Kut (informal rotating credit) in the livelihood strategies of urban households in Penang, Malaysia

The importance of social capital in both rural and urban communities is an often-published topic. By representing the operation of social capital networks, this paper explores the persistence of informal rotating credit in the livelihoods of low-income, urban households in Penang, Malaysia. It highlights the function of such credit and the ways in which it benefits poor women and their households. This paper suggests that informal credit reduces the probability of being poor, and the returns to household investment in social capital are higher for the poor than for the population at large. The downside of such social capital is also discussed. The paper concludes that informal credit is enhanced in the urban settings due to the increase in income opportunities, especially for women.     

Defining Regions: the making of places in the New Zealand wine industry

As a product, wine is closely associated with place. The industry has devised various strategies in order to delimit space and create places that are marketable as brands. Although demarcated by supposedly ‘natural’ features, these spaces are socially constructed in order to maximise accumulation. This article reports on the use of place-making strategies in the case of the New Zealand wine sector and the role of capital and agency in their production. Two case studies—Martinborough and Gimblett Gravels—are offered where contrasting geographical strategies have been employed. The work concludes that the employment of flexible delimitation is a strategy that allows contestation in creatively destructive ways. Such an approach allows for specialised identity construction within the framework of semi-porous boundaries. This calls for local economic policy that sits between the two extremes of open-ended neoliberal capital accumulation and arbitrary regional planning.     

Geographical indications and the South Africa–European Union free trade agreement

Geographical indications, as a form of intellectual property, are becoming increasingly important in global trade. In South Africa's trade and cooperation agreement with the European Union, problems over the use of names such as 'port' and 'sherry' provided an important obstacle to the conclusion of the trade deal. This paper argues that the conflict over geographical indications in this trade agreement must be seen in the context of broader initiatives to establish a system of protecting this form of intellectual property through the World Trade Organisation.     

Environmental and socioeconomic dynamics of the Indian Ocean tsunami in Penang,Malaysia

This paper addresses some of the environmental and socioeconomic dimensions of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami on Penang, Malaysia. We aim to offer wide access to unique and perishable data, while at the same time providing insight to ongoing debates about hazards, vulnerability and social capital. Our social survey examines some of the dynamics that shaped the tsunami impact, response and recovery process. While in terms of lives lost Penang may not conform to arguments surrounding vulnerable environments, the recovery process is more marked by social disparities in terms of the ability to access resources. Our physical survey records local topography, flow depth and flow direction, and charts the differential impact of the tsunami. Yet measuring hazards is not a straightforward process, and relies on reflexive methodologies and eyewitness accounts.     

The Distribution of Riparian Corridor Plants and the Relations to River Water Salinity along Perai River, Penang, Malaysia

Ecological surveys were carried out to investigate the distribution and characterization of riparian corridor plants along the Perai River,Penang,Malaysia from July 2007 to March 2008.Surveys were design to represent horizon-tal sections of the river starting from the river mouth towards the upper reaches for 20 km.A total of 84 species of plants from 30 families were recorded.They consisted of 28 species of standing plants(plants with height of more than 1 m)and 56 species of weedy plants(plants with heigh...     

简单、复杂与地理分布模型的选择

地理分布的数学建模是空间分析的基本途径之一,但空间维度建模素为科学研究的难题。由于数学新方法的发展和复杂性研究的兴起,地理空间建模的一些传统困难有望解决。本文通过两类地理分布的对比分析,论述地理建模的关键在于简单分布的特征尺度和复杂分布的标度。地理分布包括空间分布和规模分布,其本质均为概率分布和广义的数学空间分布,而概率分布可以分为简单分布和复杂分布。简单分布具有特征尺度,平均值有效,概率结构清楚;复杂分布没有特征尺度,平均值无效,概率结构不明确。对于简单分布,应该采用有尺度分布函数开展尺度分析;对于复杂分布,理当采用无尺度分布函数开展标度分析。分形几何学、异速生长理论和无尺度网络理论都是复杂系统分析的定量方法,这些方法的综合集成,可望为地理分布建模和地理系统的空间分析提供有效的数理工具。     

中国集贸市场的历史发展与地理分布

文章概述了不同历史时期中国集贸市场发展的特点及其地域分布差异,指出合理规划布局和加强市场管理是培育和发展我国集贸市场的两个着力点。     

Videogames, visuality and screens: reconstructing the Amazon in physical geographical knowledge

