Demodulation and code acquisition using decorrelator detectors forQS-CDMA

A linear detector for a quasisynchronous code-division multiple-access (QS-CDMA) cellular system is presented, which is designed according to a minimum mean-square error (MMSE) criterion. By using a time-averaged version of the interfering signal covariance matrix, it is shown that multiuser interference can be rejected without the need to estimate signal time-of-arrival. Furthermore, unlike previous MMSE receiver designs, estimation of the received signal covariance matrix is not required. An asymptotic form of the MMSE detector, corresponding to a decorrelator implemented using a projection operator, is also obtained. Bit-error rate (BER) results are presented which demonstrate the superiority of the MMSE receiver over the conventional matched-filter detector under strong near-far conditions. An analysis of the expected acquisition time T¯_ACQ is given for the decorrelator detector using a serial search scheme. The results obtained show that T¯_ACQ is far less for a code acquisition method using the decorrelator as opposed to a conventional matched filter     

衰落信道中的DS/CDMA系统盲差分自适应接收机

在本文中，我们针对标准MMSE自适应接收机在频率非选择性衰落信道中的相位滑动和失锁问题，提出了一种无需进行训练和信道参数估计的盲差分自适应接收机。为自适应地实现该接收机，我们同时提出了一种基于正交分解的盲平均随机梯度（Orthogonal Decomposition-based Blind Aver-aged stochastic Gradient，简称ODBAG）算法。仿真结果表明，这种以ODBAG算法实现的盲差分自适应接收机在瑞利（Rayleigh）衰落信道中，误码率性能比传统匹配滤波器（Matched Filter，简写为MF）接收机有显著的提高，并接近改进的MMSE自适应接收机的性能。     

基于分形的多径衰落信道估计

该文研究了多径衰落的分形性质,提出了一种利用分形维数和小波重构来改进最小均方误差方法的新型多径衰落信道估计算法。该算法改进了衰落信道参数估计的准确度,并消除了判决方法的错误传递性。仿真结果表明该算法能较准确地估计出多径衰落信道的参数,显著提高快衰落条件下接收机的误码性能。     

Performance of multi-bit differential SQAM in mobile radio channel

A new multi-bit DSQAM (differential superposed quadrature amplitude modulation) for use in bandwidth and power limited digital mobile radio is proposed. A DSQAM signal is generated by a differentially encoded SQAM processor, and is detected by a multi-bit differential receiver combined with a soft decision Viterbi decoder. The simulated BER result shows that, in an AWGN channel, a 5 bit DSQAM modem achieves a 7.2 dB E_b/N₀ improvement over a conventional 1 bit differential receiver. In Rician fading channels, DSQAM demonstrates a high degree of robustness suffering only a minor loss of signal     

Adaptive MMSE maximum likelihood CDMA multiuser detection

The well-known code division multiple access maximum likelihood receiver (MF-ML) uses a bank of matched filters as a generator of sufficient statistics for maximum likelihood detection of users transmitted symbols. In this paper, the bank of matched filters is replaced by a bank of adaptive minimum mean squared error (MMSE) filters as the generator of sufficient statistics. This formal replacement of the MF bank by the adaptive MMSE filter bank has significant conceptual consequences and provides improvement by several performance measures. The adaptive MMSE-ML receiver's digital implementation is significantly computationally simplified. The advantages of the proposed adaptive MMSE-ML receiver over the MF-ML receiver are: (1) ability to perform joint synchronization, channel parameter estimation, and signal detection where the signal is sent over an unknown, slowly time-varying, frequency-selective multipath fading channel; (2) increased information capacity in a multicellular environment; and (3) significantly improved bit error rate (BER) performance in a multicellular mobile communications environment. The information capacity and the BER of the proposed MMSE-ML receiver are analyzed. Numerical results showing the BER performance of the MMSE-ML receiver in a multipath channel environment are presented     

Downlink Specific Linear Equalization for Frequency Selective CDMA Cellular Systems

