华北北部中、上元古界生烃潜力及有机质碳同位素组成特征研究

对华北北部中、上元古界83个样品的有机质碳同位素组成测定的结果，分布区间为-35‰～-26‰，据此研究其有机质类型和沉积环境，根据干酪根相对富集^12C（δ^13C值小于-28‰）认为基干酪根类型为腐泥型和腐殖-腐泥型；有机碳含量越高且有机质类型越好的样品有机质碳同位素组成越径。根据所分析样品的有机质丰度及生烃潜量，下马岭组、铁岭组和洪水庄组生烃潜力较好。     

塔里木盆地台盆区古生界原油碳同位素组成及油源探讨

基于塔里木盆地台盆区寒武系—奥陶系烃源岩干酪根样品以及古生界原油样品的碳同位素组成特征,探讨台盆区古生界原油的成因和来源。台盆区寒武系至少发育下寒武统以及中—上寒武统2套碳同位素组成具有明显差异的烃源岩,其中,下寒武统烃源岩干酪根碳同位素组成明显偏轻,中—上寒武统烃源岩干酪根碳同位素组成相对偏重,而奥陶系烃源岩则介于两者之间。台盆区古生界原油的碳同位素组成分布范围较大,其d~(13)C值为-35.2‰~-28.1‰,其中d~(13)C值为-34.0‰左右相对富集轻碳同位素的原油应主要来源于下寒武统烃源岩,d~(13)C值为-29.0‰左右相对富集重碳同位素的原油应主要来源于中—上寒武统烃源岩,碳同位素组成居中的原油不能排除寒武系烃源岩的贡献。分析认为,寒武系烃源岩具有主力烃源岩的条件,台盆区深层油气勘探潜力巨大。     

原油稳定碳同位素在地史中阶段性变化

为研究原油中稳定碳同位素在长期地史中的周期性变化,对已知源岩的514个原油中的C15 饱和烃和芳香烃的稳定碳同位素组分做了分析。结果发现随着地质年龄的减小每种组分的稳定碳同位素组成相对富集^13C,在前寒武系-寒武系-奥陶系、三叠系-侏罗系和早第三系-晚第三系的交界处发生了三次重要的^13C富集。利用同位素较小的变化划分出四组明显不同的原油,查明原油与有机相和二次作用过程关系不大。对显生宙生物圈的演化与稳定碳同位素组分的阶段性变化作了对比,表明原油同位素的变化与保存的浮游植物的多样性有相关。     

彩南油田多源混合原油的油源(二)——原油地球化学特征、分类与典型原油油源

根据准东地区各油田原油的碳同位素、生物标志化合物组成特征等，可将该地区原油分为5类：第一类原油的全油碳同位素值一般小于-30‰，Pr／Ph值一般小于2．0，富含β胡萝卜烷、三环萜烷、伽马蜡烷以及C28、C29甾烷，而C27甾烷含量很低、几乎不含重排甾烷，来源于二叠系烃源岩；第二类原油的全油碳同位素组成与第一类原油类似，但特别富含Ts、C29Ts和重排甾烷，而伽马蜡烷含量低，与三叠系烃源岩的亲缘关系很好；第三类原油的全油碳同位素明显重于第一、第二类原油，δ^13C值一般大于-28‰，且Pr／Ph值一般大干3．0，富含五环萜烷和C29甾烷，而三环萜烷、伽马蜡烷、C27和C28甾烷含量低，三环萜烷中以低碳数的C19、C20三环萜烷为主，来源于侏罗系烃源岩；第四类原油地球化学特征介于上述3类原油之间，与4套已知烃源岩均没有明确的油源关系；第五类原油碳同位素特别重，δ^13C值一般大于-25‰，与其它原油差异很大，来源于石炭系烃源岩。图4表1参28     

塔北隆起北缘原油轻烃单体烃碳同位素特征

对塔北隆起北缘原油进行了轻烃单体烃碳同位素组成分析,刻画了原油的轻烃组成特征.所有轻烃化合物中,环戊烷系列化合物碳同位素在不同原油之间差异最小,对原油成因的鉴别意义小于其他化合物.优选的其他化合物碳同位素在不同成因原油中呈现出显著规律,轮台油气田煤成油轻烃单体烃碳同位素较重,主要位于-21‰-19‰之间;大涝坝油气田湖相油次之,位于-25‰-21‰之间;雅克拉油气田海相油最轻,位于-31.5‰-28‰之间.典型寒武系—下奥陶统来源的YN2井原油分布特征独特.上述分布特征揭示轻烃单体烃碳同位素组成可作为可靠的原油成因判识指标,尤其对于凝析油与轻质油更为有效.      

