七十年代的X射线天文学

七十年代是X射线天文学空前发展的时代,自美国的“乌呼鲁”卫星成功之后。世界上的各航天大国分别发射了自己的X射线卫星,累积有十几个之多。     

超新星遗迹X射线研究

在此介绍我们基于ＡＳＣＡ 和ＲＯＳＡＴ 等Ｘ 射线天文卫星,对３Ｃ３９７ 、Ｇ３２７ ．１１ ．１ 、Ｇ２１ ．５０ ．９ 和ＲＸＪ１７１３ ．７３９４６ 等超新星遗迹的物理特性进行的分析,简要地讨论了３Ｃ３９７ 的非平衡电离双热分量和双极泡结构以及Ｇ３２７ ．１１ ．１ 和Ｇ２１ ．５０ ．９ 中隐匿脉冲星的性质,并提出ＲＸＪ１７１３ ．７３９４６ 和ＡＤ３９３ 客星之间可能的关系。     

早期的X射线天文学

之前的本系列文章中,主要介绍了紫外一光学一红外波段的空间望远镜,从本期开始将把目光转移到高能电磁波段,首先介绍的是X射线波段的天文卫星。     

九十年代的X射线天文学——伦琴卫星

随着x射线空间天文学的开展。在二十世纪的最后十几年,人类在高能天文学上有了长足的进步,一大批高新技术应用到了九十年代及其以后的x射线卫星上。这其中的第一颗卫星就是“伦琴卫星”（R？ntgen Satellite,简称ROSAT,图1）。     

早期的伽玛射线天文学

伽玛射线天文学的开端 人类第一个装有伽玛射线天文设备的卫星是美国的“探测者11号”（Explorer11,图1）。该卫星的体型非常小,重量只有75千克,星载的伽玛射线仪器大约有20千克,可以接收大于50MeV的伽玛射线（图2）。“探测者11号”于1961年4月27日升空,到同年9月,由于电池故障,卫星停止工作。     

从“天马”到“银河”——八十年代的X射线天文学

经历了七十年代的高速发展之后,X射线空间天文学在整个八十年代显得相对沉寂,尤其是美国挑战者号航天飞机失事,更是使得美国在之后的几年时间里停止了航天活动。所以,在这十年里,美国在x射线天文学上的比重有了一定下降,推动该领域发展的主要是日本以及欧洲的国家。     

九十年代的伽玛射线天文学（下）

九十年代,除了美国的“康普顿伽玛射线天文台”,另一个对伽玛射线天文学作出了突出贡献的空间望远镜是意大利与荷兰联合研制的“‘皮波’X射线天文卫星”（BeppoSAX,图1）。     

γ射线暴的研究进展（Ⅳ：特强γ射线暴和软γ重复暴

最近CGRO上的仪器观测到了两个迄今为止发现的最强的λ暴GB930131和GB940217,其光子最高能量均达GeV量级;GB930131的峰值计数率达2×10~6个光子s~(-1);而GB940217的持续时间竟长达90min。另外沉寂了多年的软重复暴源SGR1900 14和SGR1806-20的再次爆发也由BATSE发现。一系列的观测还发现这些软重复暴均与X射线源对应且与超新星遗迹成协。文中对特强暴和软重暴(SGR)的性质及研究进展作了较为详细的评述。     

X射线之眼

如果你有一双能够看到×射线、甚至伽玛射线的眼睛,宇宙看起来会是什么样？你一定会为看到宇宙中不断发生的最最激烈的事件而惊叹不已!但事实上,要想探测到波长这样短的电磁波,我们必须要将望远镜发射到太空中去。虽然X射线与伽玛射线天文学的研究历史还很短,但也正因为此,在今后还会出现更加惊人的新发现!     

第九批天文学名词的推荐译名

介绍了21世纪国际上第一个X射线天文学会议的简况     

用于射电天文数字频谱仪的新进展

根据在射电天文频谱观测中出现的新需求,介绍了近年来数字技术的新进展.达到GHz采样速率的多位高速模数转换器(Analog-to-Digital Converter,ADC)、海量数字处理芯片现场可编程门阵列(Field Progxammable Gate Array,FPGA)以及运行在这些芯片上的并行快速傅里叶变换知识产权(Fast Fourier,Transform Intellectual Property,FFT IP)内核,结合高性能数据总线的系统集成,为射电天文构建新型FFT频谱仪提供了可能的技术选择.与现有其他类型频谱仪相比,集成了这些新技术的数字型FFT频谱仪有更大的带宽、更高的谱分辨率、更高的动态范围和整体稳定性,此类频谱仪的出现显示了射电频谱技术已经进入了新一代数字技术应用的阶段.     

