危重症患儿院内安全转运流程化管理

目的探讨流程化管理在危重症患儿院内安全转运中的作用,保障患儿转运安全。方法选择2012年1月至2013年1月儿科急诊院内转运的626例危重症患儿为对照组,2013年2月至2014年1月院内转运的758例危重症患儿为观察组,对照组采用常规方法转运,观察组采用流程化管理方法转运,包括制定危重症患儿院内安全转运制度及流程,加强转运前、转运中及转运后的流程化管理等。比较两组患儿一次转运成功率及转运不良事件发生率。结果观察组均一次转运成功,对照组621例一次转运成功,5例实施二次转运成功,观察组一次转运成功率显著高于对照组(P0.05)。观察组转运发生不良事件21例,对照组为40例,两组比较,差异有统计学差异(P0.01)。结论将流程化管理应用于危重症患儿院内转运的管理与实践中,使转运医疗行为制度化、流程化,能够有效降低转运不良事件发生率,规避转运风险,为患儿安全转运提供保障。     

急诊科院际危重症转运专职护士岗位设立及实践

目的探讨急诊科设立院际危重症转运专职护士岗位的可行性及效果。方法选拔并规范化培训35名转运专职护士,制定转运制度和流程,明确工作内容及岗位职责,实施1年后共转运4 503例危重症患者;以设立转运专职护士岗位前转运的2 378例患者为对照,比较专职岗位设置前后院际危重症患者转运不良事件发生率。结果专职岗位设置后院际转运不良事件发生率显著低于设置前(P0.05,P0.01)。结论危重症转运专职护士岗位的设立可降低转运不良事件发生率,保障危重症患者转运安全。     

应用HFMEA促进急诊抢救室用药流程信息化的实践

目的探讨应用HFMEA促进抢救室用药流程信息化的效果,保证急诊用药安全。方法对2014年1~12月急诊抢救室收治的5 205例患者使用抢救室常规用药流程,2015年1~12月的5 804例患者实施基于HFMEA模式的抢救室用药信息化再造流程。结果实施抢救室用药信息化再造流程后,急诊科护士满意度及抢救成功率显著高于实施前,抢救室用药不良事件发生率显著低于实施前(P0.05,P0.01)。结论应用HFMEA促进抢救室用药流程信息化有利于保证用药安全,提高工作效率及急救品质。     

急诊内镜治疗食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血的护理风险管理

目的探讨急诊内镜治疗食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血护理风险管理方法及应用效果。方法将201例食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血患者按照时间顺序分组,2015年1~12月的93例设为实施前组,实施常规护理。2016年1~12月108例设为实施后组,应用医疗失效模式与效应分析(HFMEA)方法,分析急诊内镜治疗食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血失效模式和潜在风险原因,计算优先风险数(RPN),对需要优先解决的问题进行干预,并对实施HFMEA前后的效果进行评价。结果实施HFMEA管理后,患者护理安全不良事件发生率显著低于实施前(均P<0.05),RPN下降。结论应用HFMEA能改进急诊内镜治疗食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血的流程,降低围手术期患者护理安全不良事件风险率,保证患者安全。     

急危重症患者院内安全转运路径的建立与实施

目的探讨急危重症患者院内安全转运临床路径实施的效果,以全面提高急危重患者院内转运的安全。方法将2009年1～12月从急诊科转送的609例危急重症患者设为对照组;2010年1～12月的759例危急重症患者设为观察组。对照组采用常规方法转运;观察组在建立安全转运路径后,按安全转运路径实施,流程包括转运前风险评估、转运前准备、转运前联络与协调;转运中监护与急救;转运后交接等措施。结果两组不良事件发生率、接收科室满意率比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05,P<0.01)。结论实施急危重患者院内安全转运路径能转变急诊科医护人员的观念,加强转运途中病情观察与监护,减少不良事件的发生,提收科室满意率,保证患者的生命安全。     