We derive and compare several linear equalizers for the CDMA downlink under frequency selective multipath conditions: minimum mean-square error (MMSE), zero-forcing (ZF), and RAKE. MMSE and ZF equalizers are designed based on perfect knowledge of the channel. The downlink specific structure involves first inverting the multipath channel to restore the synchronous multi-user signal transmitted from the base-station at the chip-rate, and then correlating with the product of the desired user's channel code times the base-station specific scrambling code once per symbol to decode the symbols. ZF equalization restores orthogonality of the Walsh-Hadamard channel codes on the downlink but often suffers from noise gain because certain channel conditions (no common zeros) are not met; MMSE restores orthogonality only approximately but avoids excessive noise gain. We compare MMSE and ZF to the traditional matched filter (also known as the RAKE receiver). Our formulation generalizes for the multi-channel case as might be derived from multiple antennas and/or over-sampling with respect to the chip-rate. The optimal symbol-level MMSE equalizer is derived and slightly out-performs the chip-level but at greater computational cost. An MMSE soft hand-off receiver is derived and simulated. Average BER for a class of multi-path channels is presented under varying operating conditions of single-cell and edge-of-cell, coded and un-coded BPSK data symbols, and uncoded 16-QAM. These simulations indicate large performance gains compared to the RAKE receiver, especially when the cell is fully loaded with users. Bit error rate (BER) performance for the chip-level equalizers is well predicted by approximate SINR expressions and a Gaussian interference assumption.     

V-BLAST系统中采用发射功率分配的MMSE迭代软干扰抵消算法

作为一种软输入软输出的MIMO检测算法,MMSE迭代软干扰抵消算法在MIMO Turbo接收机中得到广泛的关注。为了进一步改善系统性能,采用链路自适应方案是很好的选择。该文给出变发射功率的MMSE迭代软干扰抵消算法,并采用了一种有效的发射功率分配方案,只需要很少的控制信令,就可以获得较大的误码率性能改善。通过没有信道编译码的链路仿真,在4发4收QPSK调制的V-BLAST系统中,如果误码率要求为BER=10-3,MMSE迭代软干扰抵消检测算法迭代次数为2时,采用推荐的发射功率分配方案比不采用发射功率分配方案的系统性能提高了约2dB,如果调制方式为16QAM,系统性能提高了约6dB。     

Large-system performance analysis of blind and group-blindmultiuser receivers

We present a large-system performance analysis of blind and group-blind multiuser detection methods. In these methods, the receivers are estimated based on the received signal samples. In particular, we assume binary random spreading, and let the spreading gain N, the number of users K, and the number of received signal samples M all go to infinity, while keeping the ratios K/N and M/N fixed. We characterize the asymptotic performance of the direct-matrix inversion (DMI) blind linear minimum mean-square error (MMSE) receiver, the subspace blind linear MMSE receiver, and the group-blind linear hybrid receiver. We first derive the asymptotic average output signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) for each of these receivers. Our results reveal an interesting "saturation" phenomenon: The output SINR of each of these receivers converges to a finite limit as the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the desired user increases, which is in stark contrast to the fact that the output SINR achieved by the exact linear MMSE receiver can get arbitrarily large. This indicates that the capacity of a wireless system with blind or group-blind multiuser receivers is not only interference-limited, but also estimation-error limited. We then show that for both the blind and group-blind receivers, the output residual interference has an asymptotic Gaussian distribution, independent of the realizations of the spreading sequences. The Gaussianity indicates that in a large system, the bit-error rate (BER) is related to the SINR simply through the Q function     

Effects of Nakagami-Fading Parameters and Power Control Error on Performance of DS-CDMA Cellular Systems with Adaptive Beamforming

It is well known that power control error (PCE) is a critical issue in CDMA cellular systems. In this paper, the bit error rate (BER) of a direct sequence-code division multiple access (DS-CDMA) receiver with imperfect power control, adaptive beamforming, and voice activity is derived in frequency-selective Nakagami fading channels. We discuss the effects of PCE, Nakagami-m fading parameter, and channel’s multipath intensity profile as average signal strength and rate of average power decay and their effects on the BER performance of DS-CDMA cellular systems. In this paper, the RAKE receiver consists of three stages. In the first stage, with conjugate gradient adaptive beamforming algorithm, the desired users’ signal in an arbitrary path is passed and the inter-path interference is canceled in other paths in each RAKE finger. Also in this stage, the multiple access interference (MAI) from other users is reduced. Thus, the matched filter (MF) can be used for the MAI reduction in each RAKE finger in the second stage. In the third stage, the output signals from the MFs are combined according to the conventional maximal ratio combining principle and then are fed into the decision circuit for the desired user. How the Nakagami fading parameters, power control imperfections, or the number of resolvable paths affect the reverse link capacity of the system is discussed in detail. Analytical and simulation results are also given for systems with different processing gains and number of BSs in the cell-selection process with various Nakagami fading parameters.     

