corrosion crack growth rate of austenitic alloys in high temperature water is reformulated based on crack tip asymptotic fields and crack tip transient oxidation kinetics. A general oxidation kinetic law is introduced, emphasizing the role of mass transport through solid oxide film at the crack tip. The effects of several parameters on crack growth rate are evaluated. The results are compared with available experimental data and other equations. A good prediction of the effect of K on stress corrosion cracking growth rate of typical austenitic alloys in simulated light water reactor environments has been achieved.     

超细晶镁合金的腐蚀与防护进展

总结了近年来经剧烈塑性变形加工后的超细晶镁合金的腐蚀与防护研究。镁合金的初始成分可能对剧烈塑性变形加工后样品耐蚀性的变化起主导性作用。对于纯镁及含有铝或稀土等致钝性元素的合金,如AZ系和WE系镁合金,绝大多数剧烈塑性变形加工会促进生成更致密的保护膜,因而可以提升镁合金的耐蚀性。对于不含此类元素的镁合金体系,如Mg-Zn系合金,由于生成了更多的腐蚀微电偶,等通道转角挤压或高压扭转加工引起的第二相颗粒的细化和分布会加速镁合金的腐蚀,但多轴等温锻造可以提升此类合金的耐蚀性,该技术值得更多的关注。在成分相似的情况下,组织的均匀性或者第二相变化情况的影响可能较晶粒尺寸和织构演变的影响更大。对加工后的镁合金进行热处理或者表面改性是进一步提升其耐蚀性的有效手段。相对于粗晶基体,超细晶基体表面改性后的涂层的耐蚀性往往更好,值得更多的研究关注。