ST段抬高型心肌梗死非罪犯病变血运重建的指导策略：现状与研究进展

ST段抬高型心肌梗死（STEMI）合并多支血管病变（MVD）是冠心病的高危类型。早期开通梗死相关动脉,恢复心肌组织的血液灌注,可显著降低急性期死亡率。然而,非梗死相关动脉上存在的非罪犯病变仍存在风险,对患者远期预后具有很重要的影响。采用何种手段精准评估此类病变的临床意义和预后价值,并优化非罪犯病变的血运重建策略目前尚有争议。本文拟对STEMI合并MVD患者的非罪犯病变血运重建指导策略的研究现状及进展进行综述。     

急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死多支病变患者血运重建策略

急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死（ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction,STEMI）是一种发病率逐年上升的心血管急重症之一,致残、致死率高。40%~65%的STEMI患者存在冠状动脉多支病变（multi-vessel disease,MVD）,与单支病变相比,并发MVD的STEMI患者心血管不良事件的发生率明显增加。目前,在不考虑外科干预的情况下,针对STEMI多支病变患者的治疗策略主要有3种:即仅对梗死相关血管（infarct-related artery,IRA）即罪犯血管（culprit vessel）行急诊经皮冠状动脉介入（Percutaneous Coronary Intervention,PCI）治疗（culprit-PCI）、同时对IRA及至少1支非梗死相关血管（non-infarct-related artery,non-IRA）行急诊PCI（MV-PCI）、对IRA行急诊PCI后择期对至少1支non-IRA行PCI（staged-PCI）。由于STEMI多支病变患者non-IRA病理生理状态相对特殊,因此,国内外对non-IRA的处理策略及处理时机存在争议。同时,随着临床新技术及新型口服药物不断发展,STEMI多支病变处理策略也不断完善。本文就STEMI多支病变患者血运重建策略研究进展进行综述。     

STEMI合并多支血管病变患者首次住院期间完全血运重建对预后的影响

目的 探讨ST段抬高型心肌梗死(STEMI)合并多支血管病变患者首次住院期间完全血运重建对预后的影响.方法 选取2018年2月至2019年2月于安徽医科大学阜阳临床学院心血管内科住院治疗的164例STEMI合并多支血管病变(MVD)患者,采用随机数字表法将其分为观察组和对照组.观察组84例,于首次住院期间完全血运重建;...     

完全血运重建对老年急性NSTEMI合并多支血管病变患者长期预后的影响

目的探讨完全血运重建(CR)对老年急性非ST段抬高型心肌梗死(NSTEMI)合并多支血管病变(MVD)患者长期预后的影响。方法连续入选603例老年急性NSTEMI合并MVD患者,根据患者冠状动脉血管处理情况分为2组:(1)单纯处理罪犯血管(SR)组(n=260);(2) CR组(n=343)。研究终点设定为术后1年的全因死亡、心血管死亡、非致死性再发心肌梗死及非计划再次血运重建。通过COX回归分析探讨CR对老年急性NSTEMI合并MVD患者长期预后的影响。结果与SR组相比,CR组既往接受PCI治疗的比例更低,3支病变、术前血流TIMI 0或1级比例更高,植入支架个数更多,长度更长,替格瑞洛的使用比例更高,而硝酸酯类的使用比例更低。随访期内,整体全因死亡率为4.8%(SR组比CR组为6.2%比3.8%,P=0.179),心源性死亡率为4.1%(SR组比CR组为4.6%比3.8%,P=0.615),非致死性再发心肌梗死率为2.5%(SR组比CR组为1.2%比3.5%,P=0.067),非计划再次血运重建率为6.8%(SR组比CR组为9.6%比4.7%,P=0.017)。单因素COX回归分析显示,CR可以显著降低老年NSTEMI合并MVD患者的非计划再次血运重建率(HR 0. 471,95%CI 0. 251~0. 882,P=0.019);在校正了各项临床因素之后,多因素COX回归分析也得到了相同的结论(HR 0.438,95%CI 0.229~0.837,P=0.012)。但是,无论单因素分析,还是多因素分析,CR对老年NSTEMI合并MVD患者的全因死亡、心源性死亡及非致死性再发心肌梗死均无显著影响。围手术期并发症方面,2组的BARC 3或5级出血、造影剂肾病、卒中及急性支架内血栓等发生率无显著差异。结论对于老年NSTEMI合并MVD患者,CR可以显著降低术后非计划再次血运重建率,同时围手术期也是较为安全的。     