A simulation comparison of multiuser receivers for cellular CDMA

Multiuser detection has gained significant notoriety as a potential advanced enabling technology for the next generation of CDMA systems. Due to the limitations of the conventional correlation receiver, the capacity of a single cell using CDMA is limited by self-interference and is subject to the near-far problem. To overcome these drawbacks, several advanced receiver structures have been proposed. Unlike the conventional receiver which treats multiple access interference (MAI) as if it were AWGN, multiuser receivers treat MAI as additional information to aid in detection. Although each of the multiuser types have been the subject of much literature, there is little published work comparing all structures on the basis of common assumptions. We present a comparison of five of the most discussed receiver structures: the decorrelator, the minimum mean square error (MMSE) receiver, the multistage parallel interference cancellation receiver, the successive interference cancellation receiver, and the decorrelating decision feedback receiver. Comparisons are based on both theoretical analysis and simulation results, examining bit error rate (BER) performance in AWGN, Rayleigh fading, and near/far channels. Additionally, receiver structures are compared on the basis of computational complexity as well as robustness to code phase misalignment. Finally, we present simulation results for noncoherent architectures of the aforementioned receivers     

DS/CDMA系统中的一种自适应单用户接收机

本文提出了一种在异步多径DS/CDMA系统中基于独立分量分析算法的单用户接收机,这种接收机仅需要已知期望用户的定时和特征波形,计算量小、结构简单.它不但能用于在基站进行多用户信号的上行接收,而且适合于用在移动台进行下行接收.其性能较之匹配滤波器和盲MMSE多用户检测器有很大提高.     

A new symbol-alphabet-aware multi-user detection scheme

In this letter, a new multi-user detection scheme is proposed. It employs a novel nonlinear minimum mean square error (MMSE) estimator that exploits the knowledge of symbol alphabet to estimate the interfering signals. After cancelling the estimated interference, a conventional linear multi-user detector such as the MMSE detector or, simply, the matched-filter receiver (MFR) is then used to detect the desired user signal. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed detector significantly outperforms the conventional linear MMSE detector.     

基于多种调制方式的空时OFDM系统多用户检测技术

建立了基于空时分组码的多输入多输出(MIMO)-正交频分复用(OFDM)系统模型,研究了基于最小均方误差的串行干扰消除(MMSE-SIC)多用户检测算法,通过优化排序迭代结构,使得接收算法具有较好的性能.仿真结果表明,该算法在误码率方面能够取得优于常规线性MMSE算法的性能,而且得出星座图中映射点间距也影响着检测算法的性能,随着间距的缩小,误码概率会上升.     

Partially blind adaptive MMSE interference rejection inasynchronous DS/CDMA networks over frequency-selective fading channels

In this work, the problem of joint suppression of multiple-access and narrow-band interference (NBI) for an asynchronous direct-sequence code-division multiple-access (CDMA) system operating on a frequency-selective fading channel is addressed. The receiver structure we consider can be deemed as a two-stage one: the first stage consists of a bank of minimum mean-square-error (MMSE) filters, each keyed to a given replica of the useful signal, and aimed at suppressing the overall interference; the second stage, assuming knowledge of the fading channel coefficients realizations, combines the MMSE filters outputs according to a maximal-ratio combining rule. Due to the presence of the NBI, the resulting structure is in general time-varying, and becomes periodically time-varying if the NBI bit-rate has a rational ratio to that of the CDMA system. Moreover, enlarging the observation window beyond the signaling interval and oversampling the signal space may yield a noticeable performance improvement. For the relevant case that the said ratio is rational, a new cyclic blind recursive least squares (RLS)-based algorithm is introduced, capable of tracking the periodically time-varying receiver structure, and allowing adaptive interference cancellation with a moderate complexity increase. We also come up with a closed-form expression for the conditional bit-error rate (BER), which is useful both to evaluate semi-analytical methods to assess the unconditional BER and to derive bounds on the system near-far resistance. The results indicate that the receiver achieves very satisfactory performance in comparison to previously known structures. Computer simulations also demonstrate that the cyclic blind RLS algorithm exhibits quite fast convergence dynamics     

