体外膜式氧合的临床应用

目的总结体外膜式氧合（ECMO）在临床的应用经验,以提高对危重患者的治疗效果。方法2006年7月至2008年2月,27例患者使用ECMO,其中非手术急性心肺功能衰竭8例,心脏手术后的心功能辅助4例,心脏不停跳冠状动脉旁路移植术中心脏功能辅助13例,体外循环与ECMO相互转换应用于心脏手术中和术后的心功能辅助2例。结果27例患者应用ECMO辅助时间为2～61h,26例成功撤离ECMO,1例82岁患者成功撤离ECMO后24h出现轻度二氧化碳潴留,患者家属要求出院;2例院内死亡;24例康复出院。结论ECMO是抢救心肺功能衰竭的有效方法,对非手术患者或高危患者行心脏不停跳冠状动脉旁路移植术以及心脏手术中、手术后的心脏功能辅助亦有明显的效果。     

ECMO联合IABP及CRRT治疗重症暴发性心肌炎患者的护理体会

目的总结体外膜肺氧合(ECMO)联合主动脉内球囊反搏(IABP)及连续性肾脏替代治疗(CRRT)治疗重症暴发性心肌炎(FM)患者的护理体会。方法选取2012-12—2019-06间郑州大学第二附属医院重症医学科收治的30例FM患者(均经常规治疗效果不佳,出现心、肺、肾等多器官功能衰竭)。在应用ECMO联合IABP及CRRT期间,积极给予系统化护理措施。结果 30例患者中,27例心功能逐步恢复正常,脑钠肽(BNP)及左室射血分数(LVEF)、肌酐(Cre)、氧合指数(PaO_2/FiO_2)、血乳酸(lac)等值均明显好转,成功撤离ECMO、IABP、CRRT、呼吸机等。3例患者由于心功能无法逆转最终死亡。结论 ECMO联合IABP及CRRT是治疗FM患者的一种有效方法,系统化护理措施是治疗成功的有力保障。     

体外膜氧合机械辅助在心脏移植手术中的应用

目的回顾性研究接受心脏移植手术并采用体外膜氧合(ECMO)辅助支持治疗的患者,总结临床经验,为进一步推广提供参考。方法收集中国医学科学院阜外心血管病医院接受心脏移植手术并采用ECMO支持受者的临床资料,分析受者围手术期ECMO应用情况,统计ECMO支持时间,合并使用主动脉内球囊反搏(IABP)的情况,并发症发生情况等临床资料。采用SPSS23.0软件处理,正态分布采用独立样本Student's test,非正态分布采用非参数检验Mann-Whitney U test。分类资料的组间比较采用χ2检验或Fisher确切检验法。结果所有ECMO支持模式均为静脉-动脉ECMO模式(V-A ECMO)。有8例受者成功使用ECMO过渡到心脏移植。使用ECMO的心脏移植受者中61例(89.7%)成功脱离ECMO机械辅助,48例(70.5%)存活出院。出血、术后急性肾功能不全、肺部感染等并发症是心脏移植ECMO循环支持过程中最多见的并发症。在手术室早期建立ECMO辅助循环的心脏移植受者脱机率和存活率分别为95.6%和84.4%,而在ICU床旁建立ECMO的受者脱机率和存活率分别为72.2%和27.8%,早期使用ECMO结果更好。结论ECMO机械辅助循环能对心脏移植受者提供有效的循环、呼吸功能支持,使得受者平稳渡过移植手术围术期。提倡早期、同期联合应用IABP增加重要器官的灌注,改善受者的预后,获得良好的转归。     

体外膜式氧合在冠心病外科治疗中的临床应用

目的 探讨冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病(冠心病)心脏手术后应用体外膜式氧合(ECMO)进行支持治疗的效果.方法 2004年6月至2006年11月,对16例冠心病心脏手术后需要心肺支持的患者进行ECMO辅助治疗.全组患者男14例,女2例,平均年龄(58±11)岁.体外循环下手术13例,非体外循环手术3例.记录术后ECMO辅助时间、监护室停留时间、并发症及转归等.结果 ECMO平均辅助时间51 h.监护室平均停留时间5 d.13例患者顺利撤除ECMO,脱机率为81.3%;10例生存出院,出院生存率为62.5%.主要并发症有出血(18.8%)、感染(37.5%)、肾功能不全(25%)及下肢缺血(18.8%)等.结论 ECMO辅助能有效治疗冠心病心脏手术后发生的心功能障碍.     

