不同调理剂施用对富磷土壤磷素吸收及其形态变化影响

针对集约化设施土壤中磷素过度累积,本文开展盆栽试验,探究不同类型土壤调理剂施用对糯玉米干物质积累、磷素吸收及土壤磷素形态变化的影响。结果表明,生物质炭70%+明矾30% 处理玉米的长势最好,其盆干生物量最高为44.6 g/plant,显著高于对照处理19.57%。土壤总磷和水溶性磷含量在施用调理剂后与种植前相比均有不同程度的降低。在土壤无机磷组分变化方面,明矾100% 与生物质炭100% 处理均提高了缓效性磷源的含量,生物质炭70%+明矾30% 处理显著提高了速效性磷源含量。生物质炭70%+明矾30%、生物质炭30%+腐植酸30%+明矾30% 处理可以有效抑制土壤碱性磷酸酶的活性,同时抑制土壤有机磷素的矿化。综合来看,生物质炭70%+明矾30% 处理在释放土壤潜在性磷源、提高土壤速效性磷源、促进作物磷素吸收、提高作物干物质量积累等方面的综合表现较好。     

干旱对玉米幼苗吸收磷素的影响

本文研究了玉米幼苗在干旱处理下~(32)P的吸收,以及油菜素内酯(BR)和钙浸种对磷素营养的生理效应。结果表明,玉米幼苗根系对磷的吸收和向叶部转移量随干旱强度增大而减少;油菜素内酯和钙有增加根系吸收表面积 提高叶片相对含水量和根中ATP含量、促进磷的吸收和转移及缓解干早的作用     

野生大豆根系形态对局部磷供应的响应及其对磷吸收的贡献

通过土柱试验模拟局部供磷,定量评价了磷局部供应对野生大豆根系形态参数的影响以及这些根形态参数对植株磷吸收的贡献.磷局部供应明显改变了野生大豆的根形态,使总根长增加了80.5％,比根长增加了32.6％,根表面积扩大了70.7％,根直径减小了27.6％,植株对磷的吸收增加了43.2％,地上干重增加了72.0％;在所有的根形态参数中,总根长、根表面积和比根长对野生大豆植株磷吸收具有较大贡献,其中尤以比根长对植株磷吸收贡献最大,即在根长增加的同时,根直径减小能够明显提高野大豆根系对磷的吸收.结果表明,野生大豆对局部磷供应表现出高度的根系形态可塑性,通过局部养分供应优化根系空间分布和定向调控根系生长能显著提高植物对异质性土壤磷资源的获取能力.     

磷肥中腐植酸添加比例对玉米产量、磷素吸收及土壤速效磷含量的影响

【目的】 腐植酸可提高磷肥的肥效,对于其在磷肥中适宜添加量的研究可为我国磷肥的增效减量提供依据。【方法】 将腐植酸增效剂按1%、5%、10%和20%的比例添加到磷酸一铵中,制成四种腐植酸磷肥试验产品（HP1、HP2、HP3和HP4）,利用土柱栽培试验研究在等磷量（施P2O5量0.1g/kg干土）投入及等肥料重量（施磷肥实物量0.16g/kg干土,即施P2O5量分别减少1%、5%、10%、20%）投入情况下,腐植酸磷肥对玉米产量、磷素吸收利用及土壤速效磷含量的影响。【结果】 1）在等磷量施用情况下,与普通磷肥（P）相比,四种腐植酸磷肥处理玉米籽粒产量增加4.5%～13.6%,且腐植酸添加量越大产量越高,均显著高于普通磷肥处理;在等肥料重量施用下,随着腐植酸磷肥施入P2O5量的减少,玉米籽粒产量逐渐降低,当P2O5施用量减少20%时籽粒产量与普通磷肥处理相比仍未显著降低。2）腐植酸磷肥处理在等磷量施用下较普通磷肥处理可显著提高玉米籽粒磷吸收量和地上部吸磷总量,分别增加6.0%～15.4%和6.3%～14.0%,但秸秆磷吸收量无显著变化;当腐植酸磷肥施入P2O5量减少20%时籽粒磷吸收量和地上部磷吸收总量会显著低于普通磷肥处理。3）与普通磷肥处理相比,在等磷量施用下,腐植酸磷肥的表观利用率提高5.9～13.1个百分点,农学利用率、偏生产力分别提高26.5%～79.1%、4.5%～13.5%,且均达到显著水平。4）施入腐植酸后主要影响050cm土层的土壤速效磷含量,其中1530cm土层速效磷含量增加最为显著,与普通磷肥处理相比增加18.1%～36.6%。【结论】 腐植酸增效剂在1%～20%的添加比例范围内对磷肥均具有较好的增效作用,可提高玉米产量、磷素吸收量及磷肥利用效率,并可提高土壤中的速效磷含量,且腐植酸添加量越大效果越好;利用腐植酸的增效作用来减少磷肥施用量是可行的,在当前磷肥施用量的基础上可减少磷肥用量20%左右而保证玉米不减产。     

