基于声发射信号的三维针刺C/SiC复合材料拉伸损伤演化研究

本研究对三维针刺C/SiC(3-dimension needled C/SiC, 3D-N C/SiC)复合材料进行室温单调拉伸和拉伸加载-卸载试验, 利用声发射技术对试样损伤演化进行动态监测。采用K-均值聚类分析方法对小波降噪后的声发射信号进行了损伤模式识别, 结合试样断口扫描电镜观测, 发现3D-N C/SiC复合材料在拉伸载荷作用下主要存在五类损伤模式: 基体开裂、界面脱粘、界面滑移、纤维断裂和纤维束断裂。通过快速傅里叶变换(FFT)方法对小波降噪后的信号进行频谱分析得出: 3D-N C/SiC复合材料在拉伸载荷作用下主要存在240、370和455 kHz三种频率的损伤信号, 分别对应于界面损伤、基体损伤和纤维损伤。结合单调拉伸试验过程声发射信号能量柱分布和加卸载过程累积能量曲线特征, 分析了试样损伤演化机理。     

基于声发射信号的不同密度C/SiC复合材料损伤演化

对密度为1.65 g/cm3、1.75 g/cm3和1.85 g/cm3的平纹编织C/SiC复合材料进行单向拉伸试验,获得材料的基本力学性能。采用声发射技术对材料在单调拉伸试验全程下的损伤信号进行监测,并对采用Wavelet小波方法降噪后的声发射信号进行特征参数分析和K-聚类分析。结合SEM图像分析发现材料密度的不同使材料损伤模式、损伤演化过程及破坏模式存在差异。根据损伤模式和声发射事件分布特征将试验声发射信号进行分类分析,研究不同密度材料的损伤模式和损伤演化机制,发现:随着密度增大,不同损伤模式发生的起始应力水平、相对时间及频数逐渐增大。分析得出结论:材料密度通过影响基体损伤程度和损伤分布区域以及界面性能改变材料力学性能。      

3D C/SiC复合材料拉伸性能的声发射研究

采用声发射平均频率和相对能量以及幅值识别了3D C/SiC复合材料的拉伸损伤模式, 探讨了拉伸加卸载过程中材料的费利西蒂(Felicity)效应。通过分析具有不同拉伸性能试样的损伤过程, 研究了不同损伤模式的时间分布特征对材料拉伸性能的影响关系。分析结果表明, 3D C/SiC复合材料中基本不存在凯瑟(Kaiser)效应, Felicity比随着应力水平的升高而降低, 相对应力水平高于65%时出现突降。3D C/SiC复合材料高性能的决定性因素不是声发射波击总数, 而是高幅高能量信号发生的时间和次数。在加载前期(应变<0.15%)损伤较少是材料高强度的必要条件, 纤维簇断裂在加载中后期的分散分布有利于提高拉伸强度。      

声发射技术在三维编织C/SiC复合材料拉伸损伤分析中的应用

通过声发射技术(Acoustic Emission简称AE)对三维编织C/SiC复合材料试件单向拉伸实验过程进行全程动态监测,利用声发射特征参数的综合分析法揭示了三维编织C/SiC复合材料单向拉伸时损伤演化过程和规律。实验结果表明三维编织C/SiC复合材料单向拉伸时损伤发展的四个阶段及声发射特性并利用声发射相对能量定义了材料临界损伤强度。     

C/SiC材料疲劳试验加载频率的数值研究

材料S-N曲线和结构动应力响应是声疲劳寿命评估的两个要素,而热结构材料C/SiC的S-N曲线具有强的频率依赖性。为得到典型C/SiC材料热结构声疲劳寿命评估可用的S-N曲线,分析了随机信号的水平穿越问题,导出随机信号的正斜率穿越率计算公式。论证了随机信号的正斜率零穿越率表征了信号的统计平均频率,且可直接由功率谱密度函数计算得到。对一C/SiC加筋壁板在声压载荷下的随机动响应进行数值仿真,在声载荷下壁板3个典型部位动应力响应的平均频率的最大值为532Hz,数值算例验证了正斜率零穿越率与随机信号在单位时间内的循环次数近似相等。因此在对该结构寿命评估前,测定材料S-N曲线应使试验加载频率尽可能接近532Hz。     

