87Sr/86Sr from rock and soil into vine and wine

For provenance assignments of wines strontium isotope ratios can be used because soils from different wine-growing regions, and hence the wines grown there, each show specific ratios. Some successful applications are demonstrated.     

大豆GmWRKY86基因的克隆及表达

为了研究大豆植物中GmWRKY86基因在植株发育和抵御非生物胁迫中的生物学功能,利用其开放阅读框(opening reading frame,ORF)的PCR产物进行基因克隆,并运用实时荧光定量PCR(quantitative real-time PCR,qRT-PCR)技术检测该基因在不同组织中的表达。序列分析显示:GmWRKY86基因包含3个内含子和4个外显子,其开放阅读框长度为1 572bp,编码523个氨基酸,所编码蛋白质的等电点为8.15,预测分子量为56.82kDa,并且含有2个高度保守的WRKY结构域。进化树分析表明,GmWRKY86蛋白与来自草莓的FvWRKY42和葡萄的VvWRKY2聚为一支。荧光定量RT-PCR分析表明,在检测的所有组织中GmWRKY86都有表达,其中花中表达量最高,种子中表达量最低,说明GmWRKY86基因参与了大豆花器官的发育。     

应重视辐射^60Coγ在酱油食醋上应用研究

本文分析了我国食品辐照业的现状，调味品工业的现状，建议应重视食品辐照^60Coγ在酱油、食醋上应用研究。     

奶牛源鼠李糖乳杆菌的12C6+重离子束诱变选育

本研究利用中科院重离子加速器释放的12C6+重离子束作为辐射诱变源,以酸斑值（HC）和抑菌圈值为指标,对鼠李糖乳杆菌JF12-1进行功能性诱变。通过致死率和正负突变率确定诱变的最佳辐照剂量;对最佳辐照剂量下的突变菌株利用酸斑法进行初筛,抑菌圈法复筛,而后通过连续传代之后检测乳酸含量变化来测定遗传稳定性,并对遗传稳定菌株进行16S rDNA测序,定位其突变位点。结果显示辐照剂量为300 Gy时,致死率为79.86%,正突变率为30.33%,负突变率为5.38%,确定为最佳诱变剂量;酸斑法初筛最佳诱变剂量下的突变菌株,得到20株HC值较原始野生菌株提高25%以上的突变株;抑菌法复筛得到8株体外抑菌性较原始野生菌株提高15%以上的菌株;遗传稳定性测定发现这8株突变乳酸菌株产乳酸稳定性良好;16S rDNA测序发现原始野生型菌株JF12-1的可能突变位点不在16S rRNA基因上,促使其产酸和抑菌性能增强的突变位点可能发生在其他基因区段。利用12C6+重离子束成功诱变选育出了高产乳酸及体外抑菌性优良的功能性鼠李糖乳杆菌稳定株,为下一步深入开发该菌株提供了较好的理论基础和应用依据。     

Use of 87Sr/86Sr and delta11B to identify slag-affected sediment in southern Lake Michigan

Slag is a ubiquitous byproduct of the iron-smelting industry and influences geochemistry and water quality in adjacent geologic units, ground and surface water. Despite extensive slag deposition along the Indiana shoreline of Lake Michigan, definitive evidence that slag has affected lakebed sediments has not been established. Concerns for the protection of water and ecosystem resources in the Great Lakes motivated this study to determine if strontium and boron isotopes could be used to identify and delineate slag-affected bed sediment in Lake Michigan. Sixty-five samples of bed sediment were acquired from the southern lobe of Lake Michigan and analyzed for 87Sr/86Sr and deltat11B. Samples immediately offshore from Indiana steel mills and slag-disposal sites contained higher median 87Sr/86Sr values (0.70881) than shoreline sediments collected elsewhere in the basin (0.70847) and uniquely decreased with increasing distance from the shoreline. The highest delta11B values occurred in sediments from the Indiana shoreline (+12.9 to 16.4/1000) but were also elevated in sediments collected offshore from three Lake Michigan cities (+11.7 to 12.7/1000). Contoured isotope data indicated that 82-154 km2 of bed sediment along the Indiana shoreline had elevated 87Sr/86Sr and delta11B values relative to shoreline sediments elsewhere in southern Lake Michigan.     

