湖南省护理员养老护理知识状况及对培训内容重要性评价

目的了解湖南省基层养老护理员养老护理知识掌握现状及对培训内容重要性的评价。方法自制调查问卷对参与养老护理培训的256名基层养老护理员进行调查。结果养老护理知识得分由高到低依次为生活照料、疾病护理、安全知识、康复指导、道德法律和心理护理,总分(15.36±5.26)分;女性养老护理员疾病护理、心理护理、康复指导、安全知识维度得分及养老护理知识总分显著高于男性(均P0.01);工作年限较长者各方面得分显著高于工作年限较短者(均P0.05);学历相对较高者得分显著高于学历相对较低者(均P0.01);培训内容重要性评价由高到低依次是生活照料、健康观察、康复护理、疾病护理、用药护理、急救护理、安全护理、心理护理和道德法律。结论基层养老护理员有关养老护理知识掌握度较差,与学历低及工作年限短等有关,应采取多种形式加强培训,培训课程内容应加重心理护理、职业道德法律等的比重,提高培训效果。     

山东省养老机构护理员现状调查

目的了解山东省养老机构护理员现状,为完善老年护理服务体系提供参考。方法采用整群随机抽样法抽取山东省8个城市83所养老服务机构的648名养老护理员,针对职业态度、职业能力、制约因素、职业发展及一般情况进行问卷调查。结果山东省养老机构护理员平均年龄(43.0±2.3)岁,工作年限为(5.6±0.3)年,日平均工作时间9.2h,专科及以上学历占47.2%,月均收入2 000元以下占62.0%,具有养老护理员资质者仅占22.3%,从事养老护理工作最大的困难是缺乏相关知识、技能和工资福利待遇低。主要制约因素是社会相关保障制度不到位(67.6%)、福利待遇低(41.7%)、工作环境差(25.0%)。结论山东省养老机构护理员年龄偏大、学历及待遇均偏低、整体素质不高,养老护理人员队伍建设有待加强。     

新护士转型冲击状况与工作满意度的相关分析

目的调查新护士转型冲击及工作满意度现状,探讨两者的相关性,为制定针对性管理措施,提高新护士工作满意度提供参考。方法采用新护士转型冲击评价量表和工作满意度量表对228名新护士进行问卷调查。结果新护士转型冲击状况总分3.44±0.77,工作满意度总分3.45±0.45;工作满意度总分及各维度得分与转型冲击总分及维度得分呈负相关(P0.05,P0.01)。结论新护士转型冲击及工作满意度处于中等水平,转型冲击程度越高的新护士工作满意度越低。护理管理者需采取措施降低新护士转型冲击,以提高其工作满意度。     

护士职业态度现状分析及对策

目的 探讨护士的职业态度及其影响因素,为护理管理者规划护士职业生涯提供依据.方法 自行设计护士职业态度调查问卷对389名三级甲等综合医院护士进行调查.结果 护士职业态度总均分3.94±0.35.不同职称、用工性质及择业原因护士职业态度的3.个维度得分比较,差异有显著性意义(P＜0.05,P＜0.01);不同护龄护士行为及认知维度得分比较,差异有显著性意义(均 P＜0.01);不同婚姻状况护士行为维度得分比较,差异有显著性意义(P＜0.01).结论 护士职业态度总体处于满意水平,护龄、婚姻状况、职称、用工性质及择业原因对职业态度有不同程度的影响.护理管理者应针对上述影响因素采取有效措施规划护士职业生涯,保证护理人力资源.     

护理本科新生老年护理职业认知与就业意愿相关性研究

目的了解护理本科新生老年护理职业认知水平及其与老年护理就业意愿的相关性,为老年护理专科人才培养提供参考。方法采用自制调查表和对老年人态度量表对某高等医学院校2014级240名护理本科新生进行调查。结果护生对老年人态度得分为133.68±20.16;对老年护理职业认知总分及工作认知、现状认知维度得分为27.71±5.19、14.53±2.83及13.18±2.47。40.8%的护生表示非常或比较愿意从事老年护理工作,65.0%首选公立性养老机构。对老年人态度、老年护理职业认知总分、老年护理工作认知、老年护理现状认知与老年护理就业意愿相关(r=-0.169~0.197,均P0.05)。结论护理新生老年护理职业认知水平及就业意愿偏低,就业意愿与其老年护理职业认知水平相关;应进行针对性教育以提高其认知水平和老年护理就业意愿。     

分离转换障碍患者认知闭合需要与应对方式研究

目的探讨分离转换障碍患者认知闭合需要与其疾病应对方式的关系,为改善其应对方式提供参考。方法采用认知闭合需要量表和中文版医学应对方式问卷对217例分离转换障碍患者进行问卷调查。结果分离转换障碍患者认知闭合需要总分215.54±22.56;疾病应对方式中的面对得分18.23±2.60,屈服得分12.82±1.57,回避得分17.20±2.32;面对得分与认知闭合需要总分及各维度得分呈显著负相关(-0.272~-0.499,均P0.01);屈服、回避得分与认知闭合需要总分和各维度得分呈显著正相关(0.333~0.494,均P0.01)。认知闭合需要为疾病应对方式的影响因素(R2=0.238~0.297)。结论分离转换障碍患者认知闭合需要处于较高水平,影响患者的疾病应对方式。     