Performance analysis of MMSE receivers for DS-CDMA in frequency-selective fading channels

The performance of the minimum mean-squared error (MMSE) receiver for the detection of direct sequence code division multiple access is considered in various fading channel models. Several modifications to the basic MMSE receiver structure which have been previously proposed for use on nonselective fading channels are reviewed and shown to represent different approximations to a single common form. The performance of this general structure is analyzed as well as various extensions suitable for frequency-selective fading channels. Particular attention is given to the performance advantage gained through knowledge of the fading parameters of the various transmission paths of each user's signal. It is shown that having this knowledge is not particularly useful on a flat fading channel unless the loading is very heavy and even then the difference in performance is only minimal. On the other hand, having this knowledge is crucial in a multipath fading channel and the inability to learn the fading channel parameters will lead to substantial degradation in capacity. A heuristic explanation to support this result based on a dimensionality argument is also presented.     

城市建筑对移动通信信号多用户检测的影响

分析城市建筑的结构、高度和密度对移动通信信号多用户检测的影响。在蜂窝移动通信系统中,当城市环境传播模型变化致使信号处于深衰落时,最小均方误差(MMSE)检测器经常失去对信号的相位跟踪。本文提出了一种次优化子空间盲MMSE检测算法,运用目标用户特征波形和辅助向量,对信号相位进行去耦处理,使盲MMSE检测器具有次优化低复杂性的结构和算法,并且适合于城市衰落信道。     

Performance of coherent DS-CDMA with 2D-RAKE receiver

The bit error rate (BER) of a coherent digital signal code-division multiple access system with a 2D-RAKE receiver is evaluated in a Rayleigh fading multipath channel. The numerical results indicate that, compared with the conventional RAKE receiver, the 2D-RAKE receiver could provide a significant capacity gain which is sensitive to the selection of spatiotemporal diversity fingers     

多用户降噪差分混沌键控通信方案

传统多用户差分混沌键控主要缺点是误码率差,该文提出一种多用户降噪差分混沌键控(MU-NRDCSK)通信方案。在发射端,发送M/P长度混沌序列,复制P次后作为参考信号,所有用户共用同一参考信号,信息信号延迟不同的时间来区分用户。在接收端,将接收到的信号通过滑动平均滤波器平均,再与其不同时间延迟后的信号进行相关。该方案通过降低噪声项的方差来提高系统误码性能。文中推导了该方案在加性高斯白噪声(AWGN)信道和Rayleigh信道下的理论误码率公式并进行了蒙特卡洛仿真。理论分析和仿真结果表明,理论公式与仿真结果能较好地吻合,MU-NRDCSK方案能较好地提高系统误码性能,在混沌通信领域具有很好的发展前景与研究价值。     

DS-CDMA中基于MMSE相关器的RAKE接收机

该文研究了DS-CDMA中用于频率选择性多径信道RAKE接收机的限阶MMSE相关器的性能,这种基于CSA(Correlations Subtractive Architecture)结构的MMSE相关器很适用于频率选择性多径信道。通过用MMSE柑关器取代普通多用户RAKE接收机的传统相关器,可以达到与扩展到多个码元的MMSE接收机相近的BER性能。CSA产生MMSE相关器不需要矩阵的逆变换,降低了运算复杂度,有利于直接取代普通RAKE接收机的相关器。     

Coherent orthogonal filter using pilot symbol-assisted channelestimation for DS-CDMA

A coherent orthogonal filter (COF) using pilot symbol-assisted channel estimation is proposed for DS-CDMA cellular mobile radio. In the proposed scheme, a complex fading envelope in the multi-path environment is estimated using pilot symbols, and tap coefficients of orthogonal filter are controlled for maximising the signal to interference ratio (SIR) of a RAKE combined signal. Computer simulation results show that the required E_b/N₀ of the proposed COF is reduced by ~10.0 dB compared to conventional matched filter receiver at an average BER of 3×10² when there are 10 users and processing gain is 31