The radioecology of the grapevine. 1. The transfer of nuclear weapons fallout from the soil into wine

In a field investigation (1983-1985) comprising eight places of the most important viticultural regions in the Federal Republic of Germany, the contents of the radionuclides tritium (3H), carbon-14 (14C), strontium-90 (90Sr), and cesium-137 (137Cs) in air, soils, leaves of the vine, grapes and wine were measured and site-specific transfer factors were calculated. Data concerning soil parameters, climatic conditions, cultivation and vinification were collected. The tritium content of all samples was 10 Bq/l water of combustion, independent of location and year. The specific activity of 14C in the atmosphere and in biological material was 0.22 Bq/g carbon, independent of site and year. 90Sr contents of soils fluctuated between 0.7 and 3.5 Bq/kg dry matter. The mean content of leaves was 2 Bq/kg fresh material, of grapes 0.035 Bq/kg and of wine 0.008 Bq/l. 137Cs content of soils fluctuated between 1.3 and 7.9 Bq/kg dry matter. The mean content of leaves was 0.098 Bq/kg fresh material, of grapes 0.021 Bq/kg and of wine 0.0085 Bq/l. A relation between transfer of radionuclides and soil parameters and between the contents of grapes and wine was not recognizable. While cultivar-specific differences were not observed in grapes, red wines contained somewhat more 137Cs than white wines. Transfer factors soil grapes were 0.027 for 90Sr and 0.0057 for 137Cs. Site-specific influences such as soil parameters, climate, cultivation, vinification and differences between years led to a relatively small fluctuation of values. An influence of the nuclear power station Neckarwestheim has not been found in any of the radionuclides.     

恒山黄芪1H-NMR指纹图谱的研究

目的:建立恒山黄芪的氢核磁共振指纹图谱,为恒山黄芪的质量控制提供依据。方法:采用超声波复合酶法提取恒山黄芪化学成分;以氘代氯仿为提取溶剂,在25 ℃下采用标准的预饱和脉冲序列压制水峰建立10批不同来源恒山黄芪的氢核磁共振指纹图谱,通过“加标准品定性”实验、数据库比对和相关文献比对进行信号归属,采用相关系数法计算10批不同来源恒山黄芪1H-NMR指纹图谱的相似度,并进行重复性、精密度及稳定性考察,基于SIMCA软件进行主成分分析,进行药材的质量评价。结果:从恒山黄芪药材中检测分析出24种化合物,包括三萜皂苷、异黄酮、氨基酸、有机酸、糖等。10批恒山黄芪的指纹图谱相似度均>0.9,平均为0.975,与蒙古黄芪和甘肃黄芪对比分析,恒山黄芪的异黄酮含量高于两者。PCA结果显示,前三个主成分的累积贡献率为89.8%,与相似度评价结果基本一致。结论:建立的1H-NMR方法具有快速简便的优点,可为恒山黄芪的质量控制及使用提供参考。     

E^2PROM器件在网络控制洗衣机中的应用

研究了E^2PROM器件在网络控制洗衣机控制器中的应用，该控制器选用CAT24C02芯片作为信息暂存单元的核心器件，并作主器件，在主发送方式与主接收方式下，通过与CAT24C02芯片进行数据存取实现控制功能，实践证明，E^2PROM的应用可延长洗衣机控制器的寿命，提高洗衣机的运行可靠性及收发数据的安全性。     

Scalping of ethyloctanoate and linalool from a model wine into plastic films

The scalping of aroma compounds may affect the sensory properties of wines packed in plastic, such as those commercialized in aseptic multilayer packages, by reducing the intensity and changing the character of the original aroma. Up to date, no study has focused on the scalping of wine aroma compounds. The present study aimed at determining the sorption kinetics of two wine volatiles, chosen on the basis of their low threshold and high odor activity value, in linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) and cast polypropylene (CPP), from a model solution simulating wine composition. The experimental data were satisfactorily fitted by the Fick's Second Law, as to prove an ideal Fickian transport diffusional character of the phenomenon. Sorption was determined by means of MHS-SPME, a technique recently developed to quantify volatile compounds from solid matrices. Ethyloctanoate was sorbed more into CPP than LLDPE, and at much higher extent than linalool, as a consequence of the different polarity of the molecules. The amount of ethyloctanoate lost at the steady state determines a significant variation of its odor activity value and the imbalance of the original aroma composition.     

Description of theβ-glucosidase activity of wine yeasts

β-glucosidase activity of differentSaccharomycesstrains has been detected on the basis of its hydrolytic activity onpara-nitrophenyl-β-glucoside (pNPG) and terpene glycosides of Muscat wine. This enzymatic activity is induced by the presence of boundβ-glucose as the only carbon source in the medium and seems to be a characteristic of the yeast strain.β-glucosidase is associated with the cell wall and is found in the insoluble fraction obtained from lysed yeast cells.Saccharomyces β-glucosidase is quite glucose independent, so that its activity is reduced by about 40% in the presence of 200 g/l of glucose, but it is inhibited by about 50% with 5% ethanol in the medium; therefore, its technological use seems to be restricted to the first stages in the wine-making process.     