Astronomy in Tadjikistan

The astronomical investigations in the present Tadjikistan (USSR) are carried out by the Institute of Astrophysics of the Academy of Sciences of Tadjik SSR. The main scientific fields of investigation are meteors, comets, and variable stars. The Institute has two observational stations: the Gissar observatory with photographic and radar meteor patrols, a 70 cm telescope, a 40 cm Zeiss astrograph, etc., and the Sanglok observatory with the Ritchey-Chrétien 1 m telescope.Paper presented at the IAU Third Asian-Pacific Regional Meeting, held in Kyoto, Japan, between 30 September–6 October, 1984.     

Astronomy in Antarctica

Antarctica provides a unique environment for astronomers to practice their trade. The cold, dry and stable air found above the high Antarctic plateau, as well as the pure ice below, offers new opportunities for the conduct of observational astronomy across both the photon and the particle spectrum. The summits of the Antarctic plateau provide the best seeing conditions, the darkest skies and the most transparent atmosphere of any earth-based observing site. Astronomical activities are now underway at four plateau sites: the Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station, Concordia Station at Dome C, Kunlun Station at Dome A and Fuji Station at Dome F, in addition to long duration ballooning from the coastal station of McMurdo, at stations run by the USA, France/Italy, China, Japan and the USA, respectively. The astronomy conducted from Antarctica includes optical, infrared, terahertz and sub-millimetre astronomy, measurements of cosmic microwave background anisotropies, solar astronomy, as well as high energy astrophysics involving the measurement of cosmic rays, gamma rays and neutrinos. Antarctica is also the richest source of meteorites on our planet. An extensive range of site testing measurements have been made over the high plateau sites. In this article, we summarise the facets of Antarctica that are driving developments in astronomy there, and review the results of the site testing experiments undertaken to quantify those characteristics of the Antarctic plateau relevant for astronomical observation. We also outline the historical development of the astronomy on the continent, and then review the principal scientific results to have emerged over the past three decades of activity in the discipline. These range from determination of the dominant frequencies of the 5 min solar oscillation in 1979 to the highest angular scale measurements yet made of the power spectrum of the CMBR anisotropies in 2010. They span through infrared views of the galactic ecology in star formation complexes in 1999, the first clear demonstration that the Universe was flat in 2000, the first detection of polarization in the CMBR in 2002, the mapping of the warm molecular gas across the ~ 300 pc extent of the Central Molecular Zone of our Galaxy in 2003, the measurement of cosmic neutrinos in 2005, and imaging of the thermal Sunyaev Zel’dovich effect in galaxy clusters in 2008. This review also discusses how science is conducted in Antarctica, and in particular the difficulties, as well as the advantages, faced by astronomers seeking to bring their experiments there. It also reviews some of the political issues that will be encountered, both at national and international level. Finally, the review discusses where Antarctic astronomy may be heading in the coming decade, in particular plans for infrared and terahertz astronomy, including the new facilities being considered for these wavebands at the high plateau stations.     

Astronomy in Japan

The research activity in Japanese astronomy is described, taking into account the social and historical background. A trend in the last two decades is shown by the numbers of papers in 13 branches of astronomy. Major research facilities and international collaboration programs are summerized. Future programs under consideration are briefly discussed.Paper presented at the Lembang-Bamberg IAU Colloquium No. 80 on Double Stars: Physical Properties and Generic Relations, held at Bandung, Indonesia, 3–7 June, 1983.     

行星天文学的重要地位及其热点

对1995年至2001年《Natue》和《Science》上发表的天文学论文的统计表明，行星天文学领域的论文数量明显超过天文学的其它分支学科，占天文学总论文数的1/3左右。从这个角度来看，行星天文学是天文学最活跃和重要的分支学科之一。对这些论文具体内容的分析可以给出当前行星天文学领域的若干热点问题。相比之下，我国对这一重要领域的关注和投入还远远不够。     

Astronomy with new nuclei

I present scientific impressions of the workshop ‘Astronomy with Radioactivities’. After a review of the origins of this series of conferences, highlights of this workshop are selected. The theme, ‘new nuclei’, is suggested as an organizing principle for this series of workshops. Six observational domains that drive these themes are recapitulated.