大豆分离蛋白-水溶性大豆多糖可食性复合膜的制备与性质

以大豆分离蛋白(soy protein isolates,SPI)和水溶性大豆多糖(soluble soybean polysaccharides,SSPS)为主要原料进行了可食性复合膜的制备与性质研究。综合考虑SPI与SSPS的比例、甘油、海藻酸钠添加量及钙离子浓度等影响因素,通过单因素与正交实验对成膜配方进行研究,得到了复合膜的最佳配比,并从水溶性、水蒸气透过性、抗拉伸强度、断裂延伸率等方面对膜的性质进行了综合评价。结果显示:在SPI∶SSPS质量比为1∶7,甘油添加量2%,海藻酸钠添加量4%,Ca2+浓度为1.0mol/L的条件下,复合膜的综合性能评分最高,为67.8。     

大豆蛋白酶解产物的微胶囊化及理化性质表征

令人难以接受的苦味和较强的吸湿性是限制大豆蛋白肽成为高品质食源肽的重要因素。本研究以大豆蛋白酶解产物(SPH)为芯材,以大豆蛋白(SPI)-大豆多糖(SPSS)复合物为壁材,通过喷雾干燥技术制备大豆蛋白酶解产物微胶囊,优化其工艺,并对微胶囊产品理化性质进行表征。结果表明,微胶囊的芯材/壁材比例为1/4,壁材比例(SPI/SPSS)为2/1,微胶囊具有最佳的大豆蛋白酶解产物包埋效果,包埋率达50.92%、苦味降低2.68倍、吸湿性降低1.61倍。透射电镜结果显示,微胶囊呈球型,表面光滑、连续,无孔洞或裂缝。红外分析结果证实SPI与SSPS之间发生了静电相互作用。大豆多糖与大豆蛋白因其大分子结构,组合使用能提升包埋的结构稳定性,也为SPH微胶囊产品作为功能性配料提供一定理论基础。     

基于大豆多糖的复合乳液储藏稳定性研究

乳液是脂溶性生物活性化合物很好的包埋和输送载体,脂溶活性物质能够很好的包埋在油滴中,增强其在水相中的溶解度和稳定性。基于大豆多糖修饰的蛋白复合乳液具有更小更分散的油滴,在食品工业中应用前景广阔。在高温、高盐及酸性的工艺操作环境中,大豆酸溶蛋白(acid soluble soy protein,ASSP)/大豆多糖(soy soluble polysaccharides,SSPS)复合乳液的货架期是实现其有效利用的关键。本论文通过研究热处理、p H及盐离子等条件对O/W体系ASSP/SSPS复合乳液的影响,考察评价ASSP/SSPS复合乳液的贮藏稳定性。结果表明,热处理能够有效增强ASSP/SSPS乳液长期稳定性,受p H变化影响较小。当在p H值为3.0~4.0的范围贮藏时,ASSP/SSPS乳液的稳定性能最优越,基本不受盐离子的影响,并且储存60 d后乳液粒径基本不变。ASSP/SSPS复合乳液的透射电镜和扫描电镜研究可以看出,贮藏60 d后,因ASSP/SSPS的复合界面行为增强,乳液微滴表面形成了更稳定不可逆的ASSP/SSPS复合膜,乳液微滴分布均匀,粒径大小没有明显改变,粒径在268.92~315.26之间。文章通过对ASSP/SSPS复合乳液储存稳定性的系统分析,为复合乳液的工业化生产提供理论指导。     

改性大豆分离蛋白在黑胡椒油树脂复凝聚微胶囊制备中的应用

将大豆分离蛋白(soybean protein isolate,SPI)与木糖按不同质量比混合,于90℃下反应6 h,得到美拉德反应改性的SPI,再以改性SPI和壳聚糖为复合壁材,通过复凝聚法制备黑胡椒油树脂微胶囊,研究改性SPI对黑胡椒树脂微胶囊包埋效果、热稳定性等性质的影响。结果表明,当SPI/木糖质量比为2∶1时,黑胡椒油树脂微胶囊的包埋效率、产率及80℃下加热8 h后的保留率最高,分别为67.8%、72.07%和75.06%。热重分析表明,与天然SPI相比,改性SPI进一步提高了黑胡椒油树脂微胶囊的热稳定性,扫描电镜分析则表明改性SPI使微胶囊的微观结构更加致密;气相色谱-质谱分析表明利用改性SPI-壳聚糖制备的黑胡椒油树脂微胶囊对烯类挥发性成分的保持能力增加。本研究为拓展SPI的应用领域、提高黑胡椒油树脂微胶囊的稳定性提供参考。     