13C NMR-spektroskopische Bestimmung von Diethylenglykol im Wein

Zusammenfassung Es wird eine strukturspezifische (¹³C NMR-Spektroskopie) Bestimmung von Diethylenglykol direkt aus Wein ohne Probenvorbehandlung beschrieben. Die Nachweisgrenze liegt bei 10 mg/1.

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Determination of diethylene glycol in wine with¹³C NMR- spectroscopy

Summary A procedure for the structure specific determination of diethylenglycol from wine is described. The analysis can be performed without pretreatment of the samples. The detection limit is 10 mg/l.

     

Occurrence of ochratoxin A in wine and ochratoxigenic mycoflora in grapes and dried vine fruits in South America

Grape and wine production in South America represents about 6.6% and 10% respectively of the world grape and wine production. The available information on the ochratoxigenic mycoflora and ochratoxin A (OTA) presence in wine grapes, wines, grape juices and dried vine fruits is limited. Surveys have been carried out in Argentina and Brazil which showed that Aspergillus niger aggregate are predominant in the Argentinean varieties while from the Brazilian varieties the species A. niger, Aspergillus ochraceus and Aspergillus carbonarius were isolated. A mycobiota survey from wine grapes in Argentina showed that while Alternaria alternata was predominant, Aspergillus section Nigri species were isolated from 60% of samples. About 41% of black Aspergilli isolates produced OTA with levels ranging from 2 to 24.5 ng mL(-1). In another study, about 83% of A. carbonarius isolates from dried vine fruits produced OTA, with levels ranging from 2 to 5200 ng mL(-1). A survey of grape juices and wines of Brazilian, Argentinean and Chilean origin were found to contain very low levels of OTA. Studies are in progress in Latin America on the ecophysiology of ochratoxigenic fungi and OTA occurrence to reduce the impact of this toxin in the food chain.     

Kontamination von Kartoffeln durch Eintauchen in90Sr-bzw.137Cs-L?sungen

Zusammenfassung Am Beispiel der Kartoffel wurde die Aktivitätsaufnahme beim Eintauchen in Lösungen untersucht. Zunächst stand die Frage im Vordergrund, inwieweit die Form und der Zustand des Produktes Einfluß auf die Aufnahme haben kann. Es konnte gezeigt werden, daß bei ein und demselben Nuclid sich der Zustand des Gutes sehr wohl auswirken kann, und daß Unterschiede zwischen den hier untersuchten Nucliden⁹⁰Sr und¹³⁷Cs bestehen.Der zweite wichtige Punkt dieser Betrachtungen war die sogenannte Übergangsfunktion, also die mathematische Formulierung des qualitativen Verlaufes der Aktivitätsaufnahme. Die Übergangsfunktion weist eine charakteristische Konstante auf, die für das untersuchte Produkt und die verwendeten Nuclide bestimmt wurde. Die Aufnahmefähigk.eit verschiedener Produkte für verschiedene Radionuclide kann durch Ermittlung dieser Konstante verglichen werden, wenn diese durch Versuche mit jeweils konstanten Parametern bestimmt wind.Schließlich wird gezeigt, daß eine auf die beschriebene Art erfolgte Kontamination durch das Schälen der Kartoffeln beseitigt werden kann, da die Randschicht mindestens 95% der Aktivität enthalt./p]     

Variation in vine vigour,grape yield and vineyard soils and topography as indicators of variation in the chemical composition of grapes,wine and wine sensory attributes

Background and Aims: Vineyard variability makes satisfaction of winemaker demands for uniform parcels of fruit that are suitable for particular product streams difficult. Indeed, it may not be possible to satisfy these demands without being able to adequately characterise differences between wines derived from different fruit parcels or different areas of the same vineyard, understanding how final wines are affected by management decisions implemented in the vineyard, and/or understanding the effects of variation in the vineyard's biophysical characteristics (e.g. soil, topography) on grape and wine composition. This work sought to identify and examine relationships between the chemical and sensory attributes of wines derived from different parts of the same block and the biophysical characteristics of these different vineyard areas. Methods and Results: Remote sensing of vine vigour, yield mapping and EM38 soil survey were used to identify zones of contrasting vineyard performance in a Cabernet Sauvignon vineyard in the Murray Valley region. Small‐lot wines were made from fruit sourced from these zones. Both sensory and chemical analysis (solid phase microextraction‐gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry) of these wines demonstrated them to be different. Likewise, soil properties and indices of vine nutrition differed between the zones. Conclusions: This work suggests that it is possible for robust relationships to be established between specific (manageable) biophysical attributes of the place where grapes are grown and the sensory and chemical characteristics of the wines derived from them. It also supports the view that terroir is spatially variable at the within‐vineyard scale. Significance of the Study: The work provides a foundation for further research aimed at establishing how specific sensory and/or chemical properties in wines might be modified through targeted management interventions in the vineyard.