血流储备分数指导下完全血运重建对非ST段抬高型急性冠脉综合征多支血管病变患者预后的影响

目的探讨血流储备分数(FFR)指导下完全血运重建对非ST段抬高型急性冠脉综合征(NSTE-ACS)多支血管病变患者预后的影响。方法 100例NSTE-ACS多支血管病变患者随机分为FFR指导下功能性完全血运重建组(FFR组)和单纯冠状动脉造影(CAG)指导下完全血运重建组(CAG组),比较两组人均支架植入数量、住院费用等经皮冠状动脉介入(PCI)资料;患者术后随访12个月,比较两组心绞痛发作次数、左室射血分数(LVEF)和主要不良心血管事件(MACEs)发生率。采用SPSS 19.0统计学软件分析处理数据,组间比较采用t检验或卡方检验。结果 FFR组人均支架植入数量[(2.0±1.5)vs(3.5±1.8)枚,P0.01]和住院费用[(43 905±26 242)vs(65 884±20 489)元,P=0.04]较CAG组显著降低;术后1个月心绞痛发作次数[(2.3±0.7)vs(4.1±0.5)次]和LVEF[(62.7±6.8)%vs(54.7±7.9)%]改善情况优于CAG组;术后12个月FFR组再次血运重建[4.1%(2/49)vs 17.8%(8/45),P=0.03]和MACEs发生率[8.2%(4/49)vs 24.4%(11/45),P=0.03]较CAG组显著降低。结论 FFR指导下功能性完全血运重建减少支架植入数量和住院费用,有效改善术后1个月心绞痛症状和心功能,降低术后12个月MACEs发生率,NSTE-ACS多支血管病变患者短期获益明显。     

非ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者预后的影响因素

目的研究非ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者预后的影响因素。方法回顾性分析50例非ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的临床资料。结果既往冠心病病史、糖尿病是非ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者半年心血管事件的独立危险因素(P<0.05);cTnI≥0.8μg/L、入院时静息心率>100次/min和白细胞水平三个因素是非ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者半年死亡终点事件的预后危险因素;入院时静息心率>100次/min和出院后半年持续服用抗心律失常药Ⅰ^Ⅳ类是两个因素是非ST段。抬高型心肌梗死患者半年发生次要复合心血管事件的危险因素。结论非ST段抬高型心肌梗死预后的相关因素包括既往冠心病病史、糖尿病、cTnI≥0.8μg/L、入院时静息心率>100次/min、白细胞水平,临床应给予患者针对性的治疗。     

探讨中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞比值对急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死合并多支血管病变近期临床预后的影响

目的 探讨中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞比值(NLR)对急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死(STEMI)合并多支血管病变(MVD)患者近期临床预后的影响. 方法 纳入2015年1月至2017年7月沈阳医学院附属第二医院收治并施行冠状动脉造影证实MVD的STEMI患者共140例,所有患者入院后均抽取血常规,出院后规律随访6个月,记录主要不良...     

FFR指导下功能性完全血运重建对NSTEMI并发多支病变患者短期预后影响

目的 评价血流储备分数（FFR）指导下功能性完全血运重建对非ST段抬高型心肌梗死（NSTEMI）并发多支病变患者短期预后的影响。方法 选取西京医院心血管内科95例NSTEMI并发多支病变患者为功能性完全血运重建组(冠脉造影狭窄>90%的病变直接行PCI治疗,对狭窄70%~90%的病变行FFR检查,FFR<0.75为PCI治疗的指征),同时期冠脉造影指导下完全血运重建的患者为对照(解剖学完全血运重运组)组（狭窄≥70%且直径>2.5 mm的病变常规行PCI治疗）。患者随访12个月,比较两组患者主要不良心血管事件（MACE）及再发心绞痛、因冠心病再住院发生情况和左室射血分数(LVEF)的变化。结果 与对照组比较,功能性完全血运重建组再发心绞痛〔9% vs. 30%,P<0.01〕、因冠心病再住院〔5% vs. 19%,P<0.01〕及MACE〔9% vs. 22%,P<0.05〕发生率均显著降低;两组LVEF均较术前增加〔(60±7)% vs.(56±8)%〕,功能性完全血运重建组增加显著(均P<0.05)。结论 FFR指导下功能性完全血运重建能降低患者12个月MACE发生率,减少再发心绞痛、因冠心病再住院次数,改善患者左心功能,患者近期获益明显。     

罪犯血管对行分期经皮冠状动脉介入治疗完全血运重建合并多支冠状动脉病变急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者预后的预测价值