不同壁材对大豆生物解离乳状液微胶囊品质的影响

为拓宽大豆生物解离乳状液的综合应用,有效解决破乳困难问题,本文采用喷雾干燥法制备大豆生物解离乳状液微胶囊,以乳液的乳化活性、乳化稳定性、粒径分布、流变学性质和喷雾干燥制得的微胶囊包埋率、热稳定性、表面微观结构为指标,研究5种复合壁材对大豆生物解离乳状液微胶囊品质的影响。结果表明,喷雾干燥前,CMC-MD为壁材的混合乳液的黏度最高,为39.18 mPa·s,且乳化性较好,粒径分布向较小粒径方向移动至0.6~2.0 μm。CMC-MD复合壁材制备的微胶囊包埋率最高,达到90.3%,热稳定性最好,结构变化起始温度最高,为98.3℃。扫描电镜图(SEM)显示不同壁材包埋的微胶囊呈现规则的球形或椭球形颗粒,颗粒直径有一定的差异,以CMC-MD为壁材的微胶囊大小均一,结构致密,具有良好的包埋结构,说明CMC-MD能够作为大豆生物解离乳状液微胶囊的壁材,制备出的微胶囊具有良好的包埋率、热稳定性及表面微观结构,对于生物解离乳状液加工应用领域的拓展和产业化的发展具有重大意义。     

辛烯基琥珀酸酯化大豆多糖及其乳化性能研究

利用辛烯基琥珀酸酐(Octenyl succinic anhydride,OSA)与水溶性大豆多糖(Soybean soluble polysaccharides,SSPS)酯化反应制备一种新型绿色的聚合大豆多糖(OSA-SSPS)。由于基于OSA-SSPS修饰的O/W乳液是脂溶性生物活性化合物很好的包埋和输送载体,本文利用大豆酸溶蛋白(acid soluble soy protein,ASSP)和OSA-SSPS静电复合作用制备ASSP/OSA-SSPS乳液,通过测定OSA-SSPS乳化性能,ASSP/OSA-SSPS乳液的粒径分布,zeta-电位,及其微观形貌,同时对比SSPS,具体分析OSA-SSPS乳化性能的优越性。结果表明,OSA-SSPS乳化活性(EAI)及乳化稳定性(ES)均高于SSPS。同时,ASSP/OSA-SSPS乳液粒径受pH和盐离子浓度变化影响较小,稳定性高于SSPS。因此,相比于SSPS,OSA-SSPS具有更好的乳化稳定性。文章通过对OSA-SSPS乳化活性,乳化稳定性以及ASSP/OSA-SSPS乳液储存稳定性的系统分析,为OSA-SSPS制备及其在O/W乳液中的工业化生产提供理论指导。     

大豆分离蛋白联合海藻酸钠制备番茄红素胶束

采用大豆分离蛋白-海藻酸钠共聚物（soy protein isolate-sodium alginate,SPI-SA）和大豆分离蛋白＋海藻酸钠混合物（SPI＋SA）分别制备番茄红素胶束,并考察了番茄红素胶束的稳定性和消化释放特性。结果表明：SPI-SA与SPI＋SA对番茄红素的包封效果相当;而SPI-SA胶束的抗氧化能力及稳定性均优于SPI＋SA胶束;经模拟胃肠消化SPI-SA和SPI＋SA制备的番茄红素胶束均具有较好的缓释效果。故SPI-SA可作为新型壁材对番茄红素进行包埋,生产新型保健品。     

金针菇多糖对大豆分离蛋白凝胶的增强作用及其结构表征

通过将金针菇多糖（Flammulina velutipes polysaccharide，FVP）添加到大豆分离蛋白（soy protein isolate，SPI）水凝胶中并进行热处理以提高SPI水凝胶强度、持水性和热稳定性。通过对二三级结构及分子间作用力的检测，进一步分析FVP-SPI水凝胶的稳定性。结果显示：热处理及添加FVP显著提高SPI水凝胶的持水能力，热变性焓ΔH提高了25.46%，水凝胶稳定性显著提高。疏水相互作用、二硫键和静电相互作用是形成热处理FVP-SPI水凝胶的主要作用力。FVP的加入提高了静电相互作用，使水凝胶中α-螺旋向β-折叠转变，SPI中色氨酸暴露于表面，疏水性增强。FVP对SPI水凝胶的增强作用为SPI水凝胶的开发应用提供一定参考。     