扩张型心肌病行急诊ECMO加经皮心房分流器桥接心脏移植患者的护理

总结1例扩张型心肌病患者行急诊体外膜肺氧合加经皮心房分流器桥接心脏移植的护理经验。经过精心的治疗与护理,患者顺利康复出院。护理要点包括：ECMO护理监测技术与观察,ECMO联合连续性肾脏替代治疗的护理,经皮心房分流器植入的并发症护理及心脏移植术后预见性护理。     

体外膜肺氧合联合血液透析救治呼吸衰竭新生儿的护理

目的总结体外膜肺氧合(ECMO)联合血液透析救治呼吸衰竭新生儿的护理经验,为临床护理提供借鉴。方法对7例呼吸衰竭新生儿行ECMO联合血液透析辅助治疗,做好ECMO治疗准备与管理、血液透析护理,心理支持及后期康复护理等。结果5例治疗好转出院;2例分别发生新生儿坏死性小肠结肠炎、多脏器功能衰竭死亡。结论 ECMO与血液透析联合应用是抢救和维持呼吸衰竭新生儿生命的重要方法,高质量的护理是治疗成功的保证。     

体外膜式氧合治疗心脏术后急性心肺功能衰竭

目的 探讨体外膜式氧合(ECMO)治疗心脏术后急性心肺功能衰竭的经验.方法 回顾性分析2005年3月至2008年6月心脏术后接受ECMO辅助的117例患者的临床资料.男性85例,女性32例,平均年龄(48.7±16.5)岁.其中80例患者因术中无法脱离心肺转流、35例因术后急性心脏功能衰竭进行静脉-动脉转流,2例因术后急性呼吸功能衰竭进行静脉-静脉转流.结果 平均ECMO辅助时间61 h,平均监护室停留时间5 d.87例(74.4%)成功脱离ECMO,69例(59.0%)痊愈.主要并发症为出血38例、感染32例、肾功能衰竭需要透析29例、氧合器血浆渗漏29例、溶血7例、肢体血栓5例、神经系统并发症4例.结论 ECMO是一种有效的短期机械辅助方法,应掌握适应证尽早建立,积极防治并发症可降低死亡率.     

体外膜式氧合支持治疗失败原因的初步分析

目的总结体外膜式氧合（ECMO）支持治疗成人心脏病患者的临床经验,对辅助未成功患者的失败原因进行分析。方法2005年2月至2008年10月,应用ECMO救治58例成人心脏病患者,其中男42例,女16例;年龄44．8±17．6岁。ECMO辅助时间131．9±104．7h。冠心病24例（41．4％）,心肌病11例（19．0％）,心瓣膜病10例（17．20）,先天性心脏病9例（15．5％）。结果院内死亡22例,11例（50％）死于多器官功能衰竭,5例（22．7％）因心功能损害严重,使用ECMO亦无法维持有效循环死亡,其余患者因出血、严重肺动脉高压缺乏后续有效治疗手段等而死亡。ECMO辅助治疗前有心脏停搏和ECMO辅助期间仍出现肾功能不全需同期使用持续肾脏替代治疗（CRRT）,在死亡患者中的比率明显大于生存患者（45．5％vs．19．4％,40．9％vs．5．6％;P=0．043,0．001）。生存患者平均随访15．6个月。随访期间3例因再发心力衰竭而死亡,1例出院后死于神经系统并发症,其余32例心功能分级（NYHA）Ⅰ～Ⅱ级。结论ECMO是救治急重症成人心肺功能衰竭的有效手段。在重要器官出现不可逆损害前及时建立ECMO辅助和积极有效地预防并发症发生,是进一步提高救治成功率的关键。ECMO辅助时仍出现肾功能不全需同期使用CRRT治疗以及在ECMO开始前经历过心脏停搏是提示预后不良的危险因素。     