目的 探讨罪犯血管对行分期经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)完全血运重建合并多支冠状动脉病变急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死(STEMI)患者预后的预测价值。方法 纳入行分期PCI完全血运重建合并多支冠状动脉病变急性STEMI患者163例,根据罪犯血管不同将其分为左冠状动脉前降支(LAD)组64例、左冠状动脉回旋支(LCX)组32例和右冠状动脉(RCA)组67例。比较3组患者的临床资料,随访其PCI后2年主要不良心脏事件(MACE)和支架内血栓的发生情况,主要研究终点为Kaplan-Meier估计的MACE,并进行组间比较。采用Cox回归模型分析MACE的预测因素。结果 3组患者左心室射血分数(LVEF)比较差异有统计学意义,其中LAD组低于RCA组(P<0.05)。3组患者2年预期MACE发生率比较差异有统计学意义(Log-rank P=0.049),其中LAD组患者2年预期MACE发生率高于RCA组(Log-rank P=0.020)。多因素Cox回归分析结果显示,罪犯血管、主动脉球囊反搏、LVEF及胸痛发作时间均为行分期PCI完全血运重建合并多支冠状动脉病变急性STEMI患者PCI后2...     

非ST段抬高心肌梗死预后的影响因素分析

目的分析影响非ST段抬高心肌梗死(NSTEMI)预后的相关因素及有效的治疗策略。方法收集2001年1月～2010年1月资料完整的NSTEMI患者206例,随访≥6个月,以随访6个月和2年的预后分别为近期和远期预后,记录心血管事件,包括主要终点事件(心源性死亡)和联合终点事件[心源性死亡和(或)非致死性心肌梗死],应用Cox生存模型对影响预后的多因素进行分析。结果 1 42例完成6个月随访,共发生心血管事件20例,其中心源性死亡1 6例(11.27%)、非致死性心肌梗死4例(2.82%);93例完成2年随访,共发生心血管事件20例,其中心源性死亡15例(16.1 3%)、非致死性心肌梗死5例(5.38%)。影响患者近期预后的因素为年龄、心力衰竭、肾功能不全、阿司匹林,影响患者远期预后的因素为年龄、心力衰竭、肾功能不全、阿司匹林、早期PCI。结论 NSTEMI患者预后不佳,年龄、心力衰竭、肾功能不全是最重要的危险因素,而阿司匹林是重要的保护因素,早期PCI可显著改善患者的远期预后。     

Day 1 care in patients with non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction

In 2007, the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association and the European Society of Cardiology updated their guidelines for the management of patients with non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI). Based on evidence from recent clinical studies, both 2007 guidelines recommend early risk stratification, administration of appropriate pharmacologic therapy, and selective use of percutaneous coronary intervention in order to reduce morbidity and mortality in these patients. In this article, we focus on management of patients with NSTEMI during the first 24 h of presentation and present a clinical scenario to illustrate the current guidelines-based management strategy.     

Long-term outcomes in high-risk patients with non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction

Greater use of evidence-based therapies has improved outcomes for patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS) in recent decades. Consequently, more ACS patients are surviving beyond 12 months; however, limited data exist to guide treatment in these patients. Long-term outcomes have not improved in non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) patients at the same rate seen in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction patients, possibly reflecting NSTEMI patients’ more complex clinical phenotype, including older age, greater burden of comorbidities and higher likelihood of a previous myocardial infarction (MI). This complexity impacts clinical decision-making, particularly in high-risk NSTEMI patients, in whom risk–benefit assessments are problematical. This review examines the need for more effective long-term management of NSTEMI patients who survive ≥12 months after MI. Ongoing risk assessment using objective measures of risk (for bleeding and ischemia) should be used in all post-MI patients. While 12 months appears to be the optimal duration of dual antiplatelet therapy for most patients, this may not be the case for high-risk patients, and more research is urgently needed in this population. A recent subgroup analysis from the DAPT study in patients with or without MI who had undergone coronary stenting (31 % presented with MI; 53 % had NSTEMI) and the prospective PEGASUS-TIMI 54 trial in patients with a prior MI and at least one other risk factor (40 % had NSTEMI) demonstrated that long-term dual antiplatelet therapy improved cardiovascular outcomes but increased bleeding. Further studies will help clarify the role of dual antiplatelet therapy in stable post-NSTEMI patients.     

Acute angiographic analysis of non-ST-segment elevation acute myocardial infarction

Most revascularization studies on acute myocardial infarction have included patients who have ST-segment elevation or new-onset left bundle branch block. However, the characteristics of patients who have non-ST-segment elevation acute myocardial infarction and who have undergone angiographic analysis of their infarct-related arteries have not been adequately described. This study suggests that these patients are likely to have had coronary bypass surgery (odds ratio 4.58, 95% confidence interval 1.83 to 11.5, p = 0.0012) and that circumflex artery occlusions are more likely to present as non-ST-segment elevation than as acute myocardial infarction with ST-segment elevation and/or left bundle branch block (odds ratio 2.91, 95% confidence interval 1.62 to 5.22, p = 0.0003).     