蔬菜地土壤磷饱和度及其对磷释放和水质的影响

为了解蔬菜地土壤磷素的积累对水环境的影响,我们在浙江省选择了33个代表性蔬菜地,采集和分析了土壤、地表水和地下水样的磷素状况,从土壤磷饱和度的角度,研究了浙江省主要蔬菜土壤磷积累状况及其对地表和地下水水质和土壤磷释放潜力的影响。结果表明,半透膜渗析法测得的磷释放量与土壤磷积累呈正相关,磷释放量随土壤磷饱和度的提高而增加。蔬菜地土壤磷饱和度的增加可显著提高地表水体和地下水中磷的浓度,当土壤磷饱和度小于25%左右时,水体中磷浓度随土壤磷饱和度增加较为缓慢;但当磷饱和度大于25%时,水体中磷浓度随土壤磷饱和度提高迅速上升。地表水中磷浓度主要与表层土壤磷饱和度有关;地下水中磷浓度主要受深层土壤磷饱和度的影响,与表层土壤磷饱和度的相关性较小。土壤磷饱和度可很好地表征土壤磷释放和对环境的潜在影响。     

生物碳对土壤磷素和棉花养分吸收的影响

通过两年温室盆栽试验,研究了不同磷肥用量下生物碳对土壤磷素含量、 棉花生长和养分吸收的影响。试验以棉花秸秆为原料制备生物碳,制成三种热解温度（450℃、 600℃和750℃）的生物碳,分别以BC450、 BC600和BC750表示,同时以空白土壤为对照（CK）; 磷肥（P2O5）用量设3个水平0、 0.25、 0.5 g/kg（分别以P0、 P1、 P2表示）。研究结果表明,施用生物碳可显著提高土壤磷素含量及其有效性,随着生物碳热解温度的升高,土壤水溶性磷、 速效磷及全磷含量均显著增加,且对三种磷素含量的影响表现为水溶性磷 全磷 速效磷。施用生物碳处理两年棉花的干物质重均显著高于对照,但不同热解生物碳处理对两年棉花干物质重的影响各异。施用生物碳可显著增加棉花养分吸收量,总体表现为750℃ 600℃ 450℃。因此,施用生物碳可显著提高土壤磷素含量,促进棉花生长和养分吸收; 热解温度是影响生物碳质量的重要因素,生物碳的热解温度越高（450~750℃）,其促进作用越好。     

供磷水平对不同磷效率玉米氮、钾素吸收和分配的影响

在砂培条件下,以磷高效利用型玉米(KH5)和磷低效利用型玉米(西502)为材料,研究了低磷(Pi25μmol/L,LP)和正常供磷(Pi2mmol/L,NP)2个供磷水平对其氮、钾素吸收和分配的影响。结果表明,磷高效利用型玉米氮钾素吸收和干物质积累受低磷处理的影响较小,表现出对氮、钾的高效吸收。正常供磷水平下,磷低效利用型玉米氮、钾素吸收量和干物质积累量显著高于磷高效利用型,但其氮、钾吸收和干物质生产能力远低于后者。低磷处理使玉米干物质和氮钾营养向根系分配的比例增加,磷低效利用型玉米这种趋势更为明显,反映其耐低磷能力较弱。     

