一种新型三自由度虚轴坐标测量机机构的误差建模与仿真

设计了一种新型三自由度虚轴坐标测量机机构,给出了其运动学正解模型,依据全微分理论,导出测头位置误差与结构参数误差及3个并联驱动杆长度误差之间的相互关系,从而建立起这种新型并联机构的误差模型;然后利用计算机仿真方法,验证了误差模型的准确性,分析了3个并联驱动杆长度变化以及结构参数误差变化对测头位置误差的影响,为该虚轴坐标测量机机构的加工制造及其误差补偿奠定了理论基础,该并联机构还可用于运动模拟器、并联机床等其它并联运动装备.     

关节臂式坐标测量机测量力误差分析及补偿

针对接触测量力对关节臂式坐标测量机(AACMM)测量精度的影响展开研究。对测量力引起的长度测量误差进行理论和实验分析,得到测头与被测件的局部变形、测杆的弯曲变形是影响关节臂式坐标测量机测头精度的主要因素。建立了关节臂式坐标测量机测头与被测件的局部变形、测杆的弯曲变形的数学模型,并对测量结果进行了测量力误差补偿。实验结果研究表明,测量力引起的误差对接触式关节臂式坐标测量机测量精度影响很大。通过本研究成果,可在很大程度上补偿测量力引起的误差:平均长度测量误差降低82%左右,最大误差降低约47μm,有效地提高了关节臂式坐标测量机的测量精度。     

自驱动关节臂坐标测量机臂杆变形静态误差预测模型

自驱动关节臂坐标测量机关节上增加了驱动电机、减速器等器件,受重力作用导致杆件弹性变形,由此带来的测量误差不容忽略。基于旋量指数积公式建立了自驱动关节臂坐标测量机测量模型,建立了关节重力坐标系间变换矩阵表达式。因臂杆具有柔性,提出了自驱动关节臂坐标测量机静态变形误差预测模型。对自驱动关节臂坐标测量机三种典型姿态的臂杆变形误差进行预测,利用ANSYS Workbench软件进行有限元静力学仿真。设计研制了自驱动关节臂坐标测量机臂杆变形等效实验样机,进行了臂杆变形检测实验,实验结果表明,经臂杆变形误差预测模型修正后,变形误差减少了88%左右。仿真和实验的结果表明该研究可使自驱动关节臂坐标测量机的测量精度有效提高。     

三坐标测量机非刚性误差的分析与补偿

根据移动桥式三坐标测量机非刚性效应测量误差的分布特征 ,通过对坐标测量机构件进行受力变形分析与建模 ,对坐标测量机的非刚性效应测量误差进行了分析 ,为高精度坐标测量机的误差补偿技术提供了新的思路     

坐标测量机的新发展——并联运动机构坐标测量机

从空间机构学的角度出发,可将坐标测量机分为串联机构坐标测量机和并联机坐标测量机两大类.由于并联机构坐标测量机测量精度高,测头位姿灵活,同时又具有“硬件”简单,“软件”复杂的特点,因而,正在成为坐标测量机领域研究的新热点.文章首先分析了普通笛卡尔串联机构坐标测量机的发展现状及存在问题,然后介绍了并联机构坐标测量机的结构及特点,并对国内外有关并联运动机构理论及其在坐标测量机领域的研究现状与发展趋势进行了综述,最后,对并联机构坐标测量机研究过程中应注意的主要问题进行了探讨.     

REVO五轴测量系统探针变形量标定及光栅值提取

REVOTM是基于正交式坐标测量机设计和应用的、能够同时实现高效高精度测量的动态测头系统.针对REVO五轴测量系统在非正交式坐标测量机中应用的问题,提出了REVO测头探针变形量的标定方法,并从测量系统返回的有限数据中分离出了各主轴的光栅数据,实现了测量点三维坐标数据的重构.实验验证了所提出标定方法和各主轴光栅值提取的有效性和正确性.实验结果表明,经过探针变形量补偿后,测量误差最大值从0.202 1 mm降低到0.000 9 mm,所提取出的各主轴光栅值变化量降低了两个数量级.     

