3003-H16铝合金卷材生产过程中的组织演变

利用热分析仪、光学显微镜、扫描电镜和能谱仪等方法研究了3003-H16铝合金卷材生产过程中的组织演变。结果表明,晶粒尺寸、二次枝晶间距和金属间化合物尺寸从铸锭心部至铸锭表层逐渐减小。当均匀化温度为590 ℃时,α-Al晶体内析出细小颗粒状的Al₆Mn;随均匀化温度的提高,颗粒状析出相不断溶解并促进针棒状析出相长大;当均匀化温度为640 ℃时,针棒状析出相开始溶解,至650 ℃时完全溶解。金属间化合物Al₆(Fe,Mn)和Al₆Mn随均匀化温度的升高而变得圆滑球化,部分Al₆(Fe,Mn)在均匀化过程中转变为Al(Fe,Mn)Si。3003铝合金热轧卷材的晶粒组织在厚度方向上存在不均匀性,冷轧和中间退火后有所改善。3003铝合金卷材中的化合物沿轧制方向成行排列,具有明显的方向性,其中大尺寸化合物的比例随加工率的增大逐渐降低。均匀化可以改善3003铝合金的成分和组织均匀性,改善合金的塑性。变形加工在提高3003铝合金强度的同时降低了合金的塑性。中间退火过程中纤维状的变形组织转变为再结晶组织,消除了硬化现象,合金的塑性得到改善。     

均匀化退火工艺对7050铝合金组织演变与再结晶影响

研究了均匀化退火工艺对7050铝合金铸态组织演变、Al₃Zr弥散相析出及其变形组织再结晶的影响。研究结果表明：均匀化退火过程中缓慢升温时，Zn元素扩散速率明显高于Mg元素和Cu元素，且Zn在铝基体中的固溶度较大，所含的Zn元素扩散回溶到铝基体后，T相(AlZnMgCu相)转变成高熔点的S相(Al₂CuMg相);采用低温段缓慢升温替代低温段保温工艺，同样能够促进Al₃Zr弥散相的形核析出，对抑制后续变形组织再结晶有同等效果。7050铝合金铸锭的均匀化退火温度可采用470℃+480℃复合均匀化制度，通过合理控温工艺即可促进Al₃Zr弥散相的均匀析出，同时有效消除低熔点T相和高熔点S相，该工艺可推广应用至7050铝合金工业化生产，达到提质降本增效作用。     

Mn含量对Zn-Al-Mg合金组织和耐腐蚀性能的影响

为了使热镀锌产品获得更好的耐腐蚀性能,通过感应熔炼制备了3种不同Mn含量的Zn-Al-Mg合金铸锭,分别为Zn1Al1Mg0.5Mn、Zn1Al1Mg1.2Mn、Zn1Al1Mg2.5Mn,并分析了其凝固组织和腐蚀行为。结果表明：通过相图计算预测了含Mn的Zn-Al-Mg合金中Al-Mn化合物类型为Al₁₁Mn₄、Al₈Mn₅、Al_0.8Mn; Zn1Al1Mg0.5Mn、Zn1Al1Mg1.2Mn合金的Al-Mn析出相分别为Al₁₁Mn₄、Al₈Mn₅,随着Mn含量的增加,Zn1Al1Mg2.5Mn合金中的Al-Mn析出相为Al₈Mn₅和Al_0.8Mn,其中Al₁₁Mn₄和Al₈Mn₅相主要在共晶组织中析出,Al_0.8     

时效处理对7022铝合金组织与弯曲性能的影响

采用扫描电镜(SEM)、能谱分析(EDS)、X射线衍射(XRD)、电子背散射衍射(EBSD)、拉伸和弯曲试验等研究了时效处理对7022铝合金组织及弯曲性能的影响。结果表明,固溶处理后7022铝合金基体中依然含有大量黑色不溶第二相,且这些相主要由α-Al、MgZn₂、Al₂CuMg和Al₇Cu₂Fe相组成。随着时效的进行,Al₂CuMg和Al₇Cu₂Fe相逐渐溶解,与MgZn₂相性质相似的Mg(Zn, Cu, Al)₂相析出,同时晶粒逐渐长大,产生明显的析出强化效应。试样的抗弯强度主要受到第二相颗粒的数目、尺寸以及晶粒尺寸的影响。110 ℃×10 h时效条件下,合金拥有弥散分布的细小第二相颗粒和合适的晶粒尺寸,具有较好的抗弯强度和抗拉强度,其数值分别为21.7 MPa、608 MPa。     