基于改进遗传算法的C/SiC拉伸损伤声发射模式识别

采用层次聚类及基于改进遗传算法的无监督模式识别方法,对2D-C/SiC复合材料常温拉伸试验过程的声发射数据进行分析,结合试样断口的扫描电镜(SEM)照片,得到拉伸过程中5类损伤模式及其典型声发射特征参数。通过对各类损伤的能量分布、累计事件数和累计能量的分析,研究C/SiC复合材料的损伤演化过程,发现其过程可分为基体微裂纹和界面失效为主的初始损伤阶段、基体微裂纹停滞导致层间剥离及纤维失效占主导地位的裂纹饱和阶段、基体长裂纹和界面失效为主的损伤积累发展阶段和纤维束大量失效的宏观断裂阶段。     

热声载荷下C/SiC薄壁层合板结构动力学响应计算与寿命分析

高超音速飞行器薄壁结构在工作环境下承受着复杂的高温强噪声载荷，高温会使材料性能发生变化，导致局部区域出现热声疲劳破坏，影响结构的耐久性和完整性。针对此类问题，基于薄壁结构大挠度非线性振动理论，构建热声载荷下四边固支C/SiC薄壁层合板结构的数值仿真模型，并对其进行了动力学响应计算，研究了不同热声载荷组合下的振动响应规律，并采用线性累计损伤理论对结构进行疲劳寿命的预估和分析。结果表明，热声载荷对碳/碳化硅薄壁层合板的非线性响应影响不同，热载荷通过改变结构基频来影响结构非线性响应。四边固支C/SiC薄壁层合板在热声载荷作用下表现出非线性随机振动特性，并且呈现在平衡位置随机振动、随机跳变等多种运动状态，跳变运动给结构造成更大的的损伤更大。     

Q235B钢板拉伸损伤试验的声发射特性

制作完整和焊接两种Q235B板材试样,利用声发射技术对其拉伸过程的损伤特性进行监测,根据获得的拉伸过程载荷时间历程曲线和材料损伤声发射信号,结合金属材料力学行为特性,对材料损伤声发射信号的幅度、振铃计数以及能量等参数进行分析,获得了材料塑性屈服、强化变形以及断裂等损伤阶段所表现出的声发射特性,通过对声发射信号撞击幅度和能量的统计分析,初步得到了不同损伤阶段所对应的声发射参数分布范围。对比分析完整和焊接两种试样损伤所表现出的不同声发射特性,结果表明声发射特性参数能够很好地描述焊接对材料力学特性的影响,并能以声发射参数"双峰"分布的形式从微观上反映焊接对试样屈服所造成的影响。实验结果为声发射技术应用于起重机结构状态监测提供了参考数据。     

预应力活性粉末混凝土受弯过程声发射特性

为研究钢纤维增强活性粉末混凝土（SF/RPC）复合材料的受弯破坏微观机制,对10根试验梁进行抗弯试验研究。基于声发射技术,采用宽频传感器对试验过程中的声发射信号和波形进行了采集。分析研究了SF/RPC材料的声发射特征参数,在对波形进行信号处理的基础上对波形频谱进行了深入研究。通过传感器之间互相发射和接受信号,对SF/RPC材料的声发射波速进行了测定。同时与普通混凝土（NC）材料声发射特性进行了对比分析研究。结果表明：相同荷载作用下SF/RPC的撞击累计数远大于NC梁,声发射活跃性高于NC材料;预应力SF/RPC梁的声发射特征参数与NC梁有着明显区别,SF/RPC短上升时间段（<30 μs）的声发射撞击平均比例为64.2%,明显高于NC的比例51.2%;SF/RPC材料波形频域特性也与NC材料明显不同;荷载作用前,SF/RPC材料内平均波速为4 342.8 mm/s,NC材料内平均波速为2 337.7 mm/s。通过引入Gutenberg-Richter理论,计算了声发射信号损伤参数（b_I）,对预应力SF/RPC损伤开裂过程与b_I值的关系进行了分析研究。本研究结果为有效识别SF/RPC材料的声发射特性提供试验依据。     