不同来源水溶性大豆多糖功能特性及基本结构的比较研究

目的提取3种常见大豆加工副产物豆腐渣、大豆蛋白渣和大豆皮中的水溶性大豆多糖(soluble soybean polysaccharides,SSPS),比较分析不同来源水溶性大豆多糖进行功能特性和基本结构。方法通过抗氧化性、乳化性和起泡性评价3种水溶性大豆多糖的功能特性,通过高效液相色谱和傅里叶变换红外光谱对3种水溶性大豆多糖的基本结构进行分析。结果豆腐渣中的水溶性大豆多糖(SSPSⅠ)具有最高的抗氧化性、乳化性和起泡性,大豆皮中的水溶性大豆多糖(SSPSⅢ)次之,大豆蛋白渣中水溶性大豆多糖(SSPSⅡ)的抗氧化性、乳化性和起泡性最差。傅里叶变换红外光谱和高效液相色谱的图谱表明,3种来源水溶性大豆糖在基本结构方面无显著性差异。结论不同来源的水溶性大豆多糖功能特性存在一定差异,而基本结构无显著性差异。     

大豆可溶性多糖与Fe2+对O/W乳状液物理稳定性及流变特性的影响

研究大豆可溶性多糖(soybean soluble polysaccharides,SSPS)及不同浓度的Fe2+对大豆分离蛋白(soy isolated protein,SPI)稳定的O/W乳状液的物理稳定性和流变特性的影响。通过测定14 d内添加SSPS和不同浓度的Fe2+的乳状液的稳定动力学指数(turbiscan stability index,TSI)、稳态流变、粒径大小及分布和Zeta-电位,确定其物理稳定性。结果表明,与SPI乳状液相比,添加SSPS后,SSPS-SPI乳状液的TSI显著降低(p<0.05),液滴的表面积平均直径(d_3,2)和体积平均直径(d_4,3)增加,粘度系数增加,Zeta-电位绝对值降低,表明SSPS增加了SPI乳状液的粘度,提高了乳状液的物理稳定性;添加0.1 mmol/L Fe2+后,乳状液的TSI最低,液滴的d_3,2和d_4,3分别为0.686、2.136 μm,为最小粒径,粘度增加,稳定性较好;随着Fe2+浓度的增加,乳状液的TSI显著增加(p<0.05),粒径增大,分布范围变宽,表明0.2~0.5 mmol/L的Fe2+降低了乳状液的物理稳定性。总之,SSPS和0.1 mmol/L Fe2+的添加,提高了SPI稳定的O/W乳状液的物理稳定性。     

Complexation of curcumin with soy protein isolate and its implications on solubility and stability of curcumin

Curcumin, a natural polyphenolic food colourant, suffers a low bioavailability because of its low solubility and instability in aqueous solutions. Our study demonstrates that the food derived soy protein isolate (SPI) can form a complex with the curcumin. Fluorescence spectroscopy of the SPI–curcumin complex revealed that the complex is formed through hydrophobic interactions. Moreover, curcumin molecules quench the intrinsic fluorescence of SPI upon binding. Upon complexation, curcumin showed increased water solubility. Stability studies by UV spectroscopy showed that >80% of the curcumin was stable in the SPI–curcumin complex when dissolved in water, simulated gastric and intestinal fluids for 12 h, which would provide sufficient time for intestinal absorption. SPI–curcumin complex exhibits enhanced antioxidant activity and is capable of forming foam and emulsion, indicating its possible utilisation in food product formulation. This study suggests that SPI, being an edible protein, could be used as a material to encapsulate water-insoluble bioactive compounds in functional foods.     

