高效液相-电喷雾质谱分析7-羟基黄酮在大鼠体内的代谢产物

目的:研究7-羟基黄酮在大鼠体内的代谢。方法:应用高效液相-电喷雾质谱检测大鼠灌胃7-羟基黄酮后血浆、尿液、胆汁和粪便中的代谢产物。实验采用Zorbax C18色谱柱,二元线性梯度洗脱进行色谱分离,并与电喷雾质谱联用,根据负离子模式的分子离子峰获得化合物相对分子质量信息,推测化合物的可能结构。结果:在大鼠尿液、粪便、血浆、胆汁中检测到原形成分7-羟基黄酮和7-羟基黄酮葡萄糖醛酸结合物,在胆汁或尿中尚检测到7-羟基黄酮硫酸结合物。结论:7-羟基黄酮在大鼠体内主要以Ⅱ相代谢产物葡萄糖醛酸结合物和硫酸结合物的形式存在。     

模式生物斑马鱼用于5-羟基黄酮代谢的合理性研究

目的 采用模式生物斑马鱼研究5-羟基黄酮的代谢,探索斑马鱼用于药物Ⅱ相代谢的适用性。方法 将斑马鱼培养于5-羟基黄酮溶液中,定时取鱼体及药液,采用高效液相色谱-电喷雾质谱联用检测,根据正、负离子模式准分子离子峰获得化合物分子量信息,通过与文献数据或对照品对照,结合碎片离子,推测可能的代谢产物。结果 在斑马鱼体内或体外药液检测到5-羟基黄酮原型及其2个单羟基葡萄糖醛酸结合物和1个单羟基硫酸结合物。结论 5-羟基黄酮在斑马鱼作用下的葡萄糖醛酸化反应与其在大鼠体内的Ⅱ相代谢机制高度一致,并首次在负离子模式下检测到5-羟基黄酮硫酸结合物。斑马鱼用于药物Ⅱ相代谢具合理性,且具有化合物用量少、成本低、方法简单、高效的优势,为建立斑马鱼体内药物代谢新模型提供重要参考。     

桂枝茯苓胶囊在原发性痛经模型大鼠血浆、胆汁、尿液和粪便中的代谢产物研究

目的:研究桂枝茯苓胶囊在原发性痛经模型大鼠体内的代谢产物。方法:基于超高效液相色谱-线性离子阱-静电轨道阱串联质谱联用(UHPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap-MS)方法,采用Waters ACQUITY UPLC BEH C₁₈色谱柱(100 mm×2.1 mm,1.7μm),以乙腈-0.1%甲酸水为流动相,梯度洗脱,流速0.4 mL·min^-1,质谱采用电喷雾(ESI)离子源,以正负离子模式采集多级质谱碎片信息,对大鼠灌服桂枝茯苓胶囊混悬液后的血浆、胆汁、尿液和粪便进行分析,利用质量亏损过滤(MDF)技术进行代谢产物鉴定分析。结果:共鉴定出8个原形及50个代谢产物,在体内主要发生Ⅰ相代谢反应(脱羧、水解、脱羟基和脱水等)及Ⅱ相代谢反应(甲基化、乙酰化、硫酸化及葡萄糖醛酸化等)。结论:采用LC-MS方法鉴定了原发性痛经模型大鼠体内桂枝茯苓胶囊代谢产物,为该复方制剂的药物代谢动力学研究提供依据。     

高效液相色谱-电喷雾串联四极杆质谱法研究大鼠尿内毛果芸香碱代谢产物

首次应用高效液相色谱-电喷雾串联四极杆质谱法鉴定了大鼠灌胃给予毛果芸香碱0.2mg后0-8小时内尿中的代谢物。4只大鼠给药毛果芸香碱盐酸盐,收集给药后尿液,固相萃取柱富集、然后应用高效液相色谱-电喷雾串联四极杆质谱法在线进行多反应监测,进而对尿中微量的代谢物进行了质谱解析。分别定性为毛果芸香碱的葡萄糖醛酸结合物、毛果芸香酸和毛果芸香酸的葡萄糖醛酸结合物。而且发现了各种代谢产物及原形药物在大鼠体内均有构型变化。     

基于UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS技术的白术内酯I在大鼠体内代谢产物的鉴定及代谢途径分析

