Rotation-invariant and controllable space-variant optical correlation

We propose a method for designing a correlator for achieving rotation-invariant and controllable space-variant optical correlation. The design concept is based on a combination of fractional correlation and circular-harmonic decomposition of the reference object. The suggested method is described and analyzed in detail. Numerical simulations show that this new correlator might provide potential applications in practice.     

Encrypted optical storage with wavelength-key and random phase codes

An encrypted optical memory system that uses a wavelength code as well as input and Fourier-plane random phase codes is proposed. Original data are illuminated by a coherent light source with a specified wavelength and are then encrypted with two random phase codes before being stored holographically in a photorefractive material. Successful decryption requires the use of a readout beam with the same wavelength as that used in the recording, in addition to the correct phase key in the Fourier plane. The wavelength selectivity of the proposed system is evaluated numerically. We show that the number of available wavelength keys depends on the correlation length of the phase key in the Fourier plane. Preliminary experiments of encryption and decryption of optical memory in a LiNbO(3):Fe photorefractive crystal are demonstrated.     

一种新型绝对式光电编码器的研制

本文提出了一种基于特殊编码方式的光电绝对编码器的实现方法,详细的介绍了编码的基本原理,以及系统软硬件设计方法,获得了10位的测量精度.     

High-resolution optical position encoder with large mounting tolerances

A high-resolution optical position encoder is described that consists of a scale as encountered in a standard moiré-based system, a simple imaging system with stabilized magnification and a novel segmented phase detector integrated circuit. Compared with encoder systems of comparable resolution and accuracy, the encoder presented offers large mechanical tolerances in the alignment of the reading head to the scale, while an interpolation accuracy of better than 0.1 mum is preserved. The system is especially well suited for high-resolution linear encoders as well as for the cost-effective fabrication of compact high-resolution rotary encoders.     

A method and the results of investigating the random error of an optical angle encoder

The random error of the A-205 optical angle encoder, the angular scale of which is produced by holography, and which forms part of various dynamic goniometric systems, is investigated. A method of determining the random error which enables the potential and actual accuracy of the encoder to be determined is proposed. Results are presented which show that the random error of a single measurement with the encoder in an angle-measuring system with air bearings is less than 0.01″.     

Achromatic fourier processor with holographic optical lenses

An optical Fourier processor that allows the use of broadband light sources and colored inputs is designed, fabricated, and tested. We develop a design technique based on phase manipulation in the Fourier plane to construct an image processor that provides a chromatically corrected image making use of the good aberrations behavior of symmetrical optical systems. Only a small number of diffractive lenses and one achromatic refractive lens are required to obtain a real image. We verify our design experimentally using holographic lenses, which are presented, owing to their versatility, as a good alternative to expensive blazed diffractive elements.     

A prototype optical encoder system with nanometer measurement capability

Optical gratings are becoming available with precision down to the 2 nm level, or below. Such gratings can be employed to make highly accurate measuring tools such as optical encoders and coordinate measuring tools which can find numerous applications in precision machining applications and integrated circuit industry such as image placement inspection. Such tools are significantly less expensive than interferometers because of the relaxed mechanical tolerances required on the associated stages. In this paper, a novel prototype optical encoder system is developed for grating-based measurement tools with nanometer accuracy. The location of the grating was determined with an error of 0.09 nm. This is comparable to the accuracy of state-of-the-art interferometers, but at much lower cost.     

Cylindrical-type nanometer-resolution laser diffractive optical encoder

A new, to our knowledge, design for a cylindrical-type diffractive optical encoder is proposed. The wave-front aberrations induced by the power of the rotation disk in this encoder can be canceled out completely. Wave-front-aberration cancellation and desensitization to the grating misalignment are achieved by means of positioning the virtual point source, which was induced by the cylindrical grating with respect to two sets of modified telescopes with a magnification ratio of one: 1x telescopes. For evaluating the performance envelope of this newly designed optical system a code v-based optical-design software program was adopted to simulate the performance of the optical system. From tolerance-analysis results it was found that this newly developed cylindrical encoder system has the capability to compensate for most aberrations and, in addition, possesses a high tolerance for optical-component misalignment. For verifying the performance of the developed system the cylindrical diffractive encoder system was cross-referenced with a Hewlett-Packard Model HP-5529 laser interferometer positioning signal. The experimental results confirm the merits of this newly developed cylindrical encoder.     