In this article we attend to an emergent practice of visualising GIS data in physical geography using the graphics engine of a videogame, Crysis. We suggest these modes of image-making aid the possibility of imagining and disseminating complex geographical data differently by re-contextualising seemingly abstract mathematical information within a human horizon of embodied meaning. Furthermore we argue these ways of imagining are closely linked to the technology and phenomenology of screens which make the presentation of these images possible. We close by reflecting on the possibility that these technologies are shifting the grounds of vision and the geographical imagination of users.     

广西手足口病时空分异及其地理环境因子 探测分析

广西是我国手足口病高发区。本文运用相关性分析、趋势面分析及地理探测器,基于2013—2017年广西14个地级市的手足口病和理环境要素（降水量、气温、日照时数、相对湿度和植被覆盖度）数据,对广西手足口病发病率进行时空变化和交互归因分析。结果显示：（1）2013—2017年,研究区的手足口病发病呈峰谷年交替出现,年内发病双高峰特征;盆地地区的手足口病发病率稍高于其他地区。（2）气温和日照时数与广西手足口病发病率存在着显著正相关关系。（3）2013—2017年,东西方向上中西部各地级市手足口病发病率普遍高于东南部各地级市;南北方向上各地级市手足口病发病率差异并不非常显著。（4）气温对广西手足口病发病率影响最大（q=0.49）,其次是日照时数（q=0.45）;气温和日照时数对广西手足口病发病风险有着严密共增长趋势;每两个地理环境要素之间的交互作用对手足口病发病率的影响力均比单要素作用时强,其中气温和日照时数交互作用时的影响力最大,日照时数和降水量交互作用时的影响力次之。据此得出结论：广西手足口病发病有明显的时间和空间差异;各地理环境要素与手足口病之间存在一定关系,其中气温对发病率影响最大。     

徽州菜肴的地理表征及感知分析

菜肴是饮食文化中最具有代表性的部分,自然地理条件为菜肴的形成和发展提供了可能性与现实性,并在一定的人文地理环境下改进与发扬,形成菜系的特色。起源宋代,清朝至民国达到鼎盛、诞生于安徽南部的徽菜地方特色显著,擅长烹制山珍野味,菜品咸鲜、突出本味,讲究食补与养生,烹制过程中讲究重油、重色、重火功,充分反映着徽州山区地理环境对...     

Born of geographical environment,coloring for regional context: Concept and progress of geo-architecture

In today’s world, where re-examination has been given to cultural globalization, the relationship between architectures and specific regions is one of many specific issues. At this time, the study of architecture from the perspective of geography has significant meaning for treasuring regional characteristics and protecting the essence of ethnic culture. The study of geo-architecture includes two aspects: the influence of geographical environment upon architecture and reflexively, architectural responses to geographical environment. In “Geo-Architecture and Landscape in China’s Geographic and Historic Context Series” (4 volumes), published by Springer Nature in 2016, the contents of “geo-architecture” has been interpreted from various angles as form, function, semantics and symbol. This book is the first to be entitled “Geo-Architecture”, which studies the relationship between geography and architecture from the perspective of geographical environment and historical context in China. The book’s research reveals the influences of different geographical scales, such as zone (macro), region (middle) and site (micro) scales, on architecture; it discusses dynamic and systematic thought, including such research elements as “Object-Subject-Time”, and it reflects views on pattern and process of cultural landscape. Research on geo-architecture aims to help construct the security pattern of the cultural landscape for the new requirements of a new era, which is used to optimize spacial structure, stimulate heritage conservation and renewal, respect the geographical environment, pay attention to historical culture and sustain emotional memory.     