亚临床甲状腺功能减退症对非ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者心律失常事件的影响

目的探索亚临床甲状腺功能减退症(SH)对非ST段抬高型心肌梗死(NSTEMI)患者发生心律失常事件的影响。方法收集2016年1月至2018年8月就诊于河北省人民医院的NSTEMI患者。据患者甲状腺激素(TH)水平分组:甲状腺功能正常组(EU):促甲状腺素(TSH)、总甲状腺素(TT4)水平在正常范围内,n=237;SH组:TSH>4.2 mIU/L,TT4在正常范围内,n=28。比较两组患者基线资料、院内心律失常事件、院内终点事件发生情况。结果与EU组相比,SH组住院期间硝酸酯类药物使用(P=0.012)、天冬氨酸转移酶(P=0.022)、肌酸激酶(P=0.004)、红细胞计数(P=0.030)均较低,且左室收缩末期内径较小(P=0.020)。经多因素Logistic回归分析,SH组发生窦性心动过缓(OR=9.564,95%CI:1.634~55.989,P=0.012)、心房扑动(OR=7.824,95%CI:1.652~37.055,P=0.010)、房室交界区期前收缩(OR=4.940,95%CI:1.468~16.625,P=0.010)等心律失常事件风险仍较高。结论与EU组相比,SH组患者出现窦性心动过缓、心房扑动等心律失常风险增高。提前识别SH并监测NSTEMI患者的甲状腺功能有助于提前识别心律失常发作高危患者,从而使更多的患者获益。     

非ST段抬高型急性心肌梗死患者的冠脉影像特点及临床意义

目的:比较研究非ST段抬高型急性心肌梗死(NSTEMI)患者的冠脉病变特点。方法:以明确诊断为急性NSTEMI患者66例为NSTEMI组;同时选择74例不稳定型心绞痛(UAP)患者为UAP组和76例急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死(STEMI)患者为STEMI组;行冠脉造影及光学相干断层成像(OCT)检查,比较三组患者的冠脉病变特点。结果:3组的两两比较显示,NSTEMI组闭塞型病变(33.3%)和严重狭窄(70%~94%)病变(34.8%)分别显著多于UAP组的14.9%和8.1%;而NSTEMI组的闭塞性病变和严重狭窄病变与STEMI组的均无显著差异(P均0.05);NSTEMI组的C型病变43.9%显著多于UAP组的27.0%和STEMI组的31.6%,P均0.05;NSTEMI组的易损斑块(56.1%)显著多于UAP组的23.0%(P0.01),与STEMI组的56.6%比较无显著差异(P0.05)。结论:NSTEMI患者严重狭窄病变、C型病变、易损斑块显著多于UAP组;C型病变变显著多于STEMI组,闭塞型病变显著少于STEMI组。     

Impact of acute beta-blocker therapy for patients with non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction

Purpose

Early use of beta-blockers is a quality indicator for the treatment of patients with non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI), despite limited data from randomized clinical trials in this population. We sought to determine the impact of acute beta-blocker therapy on outcomes in patients with NSTEMI.

Subjects and Methods

We examined acute (<24 hours) beta-blocker use in 72,054 patients with NSTEMI from the Can Rapid Risk Stratification of Unstable Angina Patients Suppress Adverse Outcomes with Early Implementation of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Guidelines (CRUSADE) initiative at 509 US hospitals from 2001-2004. We analyzed patient and provider factors associated with beta-blocker use and the impact of beta-blocker therapy on unadjusted, risk-adjusted, and propensity matched outcomes in the overall sample and among selected high-risk subgroups.

Results

A total of 82.5% of patients without documented contraindications received acute beta-blocker therapy. Factors strongly associated with acute beta-blocker use included prior beta-blocker use, higher presenting systolic blood pressure, lower heart rate, lack of signs of heart failure, and cardiology care. Acute beta-blocker use was associated with lower in-hospital mortality (unadjusted 3.9% vs 6.9%, P <.001, adjusted odds ratio 0.66, 95% confidence interval 0.60-0.72), lower adjusted mortality among most of 6 subgroups determined by propensity to receive acute beta-blockers, and lower adjusted mortality in patients with and without signs of heart failure and in those <80 years and those ≥80 years old.

Conclusions

The majority of NSTEMI patients receive acute beta-blocker therapy. Certain patient subgroups remain undertreated. Because treatment with acute beta-blockers was associated with improved clinical outcomes in nearly all patient subgroups assessed, broader use in patients with NSTEMI appears warranted.