MDT式流程管理在多发肋骨骨折合并肺挫裂伤患者院内安全转运中的应用

目的探讨MDT式流程管理在多发肋骨骨折合并肺挫裂伤患者院内安全转运中的应用效果。方法按入院时间将2016-08—2019-05间收治的97例多发肋骨骨折合并肺挫裂伤患者分为2组。对照组48例予以常规模式管理,观察组49例在对照组基础上予以MDT式流程管理。比较2组院内转运用时,转运中不良事件(病情恶化、再损伤)及意外事件(脱管、扭曲、药物延迟)发生率。结果观察组院内转运用时较对照组短,转运中不良事件和意外事件发生率较对照组低,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论对多发肋骨骨折合并肺挫裂伤患者的院内转运中采用MDT式流程管理,能缩短院内转运用时、降低转运中不良事件及意外事件发生率。     

基层医院急诊危重患者院内转运不良事件原因分析及对策

目的分析基层医院急诊危重患者院内转运不良事件发生的相关因素,制定防范措施,提高患者院内转运的安全性。方法回顾急诊部2012年6月至2014年5月院内转运不良事件的类别、时间及相关护理人员情况,分析其发生原因,并提出护理对策。结果院内转运急危重患者4 270例次,发生院内转运不良事件32例次,发生率0.75%。11:30~14:30发生12例次(37.50%),17:30~22:30发生18例次(56.25%);死亡2例次(6.25%);护龄1~3年的护士发生28例次(87.50%)。结论基层医院应从根本上、系统上找原因,制定相应防范措施,合理利用人力资源,对低年资护士进行专业知识及技能培训,增强风险意识,是降低不良事件发生率的有效途径。     

危重患者院内转运不良事件危险因素的Meta分析

目的 系统分析危重患者院内转运不良事件的危险因素，为提高危重患者院内转运安全提供证据支持。 方法 检索国内外8个数据库，筛选建库至2021年9月危重患者院内转运不良事件危险因素的相关研究，进行文献质量评价后采用RevMan5.4软件进行Meta分析。 结果 纳入19篇文献，共包含7 826例患者，8 207次院内转运，其中发生不良事件1 980例次，发生率为24.13%。15篇文献进入Meta分析，结果显示，呼吸系统疾病、神经系统疾病、多脏器功能衰竭、转运至重症监护室、在转运前或转运中使用血管活性药物是危重患者院内转运不良事件的影响因素。 结论 危重患者院内转运安全的影响因素众多，应在转运前全面评估，明确危险因素并制订针对性预防措施，以防范或减少不良事件的发生。     

体外膜肺氧合患者安全院际转运方案的构建及实施

目的 构建体外膜肺氧合(ECMO)支持患者安全院际转运方案,并探讨其临床应用效果.方法 将2018年7月至2019年7月行ECMO院际转运患者30例设为对照组,按照常规转运流程实施转运;2019年10月至2020年10月的30例患者设为观察组,在常规院际转运流程基础上,基于循证构建并应用ECMO安全院际转运方案进行转运.比较安全院际转运方案实施前后重症医学科医护人员ECMO院际转运知识知晓得分、院际转运效率、院际转运相关不良事件发生率.结果 实施后重症医学科医护人员对ECMO院际转运知识得分显著高于实施前,观察组管路预充时间与置管时间显著低于对照组(P＜0.05,P＜0.01),院际转运相关不良事件发生率低于对照组,但差异无统计学意义.结论 安全院际转运方案可提高医护人员院际转运知识掌握程度,提高院际转运效率,减少院际转运相关不良事件的发生率.     

护士对急危重症患者院内转运的认知及相关经历调查

目的 了解护士对急危重症患者院内安全转运中的认知及相关行为,为实施急危重症患者安全转运管理提供参考.方法 采用自行设计的问卷对北京市某三级综合医院158名护理人员进行调查.结果 护理人员对急危重症患者实施院内安全转运7个条目的认知率为95％以上;实施院内安全转运行为中转运前准备完善,转运中病情观察、保持呼吸道通畅等执行率为96％以上;转运不良事件发生率较高的依次为输液外渗、病历不完整及管道滑脱等.结论 护士对院内安全转运的认知相对较好,但还需进一步建立健全院内转运制度与流程,提高护理风险防范意识,强化急救知识与技能的培训,以保证院内转运的护理安全.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.