臭氧污染对不同品种小麦磷素吸收与分配的影响

利用中国稻麦轮作O3-FACE（Free air O3 concentration enrichment）试验平台,研究了小麦（Tritcium aestivum L.）品种的物质积累、磷素的吸收与分配对大气臭氧浓度增加的响应。结果显示,大气臭氧浓度增加50%对供试小麦根和地上部的生物量积累影响差异较大,显著降低了扬麦16、烟农19和嘉兴002的产量,降幅为13.2%-35.7%,但对扬麦15和扬幅麦2号的产量无显著影响。臭氧增加导致5种小麦根系和地上部植株中磷含量呈下降趋势,而籽粒中磷含量却无显著变化。臭氧污染降低了磷在小麦根和籽粒中的积累量,促使小麦植株中磷由根部向地上部转移,增加了籽粒中磷所占比重。高臭氧浓度下扬麦16、烟农19和嘉兴002的磷偏生产力降低9.0-23.8（kg/kg, P2O5）, 磷素利用率显著降低8.2%-20.2%,但扬麦15和扬幅麦2号的磷素偏生产力与利用效率变化不明显。以上结果表明,臭氧污染具有改变小麦物质分配, 影响土壤磷素在土壤-植物系统周转的潜在风险。     

磷锌配施对石灰性土壤磷锌有效性及小麦对其吸收分配的影响

针对磷锌在土壤-植物系统中复杂的交互作用,本文采用盆栽试验,研究了磷锌配施对石灰性土壤中磷锌有效性及小麦对其吸收分配的影响。结果表明,施锌明显增加了土壤中DTPA提取态锌含量,土壤中DTPA提取态锌含量随着施磷水平的提高逐渐增加;施磷明显增加了土壤中速效磷含量,在相同施磷水平下,土壤中速效磷含量随施锌量的增加而增加;施锌提高了小麦茎叶和籽粒锌含量,且在各施锌背景下随施磷量的增加明显地降低了小麦茎叶中锌含量,但提高了籽粒中锌含量。施磷提高了小麦茎叶和籽粒磷含量。在低磷水平(不施磷和施21.82 mg kg-1)时,施锌对茎叶中磷含量的提高作用明显,且随施锌浓度的提高而提高,但籽粒中磷含量逐渐降低;而在高磷水平(174.56 mg kg-1)下,施锌则降低了小麦植株茎叶中磷含量,而籽粒中磷含量却随施锌水平的提高而提高。因此,石灰性土壤中施磷肥提高了土壤中锌的有效性,而锌也提高了磷的有效性,同时发现施磷降低了小麦茎叶中锌含量,促进了锌元素从植株向籽粒的运输,增加了小麦籽粒中锌含量,但是在低磷条件下,施锌提高了茎叶磷含量,却降低了籽粒磷含量,而在高磷条件下,施锌降低了茎叶磷含量,提高了籽粒含量。     

不同菜豆基因型根系对难溶性磷的活化吸收

通过溶液培养和砂培试验,研究了不同菜豆基因型根系对难溶性P化合物(Al-P和Fe-P)的活化、吸收及根系分泌的有机酸对难溶性Al-P和Fe-P的活化能力。结果表明,菜豆在Al-P处理中生长要好于Fe-P处理。菜豆在耐低P方面存在着一定的基因型差异。来源于安第斯基因库的大粒种基因型的生物量和吸P量明显大于来源于中美基因库的中、小粒种基因型,其中来源于安第斯基因库的菜豆基因型G19839有较明显的耐低P和适应Fe-P的能力。菜豆根系分泌物对难溶性P有一定的活化能力,P胁迫下菜豆根系分泌物对难溶性Fe-P和Al-P的活化能力都较正常供P时高;菜豆根系分泌物中有柠檬酸、甲酸和乙酸,柠檬酸对难溶性Fe-P和Al-P的活化能力远远高于甲酸和乙酸。     

Antagonistic effects of root zone temperature and iron on phosphorus uptake by bush bean

