工程项目管理实用手册各分册简介(三)《估算和费用控制》简介

工程项目管理实用手册各分册简介（三）《估算和费用控制》简介赵德新中国五环化学工程公司武汉４３００７４１概述估算和费用控制是《工程项目管理实用手册》第二卷第六分册，主要内容介绍工程项目估算的类型编制、方法和步骤以及如何进行费用控制，在满足合同规定的质量...     

化学分析方法在最佳状态下可能误差的估计

本文对化学分析方法在最佳状态下各分析步骤的可能误差进行了按重量法，滴定法和吸光光度法分别统计，估算出其方法的可能误差，可作为精确分析平行测定允许误差的理论依据。     

有机物物性估算方法的进展

本文讨论了有机物物性估算方法的分类、现状和现有物性估算方法中存在的不足，并展望了物性估算方法的发展前景。     

垃圾填埋场渗滤液估算方法的比较

介绍了两种垃圾渗滤液的估算方法，水量平衡法和经验公式法，并以滨州市生活垃圾填埋场为例，选择出一种适合当地垃圾填埋场渗滤液的估算方法。结果表明，经验公式更适合当地垃圾填埋场渗滤液的估算。垃圾填埋场废水主要是垃圾渗滤液，其产生量的多少直接影响着内部污水处理厂的建设规模和投资，正确的估算方法将对污水厂的建设提供很好的依据。     

充填时间及材料性质对注射压力的影响

本文介绍用数值模拟方法模拟注塑成型过程充填时间及材料性质对注射压力的影响，并以实实详细讨论了各因素对注射压力影响的原因，给出出充填时间的估算公式。     

我国投资估算方法与世界银行贷款项目投资估算方法的比较

本文通过实例，对我国投资估算的编制办法与世界银行贷款项目投资估算的作法进行了比较，介绍了世界银行对通货膨胀的处理方法及计算过程，并就如何完善我国投资估算方法提出了一些看法。     

可行性研究阶段的投资估算

介绍了投资估算的几种方法，论述了在估算过程中需要注意的事项，为更好地做好可行性研究阶段的投资估算提供了实践经验。     

化工技术经济评价中投资估算技术与方法分析

通过对国外化工技术经济评价中投资估算技术与方法的研究与分析，讨论了估算方法的分类、特点、选择及应用，并对开展我国化工技术经济评价中投资估算工作提出了建议。     

化工项目中建筑工程造价的控制

准确地估算建筑工程费用，对于全面控制基本建设投资有着非常重要的意义。控制建筑工程造价，一是从工程设计方面，二是在项目的各阶段准确地估算建筑工程费用。     

氯化石蜡分解反应的热力学参数及对热氯化工艺的探讨

从热力学角度估算了氯化石蜡分解反应的热力学数据，如氯化石蜡分解反应的焓值，分解温度及其熵值等的估算；氯化氢压力的测定与估算并依其估算数据对氯化时的温度、吹风等进行探讨，并介绍了突然停车的处理方法。     

世界油气主产国油气资源管理的基本经验及启示

油气是重要的战略资源,关系国计民生。随着工业化和城镇化的加速推进以及汽车进入普及期,我国油气供需形势日趋严峻。解决我国油气供应不足的问题。应首先立足于开发利用国内的油气资源,不断提高自给水平,然而却存在管理体制和政策的掣肘。世界油气主产国都不断改善其油气资源开发利用的管理体制与政策,促进更加有效与合理地开发利用和保护油气资源。本文总结了该领域的国际经验,从加强油气资源法律法规体系建设、促进油气资源管理体制改革、完善油气资源矿业管理等方面提出了对我国的启示和改革建议。     

油气储运技术的创新研究

石油和天然气的储存和运输,即石油和天然气资源的储存和运输,是有效利用石油和天然气资源的重要先决条件。随着中国经济社会的快速发展和油气储运技术的更新和发展,油气储运业面临着重大机遇和挑战。针对油气储运技术发展现状,确定基于安全,环保,节能的油气储运技术要不断的创新,才能促进油气进一步发展。     

Glyceride isomerizations in lipid chemistry

Isomerization of isopropylidene glycerol ketals and benzylidene glycerol acetals was studied, and isoraerization equilibria were established. Reaction of benzaldehyde with glycerol gave four benzylidene glycerol isomers, which were separated by column chromatography and characterized by NMR spectroscopy and other methods. Isomerization of 1- and 2-monoglycerides and of 1,2- and 1,3-diglycerides, and their separation by column chromatography, are described. Mechanisms of isomerization in mono- and diglycerides and factors which affect them are discussed. Isomerization of 1- and 2-glycerophosphates and of cyclic glycerophosphates by acid and base was also studied. Hydrolysis products of L-3-glycerylphosphorylcholine and 2-glycerylphosphorylcholine were separated by column chromatography and characterized by periodic acid oxidation, optical rotation, and NMR spectroscopy. No isomerization of unhydrolyzed L-3-glycerylphosphorylcholine and 2-glycerylphosphorylcholine was observed. Evidence indicated that acid-catalyzed hydrolyses of phosphoglycerides are under thermodynamic control whereas most base-catalyzed hydrolyses are under kinetic control.     