成人心脏术后体外膜式氧合辅助27例的临床分析

目的总结成人心脏术后应用体外膜式氧合(ECMO)的临床经验。方法回顾性分析2011年12月至2013年10月我院27例行ECMO治疗患者的临床资料,其中男15例、女12例,年龄41~73(51±11)岁,所有患者均采用静脉-动脉转流。结果 27例患者均接受ECMO支持,辅助时间48.0~192.0(81.2±36.4)h,住院时间168.0~480.0(307.8±97.0)h,患者顺利脱机率77.8%(21/27),患者康复出院率51.9%(14/27),患者住院死亡率44.4%(12/27)。结论有效的监测联合其他辅助治疗仪器的应用是提高ECMO辅助效果的有力保障。     

体外膜肺氧合用于成人心脏外科术后26例临床分析

目的总结我院心脏术后患者体外膜肺氧合(extracorporeal membrane oxygenation,ECMO)使用经验,综合分析影响患者预后的危险因素,讨论ECMO治疗过程中的并发症及预防管理经验。方法回顾性分析2012年1月至2017年9月在复旦大学附属中山医院接受心脏手术后因心肺功能不全等原因行ECMO支持且辅助时间8 h的26例患者的临床资料,其中男19例、女7例,年龄24~80(58.0±13.9)岁。结果 26例中成功脱机12例,6例存活出院。其中行VA ECMO(veno-arterial ECMO)总共24例,包括心脏移植术后5例,心脏瓣膜术后9例,成功脱机3例。7例瓣膜术后患者因难治性低心排血量综合征(low cardiac output syndrome,LCOS),术后48 h内ECMO插管;主动脉手术后8例,其中3例脱机;冠状动脉旁路移植术及其他心脏术后4例。VA ECMO除2例大血管术后患者行股静脉-腋动脉置管外,其余均行经股静脉-股动脉插管。VV ECMO患者均行股静脉-颈静脉插管。ECMO支持后出血10例,成功脱机5例。所有患者在辅助期间均有不同程度的输血治疗,ECMO支持后出现感染7例;所有患者中发生远端肢体严重缺血4例。存活与死亡患者中乳酸等在ECMO支持前后差异均无统计学意义,但存活病例中血清乳酸的下降速度始终比死亡患者快,术后前6 h下降趋势最显著。结论 ECMO是治疗心脏术后LCOS和顽固性低氧血症的重要支持手段之一,患者所接受手术类型、置管时机的选择是ECMO成功的关键因素。ECMO插管方式的不同、ECMO期间对出血的预防与控制、乳酸等代谢产物水平的监测及管理、抗感染措施的使用都是ECMO成功的重要因素。     

Perioperative and long-term morbidity and mortality after above-knee and below-knee amputations in diabetics and nondiabetics

We performed a retrospective review of a vascular surgery quality assurance database to evaluate the perioperative and long-term morbidity and mortality of above-knee amputations (AKA, n = 234) and below-knee amputations (BKA, n = 720) and to examine the effect of diabetes mellitus (DM) (181 of AKA and 606 of BKA patients). All patients in the database who had AKA or BKA from 1990 to May 2001 were included in the study. Perioperative 30-day cardiac morbidity and mortality and 3-yr and 10-yr mortality after AKA or BKA were assessed. The effect of DM on 30-day cardiac outcome was assessed by multivariate logistic regression and the effect on long-term survival was assessed by Cox regression analysis. The perioperative cardiac event rate (cardiac death or nonfatal myocardial infarction) was at least 6.8% after AKA and at most 3.6% after BKA. Median survival was significantly less after AKA (20 mo) than BKA (52 mo) (P < 0.001). DM was not a significant predictor of perioperative 30-day mortality (odds ratio, 0.76 [0.39-1.49]; P = 0.43) or 3-yr survival (Hazard ratio, 1.03 [0.86-1.24]; P = 0.72) but predicted 10-yr mortality (Hazard ratio, 1.34 [1.04-1.73]; P = 0.026). Significant predictors of the 30-day perioperative mortality were the site of amputation (odds ratio, 4.35 [2.56-7.14]; P < 0.001) and history of renal insufficiency (odds ratio, 2.15 [1.13-4.08]; P = 0.019). AKA should be triaged as a high-risk surgery while BKA is an intermediate-risk surgery. Long-term survival after AKA or BKA is poor, regardless of the presence of DM.     

