Defining Regions: the making of places in the New Zealand wine industry

As a product, wine is closely associated with place. The industry has devised various strategies in order to delimit space and create places that are marketable as brands. Although demarcated by supposedly ‘natural’ features, these spaces are socially constructed in order to maximise accumulation. This article reports on the use of place-making strategies in the case of the New Zealand wine sector and the role of capital and agency in their production. Two case studies—Martinborough and Gimblett Gravels—are offered where contrasting geographical strategies have been employed. The work concludes that the employment of flexible delimitation is a strategy that allows contestation in creatively destructive ways. Such an approach allows for specialised identity construction within the framework of semi-porous boundaries. This calls for local economic policy that sits between the two extremes of open-ended neoliberal capital accumulation and arbitrary regional planning.     

国外观光农业研究综述

观光农业是农业和旅游业相结合的一项复合型产业，具有“农游合一”的性质。观光农业在国外迅速发展并走上了规范化的发展道路，是有其历史背景的。首先论述了国外观光农业发展的历史背景，然后对国外观光农业的研究进行了总结，观光农业的概念、观光农业与乡村经济发展的关系、观光农业与乡村文化的关系、农业与旅游业的关系、观光农业发展的动力机制、观光农业发展策略和管理、观光农业发展中的女性问题7个方面是国外观光农业研究的焦点。     

America's Changing Farmscape: A Study of Agricultural Tourism in Michigan*

Abstract

Agricultural tourism incorporates visits to farms for the purposes of on-site retail purchases, enjoyment, and education. Long popular in the European Union (EU), agritourism is gaining popularity throughout the United States. Interest has grown as a result of stagnant grain prices, rising farm costs, and growing international competition. For rural areas seeking new economic options, the potential of these operations to generate new sources of income through sales and horizontal linkages to other tourism-based activities has sparked interest beyond the farm gate. This article, based on a survey and a statistical analysis of 300 agritourism operations in Michigan, summarizes factors associated with successful operations.     

广东观光农业旅游开发探讨

农业资源是一种遍在资源，观光农业是在农业的基础上，农业向旅游业延伸，具有“农游合一”性质的一种复合型产业。广东省是中国的经济强省和旅游强省，观光农业旅游也是率先发展。但广东观光农业开发中存在一些问题和隐患，必须在合理规划的前提下，以市场为导向，在深度开发具有本地特色的现代旅游产品的同时提高服务质量，使其成为深受游客喜爱的旅游产品。     

Local traditions as a means for commercial production of historical beers: The case of Vossaøl,Norway

The aim of the article is to analyse challenges facing the commercial production of historical beers, which are ‘extinct’ beers. The concept of ‘fictive terroir’ is introduced to emphasize these challenges. The author addresses the following questions: What kind of knowledge is needed to produce historical beers? How can this knowledge be acquired? How can it be used commercially in craft breweries? The studied case is Vossaøl, a craft beer imitation of a beer produced in the early 19th century. The data were obtained from written sources and interviews with local home brewers and brewers at Voss Brewery in Norway. The study revealed the need to reconstruct the terroir in the early 19th century. Additionally, Voss Brewery had to acquire knowledge about how to process and combine the ingredients, which included the traditional yeast (kveik). Involving traditional home brewers was crucial to determine how ingredients could be combined to produce Vossaøl. The author concludes that a synthetic knowledge base was a useful point of departure in this respect. Participation in the traditional culture of brewing proved an important means when working with this knowledge base. The results are interesting in the broader context of the reconstruction of beverages and food.     

中国农业旅游发展研究

简要概述农业旅游的概念、特性及中国发展农业旅游的资源优势，详细阐述中国农业旅游发展的阶段模式、地域模式及存在问题。结果表明：中国发展农业旅游具有巨大的资源优势和市场潜力。而且发展前景非常诱人；但是中国农业旅游的发展却处于由自发式阶段向自主式阶段的过渡阶段，而且存在一些制约因素和问题。针对这些问题，从农业旅游的供给与需求及可持续发展的角度，论述了中国农业旅游的发展应注意的问题和发展方向。     

Kut (informal rotating credit) in the livelihood strategies of urban households in Penang, Malaysia

The importance of social capital in both rural and urban communities is an often-published topic. By representing the operation of social capital networks, this paper explores the persistence of informal rotating credit in the livelihoods of low-income, urban households in Penang, Malaysia. It highlights the function of such credit and the ways in which it benefits poor women and their households. This paper suggests that informal credit reduces the probability of being poor, and the returns to household investment in social capital are higher for the poor than for the population at large. The downside of such social capital is also discussed. The paper concludes that informal credit is enhanced in the urban settings due to the increase in income opportunities, especially for women.     