原油稳定碳同位素在地史中阶段性变化

为研究原油中稳定碳同位素在长期地史中的周期性变化,对已知源岩的514个原油中的C15^ 饱和烃和芳香烃的稳定碳同位素组分做了分析。结果发现随着地质年龄的减小每种组分的稳定碳同位素组成相对富集^13C,在前寒武系－寒武系－奥陶系、三叠系－侏罗系和早第三系－晚第三系的交界处发生了三次重要的^13C富集。利用同位素较小的变化划分出四组明显不同的原油,查明原油与有机相和二次作用过程关系不大。对显生宙生物圈的演化与稳定碳同位素组分的阶段性变化作了对比,表明原油同位素的变化与保存的浮游植物的多样性有相关。     

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CARBON ISOTOPES OF THE BIOMARKERS IN MEMBER QING-1 MUDSTONES IN SONGLIAO BASIN

通过尿素络合去除饱和烃中正构烷烃、富集异构烷烃和环烷烃馏分,用色谱—同位素质谱(GC-IRMS)对松辽盆地青—段优质烃源岩生物标志化合物碳同位素进行测定,并用气相色谱—飞行时间质谱进行了化合物确认.松辽盆地青—段泥岩、油页岩的藿烷化合物碳同位素分布在-40.18‰～-58.9‰,具有中层水细菌和嗜甲烷菌的特征;姥鲛烷分布在-31‰～-33.64‰,植烷碳同位素分布在- 29.9‰～ - 34.6‰,应该为原始光合作用的生物体(如生活在湖中含氧层上部的蓝藻细菌)贡献;泥岩的C31甾烷的碳同位素为- 25.81‰和-25.52‰,与来自藻类的化合物相似;甲藻甾烷的碳同位素为- 27.48‰～- 30.56‰,远重于藿烷类化合物碳同位素.研究结果表明,松辽盆地扶杨油层原油绝大多数来源于青一段烃源岩.     

燕山地区中元古界碳酸盐岩碳、氧同位素特征及其环境意义

燕山地区中元古界高于庄组-雾迷山组主要为海相碳酸盐岩潮坪相沉积,按潮汐作用可划分为潮上带、潮间带和潮下带3个沉积相带。对研究区112件碳酸盐岩碳、氧同位素样品进行了测试和原始性验证,认为其原始组分保存良好。并根据地质统计学原理,探讨不同沉积相带碳、氧同位素的分布规律,结果表明：δ^13C值变化范围为2．2‰～1．6‰,均值为-0．1‰;δ^18O值在9‰～2．3‰之间变化,均值为5．53‰。进一步对不同沉积相带主要分布区间进行统计,得出潮上带8”C值为1．5‰～-0．5‰,8”0值为-6‰～-4‰,Z值（古盐度）为120～125;潮间带δ^13C值为0．5‰～1‰,δ^18O值为8‰～-4‰,Z值为123～127;潮下带舻。C值为0～1.5‰。分析认为：沉积环境从潮上带→潮间带→潮下带,δ^13C值、Z值呈升高趋势,δ^18O值呈降低趋势。δ^13C值主要受有机碳氧化与有机碳的埋藏速率因素影响;δ^18O值主要受海平面升降变化影响,与之呈负相关关系;Z值同时反映碳、氧同位素组成,且更受碳同位素的影响。     