目的 采用超高效液相色谱-四级杆/静电场轨道阱高分辨质谱技术(UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS)鉴定白术内酯I在大鼠体内的代谢产物，并探讨其可能的代谢途径。方法 SD大鼠单次灌胃给予白术内酯I后，收集大鼠血浆、尿液、粪便样品。以体积分数0.1%甲酸水溶液(A)-乙腈(B)为流动相，梯度洗脱。在电喷雾电离源(ESI源)正、负离子模式下分析大鼠生物样本。根据质谱提供的准分子离子峰、碎片离子及准确相对分子质量，鉴定白术内酯I体内代谢产物。结果 共鉴定出大鼠体内代谢产物30个，其中血浆样品中5个，尿液样品中17个，粪便样品中16个。氧化、水合、脱饱和、硫酸化、葡萄糖醛酸化、甘氨酸结合、半胱氨酸结合等是白术内酯I体内主要的代谢途径。结论 首次阐明了白术内酯I在大鼠体内的代谢产物及代谢途径，为其进一步的药效学评价和开发利用提供参考，此外也为单体药物代谢产物鉴定提供了一种综合研究方法。     

液相色谱-串联质谱法分析抗肿瘤新药乙烷硒啉在大鼠体内的代谢产物

本研究对抗肿瘤新药1,2-[二(1,2-苯并异硒唑-3(2H)-酮)]乙烷(乙烷硒啉,BBSKE)在大鼠体内的代谢产物进行鉴定。在灌胃给予大鼠单剂量乙烷硒啉200mg·kg-1后,采用液相色谱-串联质谱法(LC-MSn)对大鼠尿液、粪样、胆汁和血浆中的代谢产物进行检测,通过全扫描和选择离子扫描,以及根据多级质谱裂解规律对代谢物的结构进行分析。研究发现在大鼠尿样、粪样、胆汁和血浆中检测到3种Ⅰ相代谢产物和1种Ⅱ相代谢产物,其代谢途径分别为氧化、甲基化、硫甲基化和葡萄糖醛酸化反应,提示乙烷硒啉在大鼠体内的代谢方式可能是通过氧化、甲基化及葡萄糖醛酸化反应形成代谢产物。     

广金钱草黄酮成分在肾结石大鼠中的代谢研究

目的 利用超高效液相色谱串联电喷雾飞行时间质谱（UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS）分析广金钱草黄酮成分在肾结石大鼠中的代谢途径和代谢产物。方法 建立SD大鼠肾结石造模,灌胃给予肾结石大鼠广金钱草总黄酮,采用UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS分析黄酮成分在肾结石大鼠模型的血浆、尿液和粪便中的代谢变化,通过TOF/MS得到的准确相对分子质量,多级质谱裂解信息,结合对照品及相关文献报道对黄酮成分的裂解规律总结结果对比鉴定,对血浆、尿液和粪便中总黄酮成分和代谢产物进行鉴定。结果 广金钱草总黄酮给药后,在大鼠血浆中鉴定出5种原型成分和3种夏佛塔苷的同分异构体,16种以血浆中原型成分代谢得到的产物;从尿液中鉴定出12种原型成分和21种以尿液中原型成分代谢得到的产物;从粪便中鉴定10种原型成分和43种以粪便中原型成分代谢得到的产物。结论 阐述了广金钱草总黄酮在大鼠体内的代谢变化情况,为该药材今后的药效物质基础研究提供了理论参考。     

LC-MS/MS法研究1-[1-(6-甲氧基-2-萘基)乙基]-2-(4-硝基苄基)-6,7-二甲氧基-1,2,3,4-四氢异喹啉氢溴酸盐在大鼠体内的代谢产物

采用液相色谱-串联质谱法对大鼠灌胃1-［1-(6-甲氧基-2-萘基)乙基］-2-(4-硝基苄基)-6,7-二甲氧基-1,2,3,4-四氢异喹啉氢溴酸盐(编号P91024)后粪便、尿液、胆汁和血浆中的主要代谢产物进行研究。通过比较给药样品和空白样品的全扫描总离子流色谱和选择离子扫描色谱图差别寻找I相代谢产物；根据其一级和二级质谱图，确定I相代谢产物的分子结构。完全提取I相代谢产物后的样品溶液，再用葡糖醛酸酶酶解，得II相结合物的苷元部分，采用与I相代谢产物鉴定同样方法寻找和鉴定II相代谢产物苷元的结构，进而确证II相代谢产物的分子结构。从大鼠粪便中鉴定出P91024的2个I相代谢物，从胆汁中鉴定出1个I相和5个II相代谢产物，从尿液中鉴定出1个I相和3个II相代谢产物，从血浆中鉴定出4个I相和1个II相代谢产物；并分别分析推测出它们的结构。P91024在大鼠体内被代谢转化为多种产物，利用LC-MS/MS可以快速寻找和鉴定。     