感光科学与光化学

本刊主要刊登感光科学和光化学领域的研究成果，同时刊登有关信息科学及信息材料，包括信息储存稀己录、信息的处理和加工及信息显示材料等；光／电化学及光电子技术，包括光／电转换及储存材料、电光材料、非线性光学材料、纳米材料、电致发光材料及器件研究以及化学和物理发光等领域；光生物，光医学及生命科学与环境科学中的有关问题的新理论、新概念、新技术和新方法，以促进国内外的学术交流。     

全球油脂和脂肪产量预测和价格展望

论述了近年来全球食用油和非食用油的产量和消耗量以及2020年全球油脂的需求及产量预测。指出全球油脂产量受各种条件影响和限制,存在许多可变因素,并对全球油脂价格的波动进行了分析。     

武器信息化条件下火炸药发展策略分析

分析了火炸药与武器信息化的关联性;论述了火炸药在武器装备发展中的综合地位与作用;提出作为武器信息化条件下火炸药发展策略和基本点的六项技术,即火炸药相关信息量的整合与准确表达、高能量与高安全性的统一、能量释放的可控制性、洁净燃烧与爆炸技术、燃烧爆炸的物理与化学作用延伸、非致命武器与化学战剂等.     

果蓬类原料致密成型特征及其机制炭质量分析

以山核桃、油茶和板栗3类果蓬为原料,研究了此类原料与杉木、松木屑在不同配比条件下对果蓬类致密成型特征及其机制炭质量的影响。证实了果蓬类原料因纤维素含量、木质素含量与杉木、松木存在差异,且因较高的灰分含量限制,需与杉木或松木屑等原料在一定配比条件下才可实现良好的致密成型。而配比选择试验结果则表明,果蓬原料与杉木、松木屑混合原料以3:7比例配料为宜;在此条件下,制备的机制炭外形平直无裂缝,得率为 33.85%~36.73%,固定碳含量 79.80%~86.20%,热值28.96~31.92 MJ/kg。     

临兴地区非常规天然气合探共采地质条件分析

临兴地区位于鄂尔多斯盆地东缘河东煤田中部,前期勘探和试井生产显示该区块具有良好的煤层气、页岩气和致密砂岩气资源前景。通过对3种非常规天然气资源勘探和开发地质条件的系统分析,结果表明,临兴地区具有煤层气、页岩气和致密砂岩气优越的成藏条件和良好的配置关系,煤层—页岩—致密砂岩3种储层中天然气连续聚集成藏,受物质基础和保存条件的影响,不同的层位和构造位置上存在差异。提出了该地区非常规天然气的勘探开发可遵循以下原则:东部浅层进行太原组煤层气、页岩气以及山西组煤层气的合探共采,西部深层集中进行山西组页岩气、致密砂岩气以及太原组致密砂岩气的合探共采。从而为该地区非常规天然气的利用提供科学依据。     

On Porosity of Carbon Aerogels from Sol-Gel Polymerization of Phenolic Novolak and Furfural

Carbon aerogels were prepared by sol-gel polymerization of phenolic novolak and furfural followed by supercritical drying and pyrolysis. The porosity and morphologies of carbon aerogels were characterized by nitrogen adsorption, apparent density, He- pycnometer method, and transmission electronic microscopy (TEM). Effect of ratios of phenolic novolak to furfural (Ra) and total concentration of reactants (C) in sol-gel step on porosity and morphologies of carbon aerogels was investigated. The carbon aerogels synthesized are rich in meso- and macropores. The Ra determines the cross-linking density of polymers, thereby the compatibility of the polymers, and ultimately the shrinkage of gels in the drying and pyrolysis. The network sizes and the porosity of organic and carbon aerogels are mainly determined by Ra. The C has no effect on volume shrinkage of gels in drying and pyrolysis and has only dilute effect in determining bulk density of organic and carbon aerogels, and ultimately the porosity of carbon aerogels. Conversion of mesopores to micro- and macropores is observed, which is related to combination of C and Ra, and determines the partition of micro-, meso- and macropores.     

Preparation and surface-active properties of the sodium soaps,mono- and diethanolamides and diol and triol sulfates of cycloaliphatic C21 Di- and C22 Tricarboxylic acids

Cycloaliphatic C₂₁ di- and C₂₂ tricarboxylic acids were prepared by the Diels-Alder reaction of dehydrated castor oil (DCO) fatty acids (containing 48% conjugated and 42% nonconjugated dienes) with acrylic and fumaric acids, respectively. The reaction temperature, time, catalyst concentration, and mole ratio of reactants were varied to get maximum yields of the di- and tricarboxylic acids. The unreacted DCO fatty acids were removed from the products by partition between aqueous methanol and n-hexane. The products were converted to methyl esters and characterized as the substituted cyclohexene derivatives before and after dehydrogenation with Pd/C in xylene, hydrogenation with Pd/C in decalin and oxidation with periodate-permanganate reagent and by mass and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry. The acids were converted to sodium soaps, mono- and diethanolamides and the corresponding diol and triol sulfates, and the resulting products were evaluated for their surface-active properties. The sodium soaps showed better calcium tolerance and poorer foaming power than sodium oleate. The diethanolamides were inferior to lauroyl diethanolamide in wetting and emulsifying power. The monoethanolamides were better than the respective diethanolamides and lauroyl diethanolamide in wetting property. The diol and triol sulfates were poorer in wetting and emulsifying ability and better in calcium tolerance than sodium lauryl sulfate.