管状金属构件裂纹电磁声发射激发特性试验研究

针对金属管裂纹的声发射电磁激发特性问题,对电磁声发射原理进行了介绍,从激发电流峰值大小,电极位置,加载电流持续时间与信号特征的关系,以及重复加载效应几个方面进行了详细的试验研究,得到电磁声发射信号与相应加载条件的关系及其变化规律。电磁声发射解决了声发射必须在受载状态下检测缺陷的问题,为火炮身管在非工作状态下的声发射裂纹检测提供了技术手段。     

Fatigue Life Prediction of Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Ceramic-Matrix Composites at Room and Elevated Temperatures. Part I: Experimental Analysis

This paper presents an experimental analysis on the fatigue behavior in C/SiC ceramic-matrix composites (CMCs) with different fiber preforms, i.e., unidirectional, cross-ply and 2.5D woven, at room and elevated temperatures in air atmosphere. The experimental fatigue life S???N curves of C/SiC composites corresponding to different stress levels and test conditions have been obtained. The damage evolution processes under fatigue loading have been analyzed using fatigue hysteresis modulus and fatigue hysteresis loss energy. By comparing the experimental fatigue hysteresis loss energy with theoretical computational values, the interface shear stress corresponding to different peak stress, fiber preforms and test conditions have been estimated. It was found that the degradation of interface shear stress and fibres strength caused by oxidation markedly decreases the fatigue life of C/SiC composites at elevated temperature.     

Damage Monitoring of Unidirectional C/SiC Ceramic-Matrix Composite under Cyclic Fatigue Loading using A Hysteresis Loss Energy-Based Damage Parameter at Room and Elevated Temperatures

The damage evolution of unidirectional C/SiC ceramic-matrix composite (CMC) under cyclic fatigue loading has been investigated using a hysteresis loss energy-based damage parameter at room and elevated temperatures. The experimental fatigue hysteresis modulus and fatigue hysteresis loss energy versus cycle number have been analyzed. By comparing the experimental fatigue hysteresis loss energy with theoretical computational values, the interface shear stress corresponding to different cycle number and peak stress has been estimated. The experimental evolution of fatigue hysteresis loss energy and fatigue hysteresis loss energy-based damage parameter versus cycle number has been predicted for unidirectional C/SiC composite at room and elevated temperatures. The predicted results of interface shear stress degradation, stress–strain hysteresis loops corresponding to different number of applied cycles, fatigue hysteresis loss energy and fatigue hysteresis loss energy-based damage parameter as a functions of cycle number agreed with experimental data. It was found that the fatigue hysteresis energy-based parameter can be used to monitor the fatigue damage evolution and predict the fatigue life of fiber-reinforced CMCs.     

Estimate Interface Shear Stress of Unidirectional C/SiC Ceramic Matrix Composites from Hysteresis Loops

The tensile-tensile fatigue behavior of unidirectional C/SiC ceramic matrix composites at room and elevated temperature has been investigated. An approach to estimate the interface shear stress of ceramic matrix composites under fatigue loading has been developed. Based on the damage mechanisms of fiber sliding relative to matrix in the interface debonded region upon unloading and subsequent reloading, the unloading interface reverse slip length and reloading interface new slip length are determined by the fracture mechanics approach. The hysteresis loss energy for the strain energy lost per volume during corresponding cycle is formulatd in terms of interface shear stress. By comparing the experimental hysteresis loss energy with the computational values, the interface shear stress of unidirectional C/SiC ceramic composites corresponding to different cycles at room and elevated temperatures has been predicted.     