Stabilization of acidic soy protein-based dispersions and emulsions by soy soluble polysaccharides

Soy soluble polysaccharides (SSPS) are shown to prevent destabilization of soy protein isolate (SPI) dispersions and SPI-based oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions under acidic conditions. Addition of SSPS above a critical concentration (0.25 wt%) increased the stability of 0.50 wt% SPI dispersions against aggregation and phase separation under conditions where SPI would normally precipitate (near its isoelectric point). Though SSPS neutralized SPI surface charge via electrostatic interaction, there was increased stability against aggregation due to steric repulsion. At acidic pH, addition of 1 wt% NaCl electrostatically screened protein–polysaccharide complexation which led to SPI precipitation and sedimentation. However, the order of salt addition had a significant impact on charge screening, with salt added before pH adjustment reducing SPI–SSPS complexation whereas it had less effect when added afterwards. Salt penetration efficacy diminished with decreasing pH. O/W emulsions (5 wt% oil) prepared with 0.50 wt% SPI destabilized at pH 4–5 due to protein aggregation, but addition of ≥0.25 wt% SSPS improved emulsion stability by inhibiting protein–protein interactions thus limiting increases in oil droplet diameter over time. Overall, both dispersion and emulsion stability greatly depended on pH, ionic strength and SSPS concentration. These results demonstrated that SSPS could effectively stabilize acidic SPI dispersions and that SPI–SSPS interactions may be used as a tool to improve the kinetic stability of SPI-based O/W emulsions.     

均质工艺对制备鱼油微胶囊结构和理化性质的影响

本实验分别利用高压均质、空化射流和超声破碎3 种均质方式制备以大豆分离蛋白和磷脂酰胆碱包裹的鱼油纳米乳液和微胶囊,并对纳米乳液粒径、Zeta-电位、稳定性、黏度、乳化产率及微胶囊形貌、理化性质、稳定性进行比较分析,研究均质工艺对鱼油纳米乳液和微胶囊理化性质的影响。结果发现,空化射流工艺制备的纳米乳液平均粒径小,乳化产率和乳液稳定性较高,经过空化射流10 min制备的微胶囊包埋率达87.44%,溶解度较高,微胶囊颗粒表面形态饱满、致密、无裂纹和空隙,氧化稳定性和热稳定性较好。高压均质和超声破碎制得的纳米乳液平均粒径大,乳化产率和乳液稳定性较低,经过100 MPa高压均质和400 W超声破碎制得的微胶囊包埋率分别为80.36%和78.64%,溶解度相较于空化射流差,微胶囊颗粒表面分别出现微孔和较大的孔洞,氧化稳定性和热稳定性较差。傅里叶变换红外光谱分析结果表明3 种均质工艺均有较好的包埋效果。通过实验可以得出空化射流均质工艺制备的鱼油纳米乳液及微胶囊在产品性能上要优于其他两种均质工艺。本研究可为鱼油纳米乳液和微胶囊产品的均质工艺选择以及应用评价体系的构建提供理论依据。     

Subcritical Water Induced Complexation of Soy Protein and Rutin: Improved Interfacial Properties and Emulsion Stability

Rutin is a common dietary flavonoid with important antioxidant and pharmacological activities. However, its application in the food industry is limited mainly because of its poor water solubility. The subcritical water (SW) treatment provides an efficient technique to solubilize and achieve the enrichment of rutin in soy protein isolate (SPI) by inducing their complexation. The physicochemical, interfacial, and emulsifying properties of the complex were investigated and compared to the mixtures. SW treatment had much enhanced rutin‐combined capacity of SPI than that of conventional method, ascribing to the well‐contacted for higher water solubility of rutin with stronger collision‐induced hydrophobic interactions. Compared to the mixtures of rutin with proteins, the complex exhibited an excellent surface activity and improved the physical and oxidative stability of its stabilized emulsions. This improving effect could be attributed to the targeted accumulation of rutin at the oil–water interface accompanied by the adsorption of SPI resulting in the thicker interfacial layer, as evidenced by higher interfacial protein and rutin concentrations. This study provides a novel strategy for the design and enrichment of nanovehicle providing water‐insoluble hydrophobic polyphenols for interfacial delivery in food emulsified systems.     