Radiophosphorus (³²P) and hydroponically‐grown bush bean were used to study P absorption kinetics as affected by root zone temperature (RZT) and iron (Fe). Phosphorus uptake increased significantly (p < 0.05) at each successive 10°C rise in RZT from 15 to 35°C, and quadratic regression equations were highly correlated (R² = 0.98) between the uptake amount and exposure time. An estimated Q₁₀ value of 1.5, and the corresponding Arrhenius constant μ of 31 kJ/mol for P uptake were within range for a diffusion process in an aqueous solution. A concentration of 5 μmol/L Fe significantly (p < 0.05) reduced P uptake from 6 h on at the RZTs studied, and Q10 and μ values were estimated at 1.2 and 14 kJ/mol, respectively.     

不同磷水平下小麦蚕豆间作对根际有效磷及磷吸收的影响

【目的】探明不同磷水平下小麦–蚕豆间作对根际有效磷含量及作物磷吸收量的影响,提高磷肥利用率。【方法】2015—2016和2016—2017两季田间试验在云南农业大学试验基地耕作红壤上进行,供试小麦品种为云麦-52,蚕豆品种为玉溪大粒豆。设施P2O5 0 (P0)、45 (P45)和90 kg/hm^2 (P90)三个水平,和单作(M,包括小麦单作MW和蚕豆单作MF)和间作(I)两种种植模式。每季在小麦分蘖期、拔节期、抽穗期、灌浆期和成熟期,蚕豆分枝期、开花期、结荚期、籽粒膨大期、收获期采取根际土样测定有效磷含量。在小麦蚕豆收获期测定单、间作小麦、蚕豆产量,并测定作物地上部磷含量。计算土地当量比(LER)来衡量间作优势,并用磷肥农学利用率来反映磷肥的吸收效率。【结果】与单作相比,在P0、P45、P90水平下,2016年间作种植显著提高了小麦籽粒产量12.5%、21.7%和17.3%,2017年间作蚕豆产量较单作分别降低了16.8%、11.7%和8.2%。三个磷水平下,小麦–蚕豆间作具有产量优势,土地当量比(LER)为0.95~1.18。与常规施磷水平(P90)下的单作相比,小麦–蚕豆间作条件下,磷肥减施1/2 (P45)并未降低小麦和蚕豆产量。间作种植对小麦根际有效磷含量无显著影响(除2016年成熟期外),但2017年,在蚕豆分枝期、开花期、结荚期,间作则分别降低蚕豆根际有效磷含量20.8%、44.5%和18%。与P90单作相比,间作P45处理几乎不会降低小麦、蚕豆根际有效磷含量。小麦、蚕豆磷吸收量主要受磷水平的调控,种植模式对小麦和蚕豆磷的吸收量及磷肥农学利用率均没有影响。【结论】在本试验条件下,小麦–蚕豆间作提高了小麦籽粒产量,降低了蚕豆产量;间作种植主要是改变了蚕豆生育前期根际有效磷含量,但对作物的磷吸收量没有影响。小麦–蚕豆间作具有减施磷肥、维持作物产量和根际土壤有效磷的潜力。     

Effects of phosphorus and water stress levels on growth and phosphorus uptake of bean and sorghum cultivars

Primary determinants of crop production in arid/semiarid regions are lack of moisture and infertility, especially phosphorus (P) deficiency or unavailability. The effects of P and water stress (WS) levels on shoot and root dry matter (DM), leaf area, root volume, total root length, and shoot and root P concentrations and contents were determined in two bean [Phaseolus acutifolius Gray, cv ‘Tepary #21’ ("drought‐resistant") and P. vulgaris L., cv “Emerson’ ("drought‐sensitive")] and two sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench, cv SA7078 ("drought‐resistant") and ‘Redlan’ ("drought‐sensitive")] cultivars grown in nutrient solution. Plants were grown with different levels of P (20 and 100 μM for bean and 20, 80, and 160 μM for sorghum) when seedlings were transferred to nutrient solution, and WS levels of 0, 13.8, and 1 6.4% polyethylene glycol (PEG‐8000) introduced after plants had grown in solution 23 days (bean) and 31 days (sorghum). All growth traits were lower when bean and sorghum plants were grown with WS and low P. Growth traits were higher in cultivars grown with high compared to low P regardless of WS. Root P concentration and content and shoot content, but not shoot P concentration, were lower when bean plants were grown with WS compared to without WS. Tepary #21 bean had higher shoot DM, leaf area, total root length, and shoot P concentration than Emerson when plants were grown with WS at each level of P. Sorghum shoot and root P concentrations were higher as P level increased regardless of WS, and WS had little effect on shoot P concentration, but root P concentration was higher. Contents of P were similar for SA7078 and Redlan regardless of P or WS treatment, but SA7078 had greater P contents than Redlan over all P and WS treatments. “Drought‐resistant”; cultivars generally had better growth traits, especially total and specific root lengths, than “drought‐sensitive”; cultivars.     