新型并联机器人坐标测量机误差建模与仿真

介绍了一种新型五自由度并联机器人坐标测量机机构,该测量机机构具有五个驱动分支和一个约束分支,可以实现三维移动和二维转动。为了给该坐标测量机实际误差的补偿和控制奠定理论基础,提高测量精度,改善测量性能,根据其位置反解数学模型,导出了测头位姿误差与各运动副位置误差、调节器运动误差及测头长度误差之间的相互关系,建立了该测量机的误差模型,并通过计算机仿真对误差模型的正确性进行了验证。     

用蚁群算法求解关节式坐标测量机的最佳测量区

本文提出了一种求解最佳测量区的方法,以进一步提高关节式坐标测量机的测量精度。首先,根据关节式坐标测量机的测量模型,建立了基于圆编码器测角误差的关节式坐标测量机误差模型。利用蒙特卡洛理论得到6个关节转角的随机数,采用数值法仿真分析测量机的测量空间。然后将包含测量空间的一立方体区域等间隔切割成343个小立方体区域,采用蚁群算法确定每个小区域由于圆编码器误差所引起的最大测量误差。最后,通过比较找到其中最大测量误差最小的区域,即为最佳测量区。研究结果表明,对于所研究的关节式坐标测量机,各个小区域的最大误差为0.069 9~0.189 6mm,其中最小值为0.069 9mm的区域为-100mm≤x≤100mm,-100mm≤y≤100mm,400mm≤z≤600mm。采用本文方法确定的最佳测量区在测量空间内为一个立方体区域,故在最佳测量区进行较高精度的测量具有实用性和可操作性。     

一种新颖并联运动坐标测量机的误差建模与仿真

给出了三自由度并联运动坐标测量机的运动学模型,依据全微分理论,导出测头位置误差与各运动副误差及移动副运动误差之间的相互关系,建立了该坐标测量机的误差模型。用计算机对所建误差模型进行了仿真,讨论了机构参数误差对测量结果的影响,为运动校正和控制奠定了基础。     

基于复合标定和极限学习机的关节臂式坐标测量机残差建模及补偿

运动学标定是提高关节臂式坐标测量机精度的主要方法，但运动学标定后的残余误差对其测量精度和稳定性仍有很大影响。本文提出一种基于复合标定和极限学习机的关节臂式坐标测量机残差建模及补偿方法，以提高关节臂式坐标测量机的测量精度。首先，在关节臂式坐标测量机运动学建模和误差建模的基础上，建立了运动学参数辨识模型，并依次进行角度参数辨识、长度参数辨识和长度参数等比例缩放的复合辨识，完成了七自由度关节臂式坐标测量机的运动学标定。其次，通过对标定后残余误差图谱的分析，发现残余误差与测量构型有关联，进而构建了以测量摆角、仰角、距离和转角为变量的测量构型。由于测量构型变量与残余误差存在强非线性关系，提出一种基于极限学习机的残余误差预测和补偿方法。通过实验对本文所提模型及方法的有效性进行验证，结果表明：进行残差修正后关节臂式坐标测量机的单点测量误差最大值由0.061 mm下降到0.044 mm，误差均值由0.023 mm下降到0.017 mm，误差标准差由0.011mm下降到0.007 mm；长度测量误差最大值由0.137 mm下降到0.074 mm，误差均值由0.033 mm下降到0.021 mm、误差标准...     

利用弹性网络算法求解大型三坐标测量机几何误差的方法

为提高大型三坐标测量机(CMM)的精度,修正空间几何误差,研究利用激光追踪仪多站位测量技术取代实物基准,提出了基于弹性网络算法求解CMM几何误差的方法。基于激光追踪仪多站位测量技术,结合L-M算法,实现CMM空间规划点体积误差的高精度测量,有效提高测量效率。利用弹性网络算法解算CMM准刚体模型,解决模型求解存在多重共线的难题,实现CMM几何误差的求解;将方程组中部分系数为0的项结合体积误差与单轴几何误差的关系模型来求解几何误差。实验搭建了激光追踪多站位测量系统,测量了CMM的空间待测点体积误差。实验结果表明,提出的方法可以有效求解大型CMM的几何误差。     

并联六坐标测量机的研究

介绍了开发并联坐标测量机的意义。讨论了可实现六坐标运动的各种并联机构 ,确定以演化的Stew art平台作为并联六坐标测量机的结构 ,并按空间闭环机构对其进行了自由度分析。介绍了并联六坐标测量机的工作原理 ,设计了控制与测量系统。     

Approach for uncertainty analysis and error evaluation of four-axis co-ordinate measuring machines

In the present investigation, a new form of space frame for error evaluation and uncertainty analysis of four-axis co-ordinate measuring machines (CMMs) is proposed and applied. The novel space frame comprises a ball plate that incorporates seven high accuracy spheres. The volumetric error data obtained when a CMM measures the space frame, in different angular locations, can be used to verify whether a CMM maintains the manufacturer specifications. The experimental results have demonstrated that this space frame provides a practical and cost effective mechanical artifact to assessing the volumetric performance of four-axis CMMs. The developed technique can be applied for verification, periodic re-verification and acceptance test of any type of four-axis CMMs.     