阿尔金山-祁连山山地植被垂直带谱分布及地学分析

本文揭示阿尔金-祁连山区垂直带谱空间分布模式并进行地学解释。研究表明:北坡荒漠草原带的上限具有随经度变化的二次曲线分布模式,草原带的上限分布为线性模式,亚冰雪带的分布与7月份气温的零度层分布模式基本相同;北坡镜铁山以西的带谱中没有森林带,以东含有森林带,分布在2500³300米的高度范围内。利用气象台站的地面及高空数据,计算了湿度———生长季平均温度露点差随海拔变化的梯度、多年平均温度、1月多年均温、多年平均降水指标以解释带谱分布,结果表明:由东向西,湿度梯度增大,以酒泉为界,西侧的露点温度差梯度大于0.12℃/100米,东部小于0.09℃/100米,与北坡山地森林带分布基本吻合。     

盗窃犯罪易发地的构成、影响及其区域异质性：基于地理探测器方法

本文旨在识别盗窃犯罪易发地的主要类型、影响强度及其区域异质性特征,同时厘清地理探测器在犯罪地理研究中的适用性。利用北京中心城区的多源大数据,研究发现：① 在全域范围内,37类设施均属显著的盗窃易发地,道路边界、行政边界、用地边界也是盗窃高发的边缘地带,影响力突出的盗窃易发地更具备犯罪模式理论提及的犯罪引致条件。② 如社会解组理论所言,随着社会解组程度减弱,犯罪易发地的类型数量及其对盗窃分布的影响逐渐下降。除低解组区外,各类设施及边界的相对影响排序基本相同。③ 因未考虑混淆因素干扰,地理探测器容易高估解释变量的作用,与负二项回归结果的吻合度不高。而结合排除控制法,将混淆因素同质化的样本进行分区分析是规避外生变异和稳健运用地理探测器的可行路径。     

中国青年妇女血红蛋白正常参考值及其地理因素

A research is conducted on the relationship between the normal reference value of 20,475 examples of hemoglobin of young women and five geographical factors in 208 areas in China, the normal reference value is determined by the hemoglobincyanide method. It is found that the correlation of geographical factors and the normal reference value of hemoglobin of young women are quite significant (F=142.81). By using the method of multiple linear regression analysis, one regression equation is inferred. If geographical values are obtained in some areas, the normal reference value of hemoglobin of young women of this area can be reckoned by using the regression equation. Furthermore, depending on the geographical factors, China can be divided into six regions:Oinghai-Tibet (Qingzang) Plateau. Southwest. Northwest. Southeast. North and Northeast China.     

Normal reference value of hemoglobin of young women and geographical factors in China

A research is conducted on the relationship between the normal reference value of 20,475 examples of hemoglobin of young women and five geographical factors in 208 areas in China, the normal reference value is determined by the hemoglobincyanide method. It is found that the correlation of geographical factors and the normal reference value of hemoglobin of young women are quite significant (F=142.81). By using the method of multiple linear regression analysis, one regression equation is inferred. If geographical values are obtained in some areas, the normal reference value of hemoglobin of young women of this area can be reckoned by using the regression equation. Furthermore, depending on the geographical factors, China can be divided into six regions: Qinghai-Tibet (Qingzang) Plateau, Southwest, Northwest, Southeast, North and Northeast China.     

区域地理环境因素对宁夏泾源县儿童呼吸系统疾病的影响

选取宁夏泾源县儿童呼吸系统疾病作为研究对象,运用时间序列及空间分析方法分析儿童呼吸系统疾病发病的区域时空分布规律,使用地理探测器方法探究区域环境影响因素。结果表明：温度、降水、相对湿度、风速以及社会经济因素等均会对儿童呼吸系统疾病发病有影响。在时间上,泾源县儿童呼吸系统疾病发病与月平均气温及月降水量之间存在显著负相关性,气温与降水的季节性差异导致泾源县儿童呼吸系统疾病也表现出明显的季节性特征;在空间上,儿童呼吸系统疾病呈现“中部高,南北低”的特点,整体发病率重心向南部偏移。各区域地理环境因素对儿童呼吸系统疾病的影响存在空间差异性,表明地区温度、湿度、风速以及当地社会经济因素等在不同程度上影响了儿童呼吸系统疾病的空间分布。     