Lime and phosphorus interactions on growth and nutrient uptake by upland rice,wheat, common bean,and corn in an Oxisol

Liming and phosphorus (P) applications are common practices for improving crop production in acid soils of the tropical as well as temperate regions. Four greenhouse experiments were conducted on an Oxisol (clayey, kaolinitic, isothermic, Typic Haplustox) to evaluate response of liming (0,2, and 4 g/kg) and P application (0, 50, and 175 mg P/kg) in a factorial combination on growth and nutrient uptake by upland rice (Oryza sativa L.), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), and corn (Zea mays L.). Phosphorus application significantly (P<0.01) increased dry weight of tops of all the four crop species as well as dry weight of roots of wheat and corn. Liming significantly (P<0.01) improved growth of common bean and corn but had significant negative effects on rice growth. Maximum dry weight of tops of rice and wheat was obtained at 175 mg P/kg without lime. Maximum dry weight of tops in common bean was obtained at 4 g lime/kg with 175 mg P/kg of soil. In all the crops, increasing levels of applied P significantly increased nutrient uptake. With some exceptions, increasing levels of lime tend to reduce uptake of P, zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), and iron (Fe) and increase the uptake of calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) in all the crop species. Decrease in potassium (K) uptake, due to high lime, is probably due to antagonistic effects of Ca and Mg and reduced micronutrients uptake is probably due to increased soil pH resulting in decreased availability of these elements to plants. Therefore, in these types of acid soils, one should avoid over liming.     

双氰胺对樱桃萝卜硝酸盐积累及根系生长的影响

以水培樱桃萝卜幼苗为材料,研究不同浓度的双氰胺(DCD)处理对其根系生长及相关指标的影响。结果显示,DCD对萝卜根系生长有一定的抑制作用,幼苗的总根表面积、总根投影面积、总根体积、根尖总数和分支数均呈现出不同程度的下降,但根平均直径无明显变化。DCD在一定程度上抑制了根系硝酸还原酶(NR)活性,导致硝酸盐含量下降,其中6%DCD处理下硝酸盐含量最低。DCD处理下,过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活性均出现先升高后降低的趋势,丙二醛(MAD)含量随处理时间的增加呈上升趋势,说明DCD对水培樱桃萝卜幼苗根系造成了胁迫。虽然DCD有利于降低水培樱桃萝卜硝酸盐积累,提高其安全品质,但是其对根系的生长发育有一定的抑制作用。     

玉米/大豆间作体系中供磷水平对玉米磷吸收及根系生长的影响

为探究不同供磷水平对间作体系玉米根系形态特征的影响,并分析这些根形态参数变化与玉米植株磷素吸收的相应关系,研究通过盆栽试验,设置玉米单作、玉米与大豆间作2种种植模式及不施磷(0 mg/kg)、低磷(50 mg/kg)、中磷(100 mg/kg)、高磷(150 mg/kg)4个施磷水平.结果表明,与玉米单作相比,玉米与大...     