三自由度并联机构坐标测量机误差建模与仿真

给出了三自由度并联机构坐标测量的运动反解模型,依据矩阵全微分理论,导出测头位姿态差与各运动副位置误差及调节器运动误差之间的相互关系,建立了新型坐标测量机的误差模型。通过计算机仿真,讨论了机构参数误差对测量结果的影响,为实际误差的补偿写控制奠定了理论基础。     

Elimination of Settling Error Due to Clamping Forces in On-Machine Measurement

When using OMM (on machine measurement), accuracy in the measurement of finished, machined parts is important; these parts are commonly measured by CMMs (coordinate measuring machines). This paper reports on new OMM hardware (and its operating software) developed to enhance accuracy in measurement. In assessing the value of the system, measurement accuracy was evaluated by comparing results of both CMM and OMM. Factors that can affect accuracy (sensor installation error, repeatability of the CNC machine tool, and settling error in the set-up of the workpiece) were then analysed quantitatively. The results show that the major source of error in OMM accuracy is settling error due to clamping forces, specifically in the workpiece clamping system (for example, a pallet). Therefore, the greatest improvement in measurement accuracy can be achieved by estimating and compensating for settling error beforehand.     

Stereo vision for 3D measurement: accuracy analysis, calibration and industrial applications

This paper evaluates the accuracy of different camera calibration and measurement methods used in 3D stereo vision with CCD cameras. These methods are evaluated by means of several precision tests, determining their error limits under specified conditions of operation. To check the precision of such systems, a CMM and some calibration objects, such as grids, plates, spheres, etc. are used. Two practical applications are described: a cost-effective system for the measurement of free-form surfaces, able to generate CAD models and measuring programs for CMMs. The system aims to reduce some difficulties associated with stereo vision and to speed up the traditional digitizing process. The other application involves car frame measurement. A new automatic measuring system has been developed, allowing contactless car frame measurement through two rotating CCD cameras.     

Development and validation of a new reference cylindrical gear for pitch measurement

A new type of master gear, the Gauge Block Gear (GBG), was developed for the performance verification of coordinate measuring machines (CMMs), for the specific task of pitch and chordal tooth thickness measurement. Its main characteristic is the replacement of the teeth with gauge blocks to achieve direct traceability of the chordal tooth thickness. Mathematical models for the geometrical definition of cylindrical gears with involute toothing, data evaluation, and assessment of the task-related uncertainty, were formulated, and measuring strategies for CMMs were designed and implemented. The GBG was calibrated using the swing round method, and measurement uncertainties on chordal tooth thickness and total pitch deviation F_p were determined to be 0.9 μm and 1.4 μm, respectively. Assembly stability and flexibility of the artefact were verified with measurements performed on a CMM provided with general purpose software, one with dedicated gear measuring software, a form tester, and a conventional gear measuring center. Results confirm the correctness of the mathematical models developed to analyze CMM results as well as their compatibility with existing approaches. The Gauge Block Gear provides, therefore, for direct traceability of the chordal tooth thickness and allows the definition of the task-specific uncertainty of pitch and tooth thickness measurements of cylindrical gears as basis for the assessment of the metrological capability of measuring machines.     

六坐标位姿测量机的设计与研究

该测量机构由串联位置测量机构和并联姿态测量机构组成,具有较大的工作空间和较高的测量精度。机构中设置了一个冗余自由度和重力平衡装置,从而具有很好的灵活性。通过机构综合的方法,合理设计并联姿态测量机构,克服了并联机构正解的困难,使得姿态测量参数存在显式解,从而被测物体的六个坐标参数可以实时显示。由作图法得出机构工作空间。误差建模分析了机构的测量误差,并针对并联姿态测量机构测量误差最小作为目标函数优化了机构运动学设计参数。     

套装式双片簧三维模拟测头的研制

本文介绍了三维模拟测头的套装式双片簧结构，结构尺寸设计及影响精度的因素，并对测头的精度进行了分析，还介绍了它的测量电路。该测头采用套装式双片簧结构较三层楼式双片簧结构精度高、结构紧凑、体积小巧。它可用于三坐标测量机上作发讯测头，又可作三维测微测头