天然气形成过程中碳同位素分馏机理——来自热模拟实验的地球化学证据

选取鄂尔多斯盆地低成熟煤样品开展封闭体系黄金管热模拟实验,分析产物特征,从实验角度探讨天然气碳同位素分馏机理,分析天然气碳同位素组成地球化学"异常"特征。鄂尔多斯盆地低成熟煤2℃/h(慢速)和20℃/h(快速)升温的烷烃气最大产率分别为302.74 mL/g和230.16 mL/g;低成熟煤快速升温和慢速升温的δ13C1值分别为-34.8‰～-23.6‰和-35.5‰～-24.0‰,δ13C2值分别为-28.0‰～-9.0‰和-28.9‰～-8.3‰,δ13C3值分别为-25.8‰～-14.7‰和-26.4‰～-13.2‰。实验产物中烷烃气在快速升温550℃出现了明显的碳同位素组成系列部分倒转,其他温度都表现为正碳同位素组成系列。升温系列中δ13C1表现为先变轻后变重的演化规律,δ13C1值的非单调性变化是由于早期CH4来源并非单一所致,可能是有机质的非均质性或者早期富集12CH4和富集13CH4活化能差值的变化形成的同位素分馏效应所致。重烃气碳同位素值的反转既可以发生在高过成熟的页岩气(油型气)中,也可以发生在煤成气中。结合甲苯热模拟实验,明确烷烃气在高过成熟阶段重烃气碳同位素值可发生反转和倒转现象。芳香烃脱甲基以及甲基链接所产生的同位素分馏效应可能是高过成熟烷烃气碳同位素组成反转、倒转的重要原因。图6表3参56     

塔里木盆地群5井和曲1井原油的油源研究——脂肪酸及烷基环己烷系列化合物提供的新证据

塔里木盆地群5井和曲1井原油中的脂肪酸主要来自母源,其组成特征反映了母质主要为菌藻类.群5井和曲1井原油含有丰富的烷基环己烷系列化合物.脂肪酸和烷基环己烷系列分布特征,在群5井和曲1井原油中差别显著,反映了它们具有不同的油源.结合原油的碳同位素、长链三环萜烷、藿烷和甾烷组成特征,认为塔里木盆地群5井原油可能来自寒武-奥陶系海相碳酸盐岩生油岩,而曲1井原油可能来自石炭系海相泥岩生油岩.      

阿姆河右岸酸性气田井口冲蚀及对策

中亚土库曼斯坦阿姆河右岸气田群为高含H_2S和CO_2的碳酸盐岩气藏,单井产量高,井口设备均出现了不同程度的腐蚀。初步分析认为其原因是生产过程中仅考虑酸性介质对气井井口的化学腐蚀,而没有考虑气体流速对井口的冲蚀作用,极大地影响了气田的安全生产。为此,通过对节流阀上下游阀道、法兰面均出现明显坑状腐蚀的进一步分析,明确了化学腐蚀和气体冲蚀的交互作用是井口磨损的主要影响因素,气流冲刷腐蚀坑的化学腐蚀产物会加速冲蚀损害;进而借鉴冲蚀与腐蚀运行环境下的多相管流管道的磨损计算理论,计算了该运行环境下的冲蚀极限速度,得到了不同生产工况下节流阀的抗冲蚀流量;最后,根据气田生产情况,针对性地提出了按气井配产要求来选择采气树类型、节流阀通径及类型冲蚀的技术控制策略。此举为气田安全生产提供了工程技术保障。     

山前地区深井超深井套管防磨与减磨技术研究

针对山前地区深井超深井钻井过程中套管磨损严重的问题,在分析套管磨损机理的基础上,开展了山前地区套管防磨与减磨技术研究,基于技术研究成果及应用实践,得到如下结论:1应用Power V等垂直钻井系统控制井眼轨迹,特别是上部井段的狗腿度和井斜,可明显减小侧向力和磨损量,缩短套管磨损时间;2应综合考虑套管磨损率、磨损系数以及钻杆耐磨带本身的磨损量,优选出效果最优的耐磨带;在狗腿度严重的位置,可考虑采用一定数量的橡胶钻杆卡箍来减轻对套管的磨损;3山前地区钻井液采用CX-300减磨剂能够显著降低磨损速率,减轻套管磨损程度,但在不同钻井液体系使用之前应进行优化分析以确定最佳使用量;4在迪那204井使用高密度钻井液体系,全部采用优选的高密度重晶石粉代替铁矿粉作为加重剂,整个钻进过程中未出现钻具及套管磨损,迪那204井易损件消耗量仅为邻井迪那203井的左右,防磨减磨效果非常显著。     

Biodiesel Projects Helpful to Ease Energy Shortage

Nearly 7,000 hectares of biodiesel forest will take shape in the northern province of Hebei in 2008, part of a national campaign to fuel the fast growing economy in a green way. In no more than five years, the Pistacia chinensis Bunge, whose seeds have an oil content of up to 40 percent, will yield five tons of fruit and contribute about two tons of high-quality biological diesel oil, according to the provincial forestry administration.     