护士患者安全文化认知及专业实践环境调查分析

目的了解护士对患者安全文化的认知及专业实践环境状况,分析影响因素,为改进护理工作环境和加强患者安全文化建设提供参考。方法汉化患者安全文化量表及专业实践环境量表,对744名临床护士进行问卷调查。结果患者安全文化认知12个维度条目均分(3.27±0.54)~(4.52±0.37)分,同意率72.93%,得分最高和最低的维度分别为对错误的非惩罚反应、人员配置;专业实践环境8个维度条目均分(2.34±0.62)~(3.25±0.45)分;护理实践环境、护士工作满意度及护士职称是患者安全文化认知的影响因素(P0.05,P0.01)。结论护理实践环境得分越高、工作满意度及职称越高的护士患者安全文化认知越好。     

护士心理授权与健康相关工作效率低下的相关性分析

目的了解护士心理授权与健康相关工作效率低下的现状,探讨两者之间的关系。方法运用心理授权量表与工作受限情况调查问卷对便利抽取的郑州市某三级甲等医院360名护士进行调查。结果护士心理授权总分为(38.13±5.86)分,工作受限得分(41.32±10.78)分,护士心理授权3个维度与工作受限总分呈显著负相关(均P0.01)。结论护士心理授权处于中等偏上水平,健康相关工作受限处于中等偏低水平,提升护士心理授权水平可提高工作效率。     

养老机构老年人保健品知信行现况及影响因素分析

目的调查太原市养老机构老年人保健品知信行现况,为养老机构及社区管理者开展健康教育提供参考。方法采用保健品知信行问卷对5所养老机构的287名老年人进行调查。结果老年人保健品知识得分19.44±3.28、态度得分51.65±3.53、行为得分20.66±3.07;不同文化程度、慢性疾病、职业、收入、知识途径、服用保健品种数的老年人保健品知识、态度、行为得分差异有统计学意义(P0.05,P0.01)。结论养老机构老年人对服用保健品态度较积极,但知识与行为状况不佳。养老机构管理者应针对服用保健品的老年人开展健康教育讲座,纠正其对使用保健品的错误认知,从而纠正不合理行为。     

助产士共享管理与职业嵌入的相关性研究

目的了解助产士的共享管理及职业嵌入现状,分析共享管理对其职业嵌入的影响,为稳定助产士职业队伍提供参考。方法应用护士专业治理指数问卷、护士职业嵌入量表对7所医院的246名助产士进行调查。结果 246名助产士共享管理、职业嵌入得分分别为(162.72±50.76)分、(43.15±15.54)分;职业嵌入总分及其各维度与共享管理及其6个维度呈正相关(P0.05,P0.01);助产工作年限、月收入、共享管理是影响助产士职业嵌入的因素(调整R2=0.534)。结论助产士职业嵌入水平不佳,提高共享管理,有助于加强其职业嵌入。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.     

Intraoperative autotransfusion is associated with modest reduction of allogeneic transfusion in prosthetic hip surgery

Background: The efficacy of intraoperative salvage and washing of wound blood and the predictors of allogeneic red cell transfusions in prosthetic hip surgery are insufficiently known.
Methods: In 96 patients, undergoing primary or revision surgery, salvaged and washed red cells and, if necessary, allogeneic blood were used to keep haematocrit not lower than 33%. The bleeding of red cells during hospital stay was calculated from the red cell balance. The preoperative red cell reserve (millilitres of red cells in excess of a haematocrit of 33%) was estimated and the difference between this volume and the total bleeding of red cells was retrospectively used to classify patients with regard to the need for red cells. Stepwise regression analysis was used to define patient-related variables associated with allogeneic blood transfusion.
Results: Preoperative knowledge of the type of operation (primary, revision), the preoperative red cell reserve, and the body mass could predict roughly half of the need for banked blood (r²=0.45). Only one-third of the total bleeding of red cells was retransfused. For complete avoidance of allogeneic blood, autotransfusion was most effective in patients with a moderate need (0–4 u). However, 32% of such patients required allogeneic blood.
Conclusions: Autotransfusion has a limited efficacy to decrease the need for allogeneic blood, and other blood-saving methods should be added for this purpose. It is difficult to predict the need for allogeneic blood preoperatively.     

