Nutritional support: formulas and delivery of enteral feeding. I. Enteral formulas

Hospital malnutrition is a recognized condition that may be treated with a variety of feeding modalities. It is possible to achieve the goal of nutritional repletion with enteral feedings. Enteral feedings can now be prescribed for more types of patients because of our ability to better manipulate nutrition sources and the availability of modules and formulas designed for special use. The lower costs associated with enteral feeding have made it an option when nutritional support is required for a patient who has a functioning gastrointestinal tract.     

Transfer designs and formulas.

This paper includes a comprehensive analysis of the several experimental designs available for the study of transfer of training. The discussion is restricted to the experimental designs and formulae that are appropriate in 2 types of transfer studies—verbal transfer, and predifferentiation, not including motor transfer. The uses and misuses of the various designs and transfer formulae are presented. 78 references. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

网络证据证明原理解析

法庭上对网络证据进行调查时,举证一方必须使用计算机、网络技术和特定的仪器设备进行举证证明,把网络证据中的信息当庭转换为感官可以感知的表现形式,以供法庭获取.通过对网络证据的调查获得的证据信息并不都与案件事实有关,必须进行分析,提炼和加工,萃取与案件有关的部分,形成证据事实.待证事实的证明,实际上就是法官根据调查、分析网络证据得到的证据事实,依据经验规则来推断待证事实.     

Proof of the primacy of prion protein

This paper presents a case of a 5-year old girl with a congenital absence of the nose. Congenital arrhinia is a very rare malformation of the midfacial bones. The difficulties of treating a child with this abnormality are discussed.     

Estimation of the caries-related risk associated with infant formulas

PURPOSE: Baby bottle tooth decay (BBTD) affects 6% of children under three years of age and is associated with inappropriate bottle use. The objective of this study was to estimate the caries-related risk associated with 26 infant formulas and whole milk. METHODS: First, the plaque pH of adult volunteers was monitored before and after an oral rinse with infant formula to determine the minimum pH obtained in response to each formula. Second, Streptococcus sobrinus 6715 was cultured in each infant formula, and the increase in the number of colony forming units was measured. Third, each infant formula was incubated with powdered enamel and the solubility of enamel mineral was calculated in the absence of bacteria. Fourth, each formula was mixed with standardized concentrations of acid to determine the buffering capabilities. Finally, enamel windows were created on extracted permanent molars and exfoliated primary incisor crowns that were then colonized with mutans streptococci and incubated with infant formula. Caries was assessed visually and radiographically for 18 weeks. The length of time required for the development of enamel caries, dentinal caries and pulpal involvement was recorded. RESULTS: One-way or two-way ANOVA of these five assays demonstrated that 1. Plaque pH varied in response to oral rinsing with infant formula and most formulas did have the ability to reduce the pH significantly below the pH obtained after rinsing with water 2. Some infant formulas supported significant bacterial growth 3. Enamel mineral was dissolved by incubation with certain infant formula 4. The buffer capacity varied among the infant formulas tested 5. The length of time required for caries to reach dentin or pulp differed for the formulas, with some formulas causing dentinal caries by 3.4 weeks and pulpal involvement by 7.2 weeks.