可溶性大豆多糖对大米淀粉物化特性的影响

摘要：目的 探究可溶性大豆多糖（soluble soybean polysaccharides,SSPS）对大米淀粉物化特性的影响。方法 以大米淀粉为原料,将SSPS以不同比例与米淀粉进行混合,分析SSPS对大米淀粉膨胀度、透明度、冻融稳定性、糊化特性以及流变学特性的影响。结果 与对照组相比,在大米淀粉中加入SSPS可显著降低淀粉的膨胀度及溶解度,当SSPS添加量为10%时,膨胀度和溶解度最低,分别为10.99(g/g)和70.52%。随着SSPS添加量和冻融次数的增加,体系的析水率呈上升趋势。糊化性质表明,SSPS的添加使淀粉的峰值黏度、低谷黏度、最终黏度、崩解值及回生值均降低,但是糊化温度上升。动态流变学结果表明样品体系G?均大于G?,且呈现出频率依赖性,说明具有典型的弱凝胶特性。结论 可溶性大豆多糖在一定程度上可以改善大米淀粉的特性,为SSPS在淀粉基食品中的应用提供理论指导。     

蛋白质分子聚集状态对大豆蛋白溶胀性能的影响

通过分子间作用力和分子聚集状态研究了大豆分离蛋白 (SPI)和大豆浓缩蛋白 (SPC)的功能与性质 .SPI 1、SPI 2和SPI 3以及SPC 1和SPC 2的溶出活化能分别为 1 5.63 ,2 4 .2 0 ,1 7.3 1 ,1 6.1 3和 4 .3 1kJ/mol.SPI 2在蛋白质分子之间形成二硫键 ;SPC 2在蛋白质分子间通过二硫键结合成为聚集体 ,而聚集体之间以很弱的范德瓦尔斯力结合 ;SPI 1 ,SPI 3和SPC 1具有较高的粘度且在模拟肉制品中的性能较好 .结构分析表明 ,蛋白质分子形成聚集体 ,但聚集体之间通过疏水键和氢键结合 .导致大豆蛋白产品的分子间作用力和分子聚集状态不同的主要原因是加热以及闪蒸过程中工艺条件的不同 .     

减压等离子体处理对大豆分离蛋白功能性质的影响

运用减压等离子体处理大豆分离蛋白(soybean protein isolate,SPI),研究处理时间对SPI溶解性、乳化活性、触变性、热稳定性及表面粗糙度等功能性质的影响。结果表明:经100 W的减压等离子体处理150 s后,SPI的溶解度、乳化活性指数和吸水性均达到最大,分别为572.83μg/mL、0.584 m2/g和12.675 g/g,比对照分别增加约35%、15%和48%;吸油性随着处理时间的延长呈现先降低后上升的趋势,当处理时间为300 s时达到最大值2.071 mL/g,比对照增加了12%;流变学研究表明减压等离子体处理使SPI的黏度有所降低,但未影响其触变性及剪切变稀行为;差示扫描量热分析表明减压等离子体处理略微降低了SPI的热稳定性,扫描电子显微镜观察结果则表明减压等离子体处理增加了SPI颗粒的表面粗糙度。上述研究表明,减压等离子体处理可以改善SPI的溶解性、乳化性、吸水性、吸油性,因此在SPI的改性中具有潜在的应用价值。     

Legume proteins are smart carriers to encapsulate hydrophilic and hydrophobic bioactive compounds and probiotic bacteria: A review

Encapsulation is a promising technological process enabling the protection of bioactive compounds against harsh storage, processing, and gastrointestinal tract (GIT) conditions. Legume proteins (LPs) are unique carriers that can efficiently encapsulate these unstable and highly reactive ingredients. Stable LPs-based microcapsules loaded with active ingredients can thus develop to be embedded into processed functional foods. The recent advances in micro- and nanoencapsulation process of an extensive span of bioactive health-promoting probiotics and chemical compounds such as marine and plant fatty acid-rich oils, carotenoid pigments, vitamins, flavors, essential oils, phenolic and anthocyanin-rich extracts, iron, and phytase by LPs as single wall materials were highlighted. A technical summary of the use of single LP-based carriers in designing innovative delivery systems for natural bioactive molecules and probiotics was made. The encapsulation mechanisms, encapsulation efficiency, physicochemical and thermal stability, as well as the release and absorption behavior of bioactives were comprehensively discussed. Protein isolates and concentrates of soy and pea were the most common LPs to encapsulate nutraceuticals and probiotics. The microencapsulation of probiotics using LPs improved bacteria survivability, storage stability, and tolerance in the in vitro GIT conditions. Moreover, homogenization and high-pressure pretreatments as well as enzymatic cross-linking of LPs significantly modify their structure and functionality to better encapsulate the bioactive core materials. LPs can be attractive delivery devices for the controlled release and increased bioaccessibility of the main food-grade bioactives.