Effect of nitrogen fertilizer form on pH of the bulk soil and rhizosphere,and on the growth,phosphorus, and micronutrient uptake of bean

Abstract

In a pot experiment, the effects of NO₃‐N and NH₄‐N fertilizer were examined on the pH of the bulk soil and rhizosphere, and on the growth and nutrient uptake of 18–35‐d old bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) supplied with KH₂PO₄ or rock phosphate (Hyperphos). Prior to sowing, the soil was incubated for 16 d to ensure complete nitrification of NH₄‐N which decreased bulk soil pH from 6.8 to 5.5. In other pots, a nitrification inhibitor, N‐Serve, was added together with the ammonium fertilizer and after 18 d growth, the pH of the bulk soil was 6.6 while the pH of the rhizosphere decreased to 4.5. Shoot and root dry matter yield was significally greater for plants supplied with KH₂PO₄ and fertilized with NH₄‐N compared with NO₃‐N. This increased growth by NH₄‐N fed plants was presumably due to a increased nutrient availability caused by the acidification of the bulk soil. Shoot concentrations of ? and micronutrients, such as Fe, Mn, Zn, and Cu, were higher for plants supplied with NH₄‐N, and more strikingly were higher for plats supplied with NH₄‐N+N‐Serve when expressed on a root length basis. In this latter case, the increased nutrient acquisition by plants could only be due to acidification of the rhizopshere. The inhibitory effect of NH₄‐N+N‐Serve, particularly on root growth, was not caused by NH₄+ toxicity, but was due to a direct effect of N‐Serve as shown by growth comparisons with another nitrification inhibitor, dicyanodiamide (DCD).     

Utilization of organic phosphorus sources by oilseed rape,sunflower, and soybean

We evaluated the ability of Brassica napus L. (oilseed rape), Helianthus annus L. (sunflower), and Glycine max L. (soybean) plants grown inoculated with or without bacteria to utilize organic P sources. Plants were supplied with inorganic (dibasic sodium phosphate) and organic P sources (phytate and glucose phosphate) at three concentrations and grown for 40 d under sterile conditions. Three inoculation treatments were compared: control (non‐inoculated plants), inoculation with Bacillus amyloliquefaciens BNM340, and inoculation with Pseudomonas fluorescens BNM296 (two bacteria with proven phytase activity). Oilseed rape, sunflower and soybean could utilize organic P sources. For example, when phytate (0.5 mM) P was used as the external P source, the increase factors over the no‐P treatments were 4.5, 1.4, and 1.4 for oilseed rape, sunflower, and soybean P uptake, respectively. When glucose 1‐phosphate disodium salt (G1P, 0.5 mM) was the P source, the increase factors were 8.8, 1.7, and 1.9 respectively. Positive responses to the organic P sources were found for the biomass accumulation of oilseed rape and soybean but not for sunflower. The inoculation with bacteria did not exert a promoting effect on P uptake. We demonstrate that the three species can effectively use organic P sources. The existence of crop plants that are more efficient in the utilization of different soil P sources would be particularly beneficial to improve P recycling and use of P fertilizers in agriculture.     

Accumulation of zinc,phosphorus, and magnesium by navy bean seed

Considerable variation is found in zinc (Zn Concentration in navy bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) seed, an important food source of Zn and magnesium (Mg). The influence that phosphorus (P) and Zn fertilizers, and source of nitrogen (N) (inoculation with Rhizobium phaseoli versus 150 mg/kg NH₄NO₃‐N) had on growth and nutrient uptake of ‘Upland’ navy bean was studied under greenhouse conditions on a Glyndon loamy fine sand, a Calciaquoll low in available N, P, and Zn. Yields of stems (+ pod walls), blades, and seed were increased by N, P, and Zn fertilizers. Zinc concentration at maturity varied between 13 and 37 mg/kg for seed, 15 and 39 mg/kg for blades, and 5 and 30 mg/kg for stems. Zinc fertilizer was the chief factor responsible for this variability. Phosphorus concentration at maturity varied between 4.0 and 6.2 g/kg for seed, 1.9 and 11.8 g/kg for blades, and 1.0 to 2.7 g/kg for stems. Added P fertilizer increased P concentration in the three tissues, but the effect was most pronounced for blades of plants without added Zn. Magnesium concentration at maturity was mainly affected by N fertilizer.and ranged from 1.6 to 1.9 g/kg for seed, 4.0 and 9.7 g/kg for blades, and 4.0 to 7.1 g/kg for stems. Soil management can greatly affect Zn concentration in navy bean seed.