Er对多向锻造7050铝合金组织性能的影响

以7050铝合金及含Er7050铝合金(7E50)为研究对象,对两种铝合金自由锻件进行固溶、时效处理后,采用SEM、TEM与室温拉伸等测试手段研究铝合金锻件固溶及时效处理过程中组织和力学性能的演变规律。结果表明,两种合金经470℃×1 h固溶后,7050铝合金再结晶组织占比69.45%,而7E50合金再结晶占比仅为62.08%,Er元素的加入可以抑制合金的再结晶行为。最佳的单级时效工艺为120℃×24 h,经单级峰时效处理后7E50合金的强度、硬度、伸长率均高于7050合金,由此可见Er元素的加入可以有效提升合金的力学性能。7E50铝合金峰时效态下的析出相主要是η′相、GP区和Al₃(Er, Zr)颗粒。两种合金晶界上析出相都呈链状连续分布,但7E50铝合金晶界析出相尺寸明显小于不含Er的7050合金,这可能是7E50合金伸长率高于7050合金伸长率的原因之一。     

固溶时效处理对7005铝合金冲击性能的影响

采用光学显微镜、SEM和冲击试验机研究了固溶时效处理后的7005铝合金的冲击性能。结果表明,7005铝合金铸态组织中晶界比较宽大,并且在晶内存在大量的非平衡析出相,经固溶时效处理后晶粒内的颗粒析出相的数量大量减少。铸态合金晶界上析出相含有较多的Zn、Mg、Mn元素,固溶时效后在合金晶粒内部存在的析出相主要为η(MgZn₂)平衡相,在晶界上仍然残留有部分AlZnMg(Mn)析出相,该析出相具有较好的热稳定性,无法完全回溶。固溶时效后,合金晶粒内的颗粒状析出相大部分溶入基体,使固溶度增加而使合金强度增高,改善了7005铝合金的冲击性能。     

10%冷变形对7A85铝合金时效微观组织性能的影响

采用半连续铸造工艺制备了7A85铝合金铸锭、挤压工艺制备截面尺寸为50mm×300mm的挤压带板,并对挤压带板进行固溶处理、10%冷压缩处理以及120℃人工时效处理。通过TEM观察、力学性能测试等手段,研究了10%冷变形对7A85铝合金时效微观组织演变规律的影响。结果表明,固溶处理后,10%冷变形处理使合金中产生大量位错,从而提高了合金强度;时效初期,10%冷变形处理的7A85合金中析出相数量较未冷变形处理7A85合金明显增多,起到一定预时效作用;时效末期,10%冷变形处理的7A85铝合金析出相与位错数量均高于未冷变形处理的7A85铝合金,使得合金抗拉强度与屈服强度提升,而伸长率降低。     

固溶时效对Al-4.6Cu-0.9Li合金组织与拉伸性能的影响

通过组织分析和常温拉伸性能测试,研究了固溶时效对Al-4. 6Cu-0. 9Li合金组织与拉伸性能的影响。结果表明,经520℃固溶处理0. 5 h后,试验合金冷轧板材中Al₇Cu₄Li和Al₂CuLi相均固溶充分,仅剩下少量难溶的Al7Cu2Fe相;时效前引入预变形后可明显缩短试验合金到达峰值态的时间,且大幅提高时效态合金的强度值;主要归因于时效前的预变形处理引入的大量位错为大量细小弥散分布的T₁相快速析出提供了非均匀形核区域。此外,由于预变形量为6%时,合金中的主要强化相为T₁和θ’相共同析出,不同类型析出相对多系滑移的有效阻碍使合金达到了强塑性的综合性能提高。      

2A14铝合金的固溶和形变组织

采用X射线衍射、DSC、扫描电镜、透射电镜研究了固溶处理、冷轧、热轧对2A14铝合金微观组织的影响。结果表明,挤压态的2A14铝合金中主要有α-Al基体、Al₂Cu相和少量的含Mn相,合金中粗大的沉淀相被挤碎且沿一定方向分布。2A14铝合金的固溶温度应低于其共晶转变温度509℃,固溶处理后的合金中Al₂Cu相溶解,在基体上弥散分布着少量的棒状T相。固溶快冷后再经过轧制,合金中粗大的残留相被挤碎,且沿着轧制方向分布,热轧之后的合金在基体上析出了大量细小的沉淀相。     