沟谷生态经济区的创意与景观规划设计——以北京市西部山区的规划实践为基础

本文在系统考虑大城市周围山区传统产业的局限性、传统农业的低效性和大城市新兴产业的蓬勃发展、可持续发展战略的深入实施以及大城市周围地区发展的客观需求等因素的基础上,在北京西部山区沟谷景观规划实践的基础上,提出了沟谷生态经济区的发展模式,从景观设计的角度对生态经济沟的创意和设计进行了深入探讨。主要内容有沟谷生态经济区的概念、功能、市场定位（区位选择、和产品选择与组合）、总体景观规划（景观意像、行为特征）和沟谷立地景观设计（景观构成、品牌设计、功能区设计、时序性设计、立地配置、环境净化与生态保护方案以及开发经营管理方案）。     

论地理科学

地理科学是对地理学的继承与发展,是跨自然科学与社会科学的桥梁科学,钱学森居高临下地研究了当今全人类的科学体系,笔者解读了这个体系,根据钱学森《论地理科学》的思想[1],按照基础理论,技术科学,工程技术三个层次将地理科学分为理论地理科学、地理信息科学和地理系统工程三个层次的内容,该文根据笔者长期研究的成果论述了地理科学,为本刊更名提供基础性支持。     

Putting Understanding the Changing Planet in Context: A Response

Understanding the Changing Planet was commissioned by the National Research Council to assess, for an audience of policymakers and funding agencies, key ways in which the “geographical sciences” can help address pressing issues facing society. In keeping with the charge, the report shows how particular empirically focused research initiatives in the geographical sciences can advance understanding of a set of selected major societal issues. Although constrained by a charge focused on the geographical sciences, the committee took an ecumenical approach to science, highlighted many mixed-methods studies, and framed questions that cut across traditional subdisciplinary divisions. It is important to take the report on its own terms and not to view it either as an assessment of the entire discipline of geography or to see it as an effort to encourage geographers to adopt a particular methodological or theoretical stance. Instead, the report should be seen as a study demonstrating, for a broad audience, the types of contributions the geographical sciences can make to addressing major issues of the day.     

多样vs.分裂:论中国人文地理学发展的多元性及其挑战

从哲学、理论、方法和实践4个方面梳理了中国人文地理学内部的多元性,并区分了这些多元性的性质,即哪些是缺乏交流和整合的“散见”、哪些是需要统一和弥合的“歧见”、哪些是认识局限导致的“偏见”。据此建议加强中国人文地理学研究的问题意识和原创性理论研究;减少对“主义”的过度推崇和对方法的盲目崇拜;加强定性方法和定量方法的交流及论证过程的严谨性;在政策取向上取得“求真”和“务实”的平衡;提高学科发展的自信和对不同研究视角的包容。此外,应该在研究选题、杂志建设和奖项设置等操作层面推动人文地理学的理论整合。     

对自然地理区划方法的认识与思考

在研习和继承前人区划研究工作与成果的基础上, 着重于自然地理区划方法论及其体系的探讨。首先, 深入阐述了自然地理区划的内涵, 认为: 自然地理区划既是区域划分的结 果, 也是区域划分的方法与过程, 同时还是认识地理特征和发现地理规律的一种科学方法。 第二, 假设性认为自然地理区划是客观存在的, 针对不同的区划目的和采用不同的区划原则 所形成了不同类型的自然地理区划, 如部门区划与综合区划、区域区划与类型区划等, 则构 成了对区划对象的多角度认识, 并且这些区划间存在内在联系, 具有一定的一致性和可转换性。第三, 在分析总结各种自然地理区划方案研究的基础上, 提出了包括区划本体、区划原 则、区划等级系统、区划模型和区划信息系统的自然地理区划范式, 其中自然地理区划原则、等级系统和区划模型构成了区划方法的核心, 并且通过区划模型, 实现区划原则、指标体系 和单位等级系统的综合。最后, 论文对自然地理区划信息系统研究所涉及的主要科学问题和 主要功能作了简要的说明和讨论, 并指出: 在地理空间单元理论的指导下, 可以实现在统一 的科学框架下的各种自然地理区划的集成, 并为开展综合区划研究提供可用的技术方法。     

试论地理信息科学

通过阐述地理信息科学的定义,及其地理学传统和技术驱动机制,论证地理信息科学是地理学信息革命和范式演进的结果,是从信息机理的角度研究地球表层人地关系系统的地理学科,并提出其内容框架和学科体系。     

地理专家系统的应用现状及发展趋势综述

地理专家系统是专家系统与地理信息系统结合的产物。该文介绍了地理专家系统的概念、框架结构等基础内容，从地理知识库、空间知识发现、推理机制、G1S与ES集成四方面阐述了地理专家系统的研究现状及进展，提出地理专家系统存在的问题及发展趋势。     

地理空间中的空间关系表达和推理

针对地理空间中的应用,归纳了在空间关系的表达与推理中不同于人工智能领域研究的一些特点:在人工智能领域,更注重建立形式化的推理系统;而在地理信息科学中,则需更关注地理空间的特点以及地物的地理语义。该文基于地理空间和地理现象的本质且顾及地理空间认知,总结了地理空间中空间关系表达和推理的特点,具体包括空间的有限性、地球的球面特征、地物的地理语义、地物形状的复杂性、面状地物、特殊的空间关系、空间关系的层次性与尺度相应原则、不确定性、三维与时态特性九方面;进而介绍了地理空间关系表达的两个应用,即地理信息检索和基于对象的图像分析。该文的探讨可为地理信息科学中的相关研究提供方向性指导。