State Energy Base Proposed in Inner Mongolia

Experts recently suggested China set up a state energy base in lnner Mongolia Autonomous Region to ease its energy thirst. The survey was co-conducted by senior researchers from the National Development and Reform Commission, Development Research Center of the State Council, Chinese Academy of Sciences and the Ministry of Finance. To plan and establish strategic energy bases at state level is in line with the principle of ＂giving priority to energy saving and diversifying energy consumption with the utility of coal at the core.＂     

Influence of Shale Oil Boom in North America upon nternational Crude Price Flucturation

正Current stituation of shale oil development in the world The US The country is blessed with abundant shale oil resources and had matersed whole sets of theories and technologies needed for their exploration and development after years of practices.According to an assessment of shale oil resources in major countries and regions of the world issued by the U.S.Energy Information Agency(EIA),the US ranks the second in the world with its 6.8 billion tons of technically recoverable shale oil(shale oil in place is about 136.3 tons).About 8plays had been confirmed to have     

A Sintering-resistant Pd/C Composite Catalyst for Ethylbenzene DehydrogenationDeveloped by CAS Institute of Metals

Carbon deposition is a commonplace phenomenon occurringin the catalytic reaction process, in particular inthe system of direct dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene,because the reactant - ethylbenzene molecules on thesurface of metal oxide catalysts are prone to quickly formcarbon deposits, leading to deactivation of catalysts. Recently,the associate research fellow Mr. Liu Hongyangand the research fellow Mr. Su Dangsheng of the StateShenyang Material Science （United ） Laboratory of theInstitute of Metal Research, CAS by taking advantageof the carbon deposition process during direct dehydrogenationof ethylbenzene have ingeniously designeda Pd/C composite catalyst. This catalyst in comparisonwith the traditional commercial carbon nanotubesupported Pd catalyst shows a significantly improved performancein terms of its catalytic activity and sinteringresistantability.     

ZPEB Overseas Markets Keep Steady and Efficient Development

In recent years, Zhongyuan Petroleum Exploration Bureau （ZPEB） has made rapid development in overseas petroleum markets through its integrated reorganization. A new international business plattbrm established, aimed at becoming a highly ranked contractor with international petroleum engineering technology. ZPEB has expanded its business scope and scale, regulated the market structure,     

New Era for China-Brazil Relations

China and Brazil celebrated the 40th anniversary of establishing diplomatic relations between the two countries in July this year. Bilateral relations between China and Brazil have entered a new stage, and experts expect the already extensive cooperation between the two countries to deepen and broaden as Chinese President Xi Jinping made a state visit to Brazil in mid-July, which is his first state visit to Brazil since he assumed the office last year. The visit to China＇s largest trade partner in Latin America is at the invitation of Brazilian President Dilma Rousseff.     

Large Scale Ethylene Production Package Technology SuccessfullyDeveloped by CNPC

The CNPC Group has successfully developed a largescaleethylene production package technology with independentintellectual property rights, which has beensuccessfully applied in the 1.2 Mt/a ethylene revamp andexpansion project at the Daqing Petrochemical Complex（DPC）.     

Recent Advancements in Petroleum E & P Equipments in China

The role of equipments in oil and gas exploration and development had never been attached with so much importance as that in shale oil and gas boom in the U.S. With the help of massive hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling techniques, the U.S., the world＇s No. 1 oil importer even started to dream about energy self-sufficiency with its proudly high production of shale oil and gas from several major shale plays in the country. However, what behind this remarkable achievement are powerful multi-stage hydraulic fracturing machinery and smart tools for directional drilling.