缺氧对肾小管上皮细胞分泌外泌体的影响

目的    观察缺氧对肾小管上皮细胞分泌外泌体的影响,探讨外泌体在缺氧致肾脏损伤中的作用及机制。 方法    （1）常氧（21% O₂）及缺氧（1% O₂）分别处理大鼠肾小管上皮细胞（NRK-52E）48 h,收集细胞上清液并使用高速梯度离心法分离外泌体。采用透射电镜、纳米示踪分析、Western印迹、蛋白浓度定量鉴定并比较两组外泌体的基本特性。（2）在共培养实验中,以不同浓度（1、10、50、100、300 mg/L）的常氧外泌体、缺氧外泌体分别干预脂多糖（LPS）诱导的大鼠原代腹腔巨噬细胞,使用实时荧光定量PCR与酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）法分别检测巨噬细胞白细胞介素6（IL-6）、肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF-α）、诱导型氮氧化物合酶（iNOS）水平;使用Western印迹法检测巨噬细胞磷酸化（p）STAT/STAT及细胞因子信号传导抑制蛋白1（SOCS1）的蛋白表达;最后,使用实时荧光定量PCR法检测常氧外泌体与缺氧外泌体中炎性反应相关微RNA（microRNA,miR）的表达差异。 结果    （1）离心得到的囊泡具有外泌体典型的结构,粒径小于150 nm,表达外泌体标志蛋白CD63,说明分离得到外泌体。缺氧对肾小管上皮细胞分泌的外泌体形态、粒径分布比例无明显影响,但提高了外泌体的分泌量。（2）缺氧外泌体相比于常氧外泌体促进了LPS诱导的M1型巨噬细胞IL-6、TNF-α、iNOS 的表达和分泌（均P＜0.01）,同时提高STAT的磷酸化水平并减少SOCS1的蛋白表达（均P＜0.01）;对炎性反应相关microRNA检测发现缺氧外泌体中miR-155、miR-27a表达量较常氧外泌体明显升高（P＜0.05）。 结论    缺氧可改变外泌体的生物学功能,表现为协同促进LPS诱导的M1型巨噬细胞的表型转化,这可能是慢性肾脏病微炎性反应状态持续的原因之一。     

In Vitro Function and Durability Assessment of a Novel Polyurethane Heart Valve Prosthesis

Abstract While flexible-leaflet, central-flow prosthetic heart valves promise relief from anticoagulation therapy, they continue to be restricted by inadequate durability. In consequence, a novel trileaflet valve, made entirely from polyurethane, has been developed. A batch of 6 consecutively manufactured polyurethane valves was subjected to hydrodynamic function and accelerated fatigue testing. Computerized data acquisition and control systems have been introduced to improve valve testing methodologies. In terms of hydrodynamic function, the polyurethane valve demonstrates transvalvular pressure gradients similar to those for a bioprosthetic valve (Carpentier-Edwards) and levels of retrograde flow significantly less than those for either the bioprosthetic valve or a bileaflet mechanical valve (St Jude Medical). The equivalent of 10 years of cycling without failure has been exceeded by all 6 polyurethane valves in accelerated fatigue tests with 2 valves remaining intact after 674 million cycles (equivalent to approximately 17 years) in continuing tests. Highspeed photography revealed considerable differences in leaflet motion between valves cycled at accelerated and physiological rates.     

Negative pressure ventilation vs. spontaneous assisted ventilation during rigid bronchoscopy: A controlled randomised trial

Background: Ventilation during interventional rigid bronchoscopy (IRB) under general anaesthesia (jet ventilation, positive pressure ventilation and spontaneous assisted ventilation) may offer some difficulties. This study compares the effectiveness during IRB of intermittent negative pressure ventilation (INPV) and spontaneous assisted ventilation (SAV). Methods: Thirty-eight patients submitted to IRB were randomised into two groups: SAV or INPV. All patients received a total intravenous anaesthesia; INPV patients were paralysed. Pre-and intra-operative arterial blood gases and O₂ flow through a rigid bronchoscope were assessed. The endoscopist applying a subjective score evaluated the operating conditions. Results: Patients of the INPV group, as compared to the SAV group, required a lower dosage of fentanyl (2.6 ± 1.8 (μg · kg^?1· h^?1 vs. 6.6 ± 4.8 μg · kg^?1· h^?1), a lower O₂ supply (3.3 ± 2.8 1/min vs. 11.6 ± 3.4 1/min), a shorter recovery time (5.4 ± 2.9 min vs. 9.8 ± 7.1 min) and no manually assisted ventilation (0 ± 0 vs. 1 ± 1.1 nd?/procedure). Intraoperative PaCO₂ was higher in the SAV (8.1 ± 1.3 kPa) than in the INPV group (5.0 ± 1.6 kPa) and intraoperative pH differed in the two groups (7.26 ± 0.05, SAV vs. 7.47 ± 0.08, INPV). Operating conditions, as assessed by a subjective score, were considered better with INPV than with SAV (4.9 vs. 4.3). Conclusions: As compared to SAV, INPV in paralysed patients during IRB reduces administration of opioids, shortens recovery time, prevents respiratory acidosis, excludes the need for manually assisted ventilation, reduces 02 need and affords optimal surgical conditions. INPV appears a safe, non-invasive and effective ventilatory management during IRB.