UPLC-Q-Exactive Plus Orbitrap-MS鉴定桑色素在大鼠体内的代谢产物

目的 利用UPLC-Q-Exactive PlusSOrbitrap-MS技术对大鼠灌胃给予桑色素后体内的的主要代谢产物进行研究。方法 大鼠灌胃给予桑色素20 mg/kg后,分别收集血浆、尿液和粪便样品,采用超高压液相色谱串联高分辨质谱技术测定桑色素的体内代谢物。结果 根据一级质谱分子离子信息和二级质谱碎裂离子信息,在大鼠血浆和尿液中均发现2个葡萄糖醛酸代谢产物,在粪便中发现脱氢产物。结论 桑色素在大鼠体内的主要代谢途径为葡萄糖醛酸化反应。本研究初步阐明了桑色素在大鼠体内的代谢情况,为进一步药理作用机制研究提供依据。     

鉴定大鼠注射绿原酸后体内的代谢产物

绿原酸为多种中药注射液的主要成分, 本文采用超高效液相色谱-四极杆飞行时间质谱法 (UPLC/Q- TOF MS) 鉴定大鼠注射给予绿原酸后胆汁、尿、粪和血浆中的代谢产物。利用碰撞能量梯度 (MS^E) 和质量亏损过滤 (MDF) 技术, 在大鼠胆汁、尿、粪和血浆中共检测到35种代谢产物。胆汁中主要代谢产物为O-甲基绿原酸谷胱甘肽结合物, 其排泄量超过胆汁中全部代谢物的80%, 尿中主要为原形、O-甲基结合物、水解代谢产物及葡糖醛酸结合物, 粪中主要为O-甲基结合物及其半胱氨酸结合物, 血浆中主要为原形化合物。绿原酸及其代谢产物经尿和粪便排泄比例相近。实验结果表明, 绿原酸在大鼠体内代谢广泛, 主要途径之一是与谷胱甘肽结合, 提示绿原酸的烯酮双键具有亲电性, 可能与蛋白的巯基共价结合, 导致过敏性不良反应, 应予以关注。     

高效液相-质谱联用法对盐酸关附甲素在大鼠尿中代谢物的研究

目的研究盐酸关附甲素在大鼠尿中的代谢产物。方法大鼠iv盐酸关附甲素后收集尿,用高效液相-质谱联用方法测定。通过与标准化合物的色谱保留时间、分子离子峰、碎片离子峰对照从而鉴定I相代谢物。通过用葡糖醛酸酶和硫酸酯酶酶解鉴定其水解产物(苷元)从而确定II相结合物。结果大鼠尿中发现I相代谢物关附醇胺和关附壬素;尿经过葡糖醛酸酶和硫酸酯酶酶解后,产生关附甲素和关附壬素。结论盐酸关附甲素在大鼠体内可以转化为关附壬素、关附醇胺、关附甲素葡糖醛酸和硫酸结合物、关附壬素葡糖醛酸和硫酸结合物。经过生物转化,代谢产物的极性增加,药效下降。     

Pharmacokinetics,metabolism and excretion of the glycine antagonist GV150526A in rat and dog

1. The pharmacokinetics, metabolic fate and excretion of 3-[-2(phenylcarbamoyl) ethenyl-4,6-dichloroindole-2-carboxylic acid (GV150526), a novel glycine antagonist for stroke, in rat and dog following intravenous administration of [C14]-GV150526A were investigated. 2. Studies were also performed in bile duct-cannulated animals to confirm the route of elimination and to obtain more information on metabolite identity. 3. Metabolites in plasma, urine and bile were identified by HPLC-MS/MS and NMR spectroscopy. 4. GV150526A was predominantly excreted in the faeces via the bile, with only trace metabolites of radioactivity in urine (< 5%). Radioactivity in rat bile was predominantly due to metabolites, whereas approximately 50% of the radioactivity in dog bile was due to parent GV150526. 5. The principal metabolites in bile were identified as glucuronide conjugates of the carboxylic acid, whereas in rat urine the main metabolite was a sulphate conjugate of an aromatic oxidation metabolite. Multiple glucuronide peaks were observed and identified as isomeric glucuronides and their anomers arising from acyl migration and muta-rotation.     