退火工艺对3003铝合金板微观组织与力学性能的影响

研究了退火工艺对3003铝合金板微观组织与力学性能的影响。试验结果表明,3003铝合金板退火后第二相粒子主要为Al₆(Mn, Fe)、Al₆Mn以及在位错或者亚晶界等缺陷处形成的α-Al(Fe, Mn)Si相。随退火温度升高和保温时间延长,第二相粒子发生粗化,并出现了少量的弥散第二相。当退火温度为450 ℃时,第二相又重新固溶到基体。随退火温度升高,3003铝合金板硬度稳定在31.0 HV0.5 左右,抗拉强度整体上呈下降趋势,伸长率呈增加趋势。     

5059铝合金均匀化金属间相的演变

利用光学显微镜（OM）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、透射电镜（TEM）、能谱分析（EDS）、差示扫描量热法（DSC）、X射线衍射（XRD）等手段研究了5059铝合金均匀化热处理过程中金属间相的演变。结果表明：5059铝合金铸锭中枝晶偏析严重,大量难溶金属间相在晶界处呈连续网状分布。难溶金属间相由富含 Zn、Cu 元素的非平衡β（Al3Mg2）相、Fe元素富集的Al6Mn共晶相以及Mg2Si平衡相组成。在均匀化热处理过程中,难溶金属间相发生回溶,并析出大量弥散的β（Al3Mg2）相和短棒状的Al6Mn粒子。根据实验观测及均匀化动力学方程计算结果,得到合金的最佳均匀化热处理制度为（450°C,24 h）。     

Overheating temperature of 7B04 high strength aluminum alloy

The microstructure and overheating characteristics of the direct chill semicontinuous casting ingot of 7B04 high strength aluminum alloy, and those after industrial homogenization treatment and multi-stage homogenization treatments, were studied by differential scanning calorimetry(DSC), optical microscopy(OM) and scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy(SEM-EDX). The results show that the microstructure of direct chill semicontinuous casting ingot of the 7B04 alloy contains a large number of constituents in the form of dendritic networks that consist of nonequilibrium eutectic and Fe-containing phases. The nonequilibrium eutectic contains Al, Zn, Mg and Cu, and the Fe-containing phases include two kinds of phases, one containing Al, Fe, Mn and Cu, and the other having Al, Fe, Mn, Cr, Si and Cu. The melting point of the nonequilibrium eutectic is 478 ℃ for the casting ingot of the 7B04 alloy which is usually considered as its overheating temperature. During industrial homogenization treatment processing at 470 ℃, the nonequilibrium eutectic dissolves into the matrix of this alloy partly, and the remainder transforms into Al2CuMg phase that cannot be dissolved into the matrix at that temperature completely. The melting point of the Al2CuMg phase which can dissolve into the matrix completely by slow heating is about 490 ℃. The overheating temperature of this high strength aluminum alloy can rise to 500-520 ℃. By means of special multi-stage homogenization, the temperature of the homogenization treatment of the ingot of the 7B04 high strength aluminum alloy can reach 500 ℃ without overheating.     

喷射成形Al-Zn-Mg-Cu合金时效沉淀相分析

利用喷射成形技术制备了超高强Al12Zn2.4Mg1.1Cu合金。随后对试验合金进行热挤压,758K固溶2h和393K时效20h,利用透射电子显微镜(TEM)对时效后的合金进行形貌、选区电子衍射、高分辨像观察,得到各种沉淀相形貌和析出相与基体的位相关系。经过标定后确定,时效后的合金中存在3种纳米级沉淀相:η′相、GP(II)区、L12-Al3Zr,GP(II)区和Al3Zr与基体共格结合。     

Homogenization heat treatment of 2099 Al–Li alloy

The microstructure evolution and composition distribution of as-cast and homogenized 2099 aluminum– lithium(Al–Li) alloy were studied by optical microscopy(OM), differential thermal analysis(DTA), scanning electron microscopy(SEM), energy dispersive spectrometry(EDS), area and line scanning, X-ray diffraction(XRD), and Vickers microhardness test methods. The results show that severe dendrite exists in the as-cast alloy. Cu, Zn, Mn, and Mg distribute unevenly from the grain boundary to inside. The low-melting point nonequilibrium eutectic phases dissolve into the matrix during the first-step homogenization, whereas the melting point of residual eutectic phases is elevated. After the second-step homogenization, most of the remaining eutectic phases dissolve into the matrix, except a small amount of Al–Cu–Fe phases. An optimized homogenization process of the 2099 Al–Li alloy is developed(515 °C 9 18 h ? 525 °C 9 16 h), which shows a good agreement with the homogenization kinetic analysis results.     