Effects of particle size on the thermal expansion behavior of SiCp/Al composites

The coefficients of thermal expansion (CTEs) of 20 vol% SiCp/Al composites fabricated by powder metallurgy process were measured and examined from room temperature to 450 °C. The SiC particles are in three nominal sizes 5, 20 and 56μm. The CTEs of the SiCp/Al composites were shown to be apparently dependent on the particle size. That the larger particle size, the higher CTEs of the composites, is thought to be due to the difference in original thermal residual stresses and matrix plasticity during thermal loading. At low temperature, the experimental CTEs show substantial deviation from the prediction of the elastic analysis derived by Kerner and rule of mixture (ROM), while the Kerner’s model agrees relatively well at high temperatures for the composite with the larger particle size.     

Modeling hysteresis behavior of cross-ply C/SiC ceramic matrix composites

In this paper, the loading/unloading tensile behavior of cross-ply C/SiC ceramic matrix composites at room temperature has been investigated. The loading/unloading stress–strain curve exhibits obvious hysteresis behavior. An approach to model the hysteresis loops of cross-ply ceranic matrix composites including the effect of matrix cracking has been developed. Based on the damage mechanisms of fiber sliding relative to matrix during unloading and subsequent reloading, the unloading interface reverse slip length and reloading interface new slip length of different matrix cracking modes are obtained by the fracture mechanics approach. The hysteresis loops of cross-ply C/SiC ceramic matrix composites corresponding to different peak stresses have been predicted.     

The degradation behavior of SiC coated PIP-C/SiC composites in thermal cycling environment

C/SiC composites had been considered as structural material in complex and harsh environments, thermal stability was one of the key issues for C/SiC composites. This study aimed to investigate C/SiC composites in thermal cycling environment. SiC coating on carbon fibers via chemical vapor deposition at time from 0.5 h to 5 h was studied, and then the degradation behavior of coated C/SiC composites had been measured by thermal cycling tests. The results showed that the coating was continuous and uniform, with good surface adhesion. The interface of carbon fibers and SiC coating was partially destroyed during thermal shock tests. The degradation of mechanical properties was closely related to the evolution of the damage in the composites.     

Internal friction and dynamic modulus of three-dimensional silicon carbide-matrix composites

The internal friction and dynamic modulus of 3D C/SiC and SiC/SiC composites were investigated by means of forced vibration at elevated temperatures from room temperature to 600 °C, and the relationship between the microstructural defects in the composites and the internal friction mechanism was also discussed. It was found that the microstructural defects, which are produced by the mismatch of the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) between the fiber and matrix, have an important effect on the internal friction behavior and dynamic modulus of 3D C/SiC and SiC/SiC composites. C/SiC composites have a higher internal friction and lower dynamic modulus than SiC/SiC composites in the same testing conditions because of the damage.     

ZrB_2基超高温陶瓷复合材料的高温拉伸损伤行为

开展了SiC(20vol%)-石墨(15vol%)/ZrB2复合材料室温及高温拉伸性能实验,发现高温时复合材料的拉伸强度和弹性模量有所降低,并且具有明显的非线性特征。引入热损伤来表征弹性模量随温度的衰减规律,利用强度统计分析方法确定单向应力状态下材料的机械损伤演化方程,建立了材料在热力耦合条件下的高温拉伸损伤非线性本构模型。分析表明:随着温度的升高,SiC-石墨/ZrB2复合材料的热损伤和机械损伤不断增加,延性增强,且脆性-延性破坏转变温度范围为1 250~1 350℃。     

3D C/SiC复合材料的热辐射性能

利用稳态量热计法和傅里叶红外光谱仪分别测定了3D C/SiC复合材料在90℃时的半球向总发射率和室温法向光谱反射率,研究了表面形貌、涂层厚度及高温氧化对3D C/SiC热辐射性能的影响。结果表明:3D C/SiC具有优异的热辐射性能,其总发射率可达0.83;随着SiC涂层厚度的增加,3D C/SiC总发射率先降低后上升;高温氧化后,3D C/SiC的热辐射性能有所提高。