Pharmacokinetics,metabolism and excretion of the glycine antagonist GV150526A in rat and dog

1. The pharmacokinetics, metabolic fate and excretion of 3-[-2(phenylcarbamoyl) ethenyl-4,6-dichloroindole-2-carboxylic acid (GV150526), a novel glycine antagonist for stroke, in rat and dog following intravenous administration of [C14]-GV150526A were investigated. 2. Studies were also performed in bile duct-cannulated animals to confirm the route of elimination and to obtain more information on metabolite identity. 3. Metabolites in plasma, urine and bile were identified by HPLC-MS/MS and NMR spectroscopy. 4. GV150526A was predominantly excreted in the faeces via the bile, with only trace metabolites of radioactivity in urine (< 5%). Radioactivity in rat bile was predominantly due to metabolites, whereas approximately 50% of the radioactivity in dog bile was due to parent GV150526. 5. The principal metabolites in bile were identified as glucuronide conjugates of the carboxylic acid, whereas in rat urine the main metabolite was a sulphate conjugate of an aromatic oxidation metabolite. Multiple glucuronide peaks were observed and identified as isomeric glucuronides and their anomers arising from acyl migration and muta-rotation.     

Sensitive and specific liquid chromatographic-tandem mass spectrometric assay for atropine and its eleven metabolites in rat urine

A sensitive and specific method is described for the simultaneous determination of atropine and its metabolites in rat urine by combining liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS(n)). Various extraction techniques (free fraction, acid hydrolyses and enzyme hydrolyses) and their comparison were carried out for investigation of the metabolism of atropine. After extraction procedure the pretreated samples were separated on a reversed-phase C18 column using a mobile phase of methanol/ammonium acetate (2 mM, adjusted to pH 3.5 with formic acid) (70: 30,v/v) and detected by an on-line LC-MS(n) system. Identification and structural elucidation of the metabolites were performed by comparing their changes in molecular masses (DeltaM), retention-times and full scan MS(n) spectra with those of the parent drug. The results revealed that at least eleven metabolites (N-demethyltropine, tropine, N-demethylatropine, p-hydroxyatropine, p-hydroxyatropine N-oxide, glucuronide conjugates and sulfate conjugates of N-demethylatropine, p-hydroxyatropine and the parent drug) and the parent drug existed in rat urine after ingesting 25 mg/kg atropine. p-Hydroxyatropine and the parent drug were detected in rat urine for up 106 h after ingestion of atropine.     

Phase II metabolism of warfarin in primary culture of adult rat hepatocytes.

We used adult rat hepatocytes in primary culture (HPC) as a model system to study the hepatic phase II metabolism of the anticoagulant warfarin. Hepatocytes were isolated by a collagenase perfusion technique and maintained for 24 hr in Waymouth's medium containing 0.1 mM (R)-warfarin. When HPC medium was analyzed by reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection, 4'-, 6-, and 7-hydroxywarfarin were identified. Several putative conjugates were observed eluting between 13 and 18 min. Treatment of hepatocyte medium with beta-glucuronidase and sulfatase resulted in the loss of five putative conjugates and concomitant increases in 4'-, 6-, and 7-hydroxywarfarin and warfarin, suggesting that these metabolites and warfarin were conjugated. Use of the beta-glucuronidase inhibitor saccharic acid 1,4-lactone enabled the determination of the relative extents of conjugation of each metabolite by glucuronic acid and sulfate. Glucuronidation was the predominant pathway for 4'-hydroxywarfarin, whereas 6-hydroxywarfarin and warfarin occurred mainly as sulfate conjugates. In contrast, 7-hydroxywarfarin was converted to both glucuronide and sulfate conjugates. Exposure of HPC to phenobarbital resulted in a decrease in cytochrome P-450-mediated production of hydroxylated warfarin metabolites; however, an increase in the production of 8-hydroxywarfarin was observed when HPC were exposed to beta-naphthoflavone. Unique conjugation patterns were found when hydroxylated warfarins were substituted for warfarin in HPC medium. Both 7- and 8-hydroxywarfarin were converted to one sulfate and two glucuronide conjugates, whereas 4'-hydroxywarfarin was converted to a single glucuronide conjugate. A spectral library of these conjugates was used to identify the major conjugates of warfarin formed by rat HPC.     