新冠肺炎疫情的空间扩散过程与模式研究

研究新冠肺炎疫情的空间扩散过程与模式对于防疫抗疫资源的合理配置、突发公共卫生事件的管理与应对以及未来公共卫生体系的完善具有重要意义。本文综合时间和空间尺度,从地理学视角研究了新冠肺炎疫情的城际空间扩散过程,归纳总结扩散模式,并揭示了其影响因素。研究发现：新冠肺炎疫情在中国的发展主要经历了6个阶段,并在空间上表现出邻近扩散、迁移扩散、等级扩散和廊道扩散等地理模式;地理邻近性、人口流动、人口规模、交通网络、疫情防控管理等因素对疫情的空间扩散具有显著影响。新冠肺炎疫情的空间扩散过程和模式一定程度上是“流空间”网络下人类社会经济活动空间组织模式的一种反映,与地理邻近性、社会经济联系的跨区域性及人类活动的时空规律等密切相关。本研究以期为世界各国的疫情防控措施制定提供参考,也为中国未来应对公共卫生应急风险提供经验借鉴。     

中国高校地理研究发展与态势

中国高校地理研究发展的本质是,解读地理知识产出空间结构,更深层次是地理科研活动空间不均衡的阐释。基于论文统计与数据挖掘方法,以1986—2018年《地理学报》《地理研究》《地理科学》和《地理科学进展》（简称“4地”）发表论文为基础数据,选取39所中国地理高校作为研究对象,构建高校发文指数,界定高校发展形态,分析不同区域、不同类别高校地理发展态势。结果表明：① 从发展历程分析,“985”高校是中国高校地理研究的核心,而“211”高校在2005年后普遍发展,形成以中、高发文量为主的集聚区,其他类高校形成高、中、低发文量均衡分布的态势;② 从空间集聚分析,东部高校逐渐形成“北上广南”的地理研究集聚区;中部高校于2004年后呈现快速发展,其中东北师范大学、河南大学和安徽师范大学发展最为突出;西部高校总体呈现“西北强—西南弱”空间格局;③ 综合分析表明：中国高校地理学发展势头强劲,但“985”高校、东部高校地理发展内部差异较大,且短期内西部与中东部高校、其他类高校与“985”“211”高校地理发展不均衡依然维持。在未来发展中,除引进优秀科研团队、政策扶持外,中国高校地理发展还应抓住区域特色,培育自身地理团队,以实现区域研究协调发展。     

白龙江中游干旱河谷水土流失与地理环境

基于实地调查研究,结合现有资料和研究成果,总结分析白龙江中游地理环境结构特点,调查研究该区水土流失性质、带状分异特征以及小流域形态结构,剖析地理环境与水土流失作用关系,提出以小流域为单元,以其空间结构有序和区段功能有序特征,配置水土保持防治措施体系,为建立综合治理模式提供有效参考。     

青藏高原地形起伏度及其地理意义

地形起伏度是区域人居环境适宜性与资源环境承载力的关键评价指标之一。当前有关其最佳评价窗口、及其与海拔—相对高差的相互关系仍缺乏深入研究,进而影响该指标对区域地形起伏的有效表征。客观认识青藏高原地形起伏度有助于促进其国家生态安全屏障建设与区域绿色发展。以先进星载热发射和反射辐射仪全球数字高程模型（ASTER GDEM, 30 m）地形数据（V2）为基础,本文利用均值变点分析法确定了青藏高原地形起伏度评价的最佳分析窗口,基于地形起伏度模型（RDLS）研制了青藏高原首套30 m地形起伏度专题图,据此分析了地形起伏度与海拔、相对高差的相互关系,并界定了地形起伏度对区域地形起伏状况的有效表征。主要结果/结论包括：① 基于GDEM的青藏高原地形起伏度评价最佳窗口为41×41个像元的矩形邻域,对应面积约为1.51 km²,均值变点分析表明区域地形起伏度评价最佳窗口有其唯一性。② 青藏高原地形起伏度均值约为5.06,超3/5区域地形起伏度介于4.5~5.7之间;整体上,青藏高原地形起伏程度由其东北部向西南部、西部递增,仅在柴达木盆地、藏南谷地以及河湟谷地出现低起伏地貌特征。且地表起伏在不同纬度剖面变化较为一致（沿山脉走向）,但不同经度剖面起伏层次错落（横切山脉走向）。③ 相关性分析表明不同地形起伏度分别对应不同平均海拔、不同相对高差的地貌单元。青藏高原地形起伏度经纬向剖面分析表明,该区由东部的低山稳步爬升,山体经历骤然爬升（即地表起伏特征剧烈）后形成以极高山为主的有序错落起伏（喜马拉雅山脉）。