Postoperative nausea and vomiting and opioid-induced nausea and vomiting: guidelines for prevention and treatment

Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) causes patient discomfort, lowers patient satisfaction, and increases care requirements. Opioid-induced nausea and vomiting (OINV) may also occur if opioids are used to treat postoperative pain. These guidelines aim to provide recommendations for the prevention and treatment of both problems. A working group was established in accordance with the charter of the Sociedad Espa?ola de Anestesiología y Reanimación. The group undertook the critical appraisal of articles relevant to the management of PONV and OINV in adults and children early and late in the perioperative period. Discussions led to recommendations, summarized as follows: 1) Risk for PONV should be assessed in all patients undergoing surgery; 2 easy-to-use scales are useful for risk assessment: the Apfel scale for adults and the Eberhart scale for children. 2) Measures to reduce baseline risk should be used for adults at moderate or high risk and all children. 3) Pharmacologic prophylaxis with 1 drug is useful for patients at low risk (Apfel or Eberhart 1) who are to receive general anesthesia; patients with higher levels of risk should receive prophylaxis with 2 or more drugs and baseline risk should be reduced (multimodal approach). 4) Dexamethasone, droperidol, and ondansetron (or other setrons) have similar levels of efficacy; drug choice should be made based on individual patient factors. 5) The drug prescribed for treating PONV should preferably be different from the one used for prophylaxis; ondansetron is the most effective drug for treating PONV. 6) Risk for PONV should be assessed before discharge after outpatient surgery or on the ward for hospitalized patients; there is no evidence that late preventive strategies are effective. 7) The drug of choice for preventing OINV is droperidol.     

Presenteeism and Absenteeism Before and After Total Hip and Knee Arthroplasty

BackgroundAbsenteeism is costly, yet evidence suggests that presenteeism—illness-related reduced productivity at work—is costlier. We quantified employed patients’ presenteeism and absenteeism before and after total joint arthroplasty (TJA).MethodsWe measured presenteeism (0-100 scale, 100 full performance) and absenteeism using the World Health Organization’s Health and Work Performance Questionnaire before and after TJA among a convenience sample of employed patients. We captured detailed information about employment and job characteristics and evaluated how and among whom presenteeism and absenteeism improved.ResultsIn total, 636 primary, unilateral TJA patients responded to an enrollment email, confirmed employment, and completed a preoperative survey (mean age: 62.1 years, 55.3% women). Full at-work performance was reported by 19.7%. Among 520 (81.8%) who responded to a 1-year follow-up, 473 (91.0%) were still employed, and 461 (88.7%) had resumed working. Among patients reporting at baseline and 1 year, average at-work performance improved from 80.7 to 89.4. A Wilcoxon signed-rank test indicated that postoperative performance was significantly higher than preoperative performance (P < .0001). The percentage of patients who reported full at-work performance increased from 20.9% to 36.8% (delta = 15.9%, 95% confidence interval = [10.0%, 21.9%], P < .0001). Presenteeism gains were concentrated among patients who reported declining work performance leading up to surgery. Average changes in absences were relatively small. Combined, the average monthly value lost by employers to presenteeism declined from 15.3% to 8.3% and to absenteeism from 16.9% to 15.5% (ie, mitigated loss of 8.4% of monthly value).ConclusionAmong employed patients before TJA, presenteeism and absenteeism were similarly costly. After, employed patients reported increased performance, concentrated among those with declining performance leading up to surgery.