The pharmacokinetics and metabolism of Kö 592 in man,dog and rat

Summary Plasma concentration, renal and faecal excretion, absorption and metabolism of the tritiated beta-adrenergic blocker Kö 592 were studied in man, dog and rat. The substance was absorbed to an extent of 90–100% in all species (rat within 30 min, dog within 80 min, man within 120 min). The half-life of radio-activity in the plasma was 3 h in man and dog, in the rat blood 11 h. Excretion is almost complete within the first 12 h in man and dog. While 10–20% of the substance appears in the faeces in rats, elimination in the dog and man is almost exclusively renal. Kö 592 is completely metabolized. The metabolites were isolated from urine and identified by mass spectrometry. With individual variations, 31% of the metabolites of man and dog were present as methylphenoxy lactic acid, 20% as p-hydroxy-Kö 592 and 50% as conjugates. Man conjugates only with glucuronic acid, the dog conjugates 50% with sulphate and 50% with glucuronide.     

Metabolism and excretion of promazine by the horse

The urinary excretion of promazine and its metabolites has been examined in five horses, by ultraviolet spectrometry and thin-layer chromatography. In each horse, excretion continued for at least 96 h although the amount excreted was low, being about 11% of the dose. No correlation of excretion and pH or urinary volume was observed. Glucuronic acid conjugates predominated, their ratio to unconjugated metabolites being about 5:1. Promazine was found only in small amounts and traces of unconjugated sulphide metabolites were found in only one horse. At least nine metabolites of promazine were detected, the major one being the glucuronide of 3-hydroxypromazine.     

Radiochemical plasma salicylamide assay using ring-labeled tritiated salicylamide.

A rat plasma salicylamide assay was developed using ring-labeled tritiated salicylamide, synthesized by reacting salicylamide with tritium oxide in the presence of heptafluorobutyric acid. The reaction yielded 3H-salicylamide of specific activity up to 8.41 mCi/mmole, 60% yield. Plasma containing 3H-salicylamide and its metabolites was extracted with a toluene-based scintillation fluid, which was subsequently counted. Specificity for free salicylamide was demonstrated by radio chemical and standard fluorescence plasma salicylamide level-time curves. Specificity resulted from nonextraction of the salicylamide sulfate and glucuronide metabolites. Sulfatase and beta-glucuronidase treatment allowed the analysis of plasma sulfate and glucuronide conjugates as free salicylamide. This procedure should be effective for the analysis of salicylamide and its metabolites in the presence of similar phenolic compounds.     

Identification of phase-I and phase-II metabolites of fluphenazine in rat bile. Intact glucuronide and sulfate conjugates.

In rat bile following ip administration of fluphenazine (FLU) dihydrochloride (20 mg/kg body weight), phase-I metabolites 7-hydroxyfluphenazine (7-HOFLU) and FLU sulfoxide (FLUSO), together with unmetabolized FLU, were isolated and identified by HPLC and fast atom bombardment spectrometry (FAB/MS) and also by comparison with authentic compounds. Two intact glucuronide conjugates of FLU were isolated and identified as phase-II metabolites: 7-hydroxyfluphenazine ring glucuronide (glucuronic acid linked to the aromatic hydroxyl group of 7-hydroxyfluphenazine), and FLU glucuronide (glucuronide linked to the aliphatic group of the side chain of FLU) by HPLC and FAB/MS in comparison with authentic compounds. Further confirmed by FAB/MS were several sulfate conjugates of FLU that were isolated and identified indirectly as phase-II sulfate metabolites: FLU sulfate, 7-hydroxyfluphenazine sulfate and/or 7-hydroxyfluphenazine ring sulfate, and FLU sulfoxide sulfate by HPLC and FAB/MS; their aglycones were identified after sulfatase hydrolysis as FLU, 7-HOFLU and FLUSO. A further phase-II metabolite, for which no authentic standard was available, was tentatively identified as a monoglucuronide of dihydroxy derivative of FLU. To our knowledge, this report provides the first direct evidence of the presence of intact phase-II metabolites of FLU in rat bile.