Absolute, high-resolution optical position encoder

Modern computer-controlled manufacturing machinery requires the absolute and highly accurate measurement of the linear position. Such an absolute, optical linear position encoder is described here. It is based on the transilluminance of a glass scale with an inexpensive light-emitting diode. The scale has two code tracks, one based on a pseudo-random binary sequence for the coarse determination of position and another periodic code for accurate fine-position measurement. A single-lens telecentric optical system images the code tracks in a mechanically insensitive way onto a custom photodetector. This special detector IC is capable of determining the components of the (complex) Fourier transform for the spatial frequency of the periodic code. The absolute optical position encoder shows a resolution of 10 nm and an absolute accuracy of better than 100 nm over short distances, verified with a commercial laser interferometer.     

Design methods for space-variant optical interconnections to achieve optimum power throughput

Optoelectronic systems based on space-variant optics give great freedom to the system designer in terms of interconnect topologies. One feature of space-variant systems is that they can achieve a high interconnect density. However, this density is achieved by having large arrays of diffractive elements with very small apertures relative to the propagation distances involved. Thus diffraction losses from the finite apertures can significantly affect power throughput for these types of systems, regardless of the diffractive efficiencies of the optical elements involved. Therefore it is desirable that this loss be minimized. We present several space-variant optical interconnect design methods (for both one-to-one and fan-out interconnects) and compare them in terms of power throughput for diffraction-limited interconnect distances. Both numerical simulations and experimental results are presented.     

Secure optical data storage with random phase key codes by use of a configuration of a joint transform correlator

A secure optical storage based on a configuration of a joint transform correlator by use of a photorefractive material is presented. A key code designed through the use of an optimized algorithm so that its Fourier transform has a uniform amplitude distribution and a uniformly random phase distribution is introduced. Original two-dimensional data and the key code are placed side-by-side at the input plane. Both of them are stored in a photorefractive material as a joint power spectrum. The retrieval of the original data can be achieved with the same key code. We can record multiple two-dimensional data in the same crystal by angular multiplexing and/or key code multiplexing.     

Simulative method for the optical processor reconfiguration on a dynamically reconfigurable optical platform

With the reconfiguration technique, users can configure the optical processor of a new optical computing platform, the ternary optical computer (TOC), into 42 specific basic operation units, and reconfigure it when the computation is completed. A simulative method of software for this technique is proposed in this paper. Also, an elaborate experiment based on this software is discussed. This simulation of reconfiguration demonstrates that the theory of reconfiguring optical processor in TOC is valid and also lays the foundation for the hardware implementation of the reconfiguration technique.     

Compact parallel optical modified-signed-digit arithmetic-logic array processor with electron-trapping device

A compact two-step modified-signed-digit arithmetic-logic array processor is proposed. When the reference digits are programmed, both addition and subtraction can be performed by the same binary logic operations regardless of the sign of the input digits. The optical implementation and experimental demonstration with an electron-trapping device are shown. Each digit is encoded by a single pixel, and no polarization is included. Any combinational logic can be easily performed without optoelectronic and electro-optic conversions of the intermediate results. The system is compact, general purpose, simple to align, and has a high signal-to-noise ratio.     

Kinoform filter for an incoherent optical processor

Fabrication and testing of a kinoform filter is described, for use in a real-time incoherent optical processor designed for track recognition in high-energy physics experiments. Composition of the filter as a mosaic of kinoforms with different random diffusers improves the quality of the restoration.