Microstructural evolution of high strength 7B04 ingot during homogenization treatment

The evolution of the microstructure and phases of the direct chill semicontinuous casting ingot of 7B04 super-high strength aluminum alloy during homogenization treatment was studied with metallographic analysis, scanning electron microscopy（SEM）, energy spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry（DSC）. The results show that a considerable amount of non-equilibrium eutectics containing AI, Zn, Cu and Mg exist in the direct chill semicontinuous casting ingot of 7B04 super-high strength aluminum alloy, and their melting point is 478℃. During homogenization treatment at 470℃, these eutectics dissolve into the matrix partly, coarsen and also transform into Al2CuMg phase whose equilibrium melting point is 490℃ in the alloy. Moreover, the homogenization treatment at 470℃ for 72 h results in the disappearance of the non-equilibrium eutectics though Al2CuMg phase can not dissolve completely.     

均匀化处理对含钪Al-Zn-Mg-Zr合金组织的影响

采用金相分析、扫描电镜、能谱分析、DSC等手段研究含钪Al-Zn-Mg-Zr合金均匀化态显微组织的演变。结果表明：在合金铸态组织中存在大量的枝晶偏析,在晶界处存在很多低熔点共晶相,主要元素在枝晶内部区域呈周期性变化;合金中元素Zn、Mg和Cu在晶内及晶界分布不均匀;在均匀化过程中,随着均匀化温度的升高或时间的延长,残留相逐渐溶入基体,元素分布逐渐均匀。合金的过烧温度为476.7°C。当均匀化温度升高到480°C时,合金中开始出现复熔球和三角晶界。综合考虑：合金的最佳均匀化制度为470°C,24 h。     

Influence of megaplastic deformation on the structure and hardness of Al–Cu–Mg alloy after aging

Methods of electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction have been used to investigate structural and phase transformations in the aluminum alloy of grade A2024 (Al–4.5 Cu–1.37 Mg–0.61 Mn–0.07 Si–0.27 Fe–0.02 Zn–0.02 Ti (wt %)) after aging and deformation by shear under high quasi-static pressure. It has been shown that the combination of two-stage aging with megaplastic deformation leads to the refinement of the structure to a nanolevel and to strengthening of the alloy (to an increase in the microhardness to 3000 MPa). The values of true deformation at which the deformation-induced dissolution of the particles of the strengthening S phase occurs have been determined.     

Phases and microstructures of high Zn-containing Al–Zn–Mg–Cu alloys

Phases and microstructures of three high Zncontaining Al–Zn–Mg–Cu alloys were investigated by means of thermodynamic calculation method, optica microscopy(OM), scanning electron microscopy(SEM)energy dispersive spectroscopy(EDS), X-ray diffraction(XRD), and differential scanning calorimetry(DSC) analysis. The results indicate that similar dendritic network morphologies are found in these three Al–Zn–Mg–Cu alloys. The as-cast 7056 aluminum alloy consists of aluminum solid solution, coarse Al/Mg(Cu, Zn, Al)_2 eutectic phases, and fine intermetallic compounds g(MgZn_2). Both of as-cast 7095 and 7136 aluminum alloys involve a(Al)eutectic Al/Mg(Cu, Zn, Al)_2, intermetallic g(MgZn_2), and h(Al_2Cu). During homogenization at 450 °C, fine g(MgZn_2) can dissolve into matrix absolutely. After homogenization at 450 °C for 24 h, Mg(Cu, Zn, Al)_2 phase in 7136 alloy transforms into S(Al_2Cu Mg) while no change is found in 7056 and 7095 alloys. The thermodynamic calculation can be used to predict the phases in high Zncontaining Al–Zn–Mg–Cu alloys.