Finite Element Analysis of High Temperature Piping Creep for Considering the Effect of Inner Pressure and Welding Residual Stress

利用大型有限元分析软件Abaqus的多次顺次耦合功能,先对P91钢高温主蒸汽管道焊接接头焊态和焊后热处理状态进行残余应力分析, 然后采用Norton蠕变本构关系,根据P91耐热钢在625℃下焊缝、热影响区和母材的不同蠕变参数,对内压以及内压与热处理后残余应力共同作用下的接头蠕变进行有限元分析,分别得到了焊接残余应力和焊后热处理残余应力的分布规律,同时预测了在高温环境下服役105h后蠕变应变分布. 结果表明,由于高温管道的壁厚以及约束等影响, 焊后产生了较大的焊接残余应力,通过焊后热处理可以有效地降低焊接残余应力.但由于热处理残余应力的存在, 仍对高温管道焊接接头的蠕变有较大影响,并且在焊缝与热影响区的交界处存在着较大的蠕变应变.     

焊接残余应力对焊接接头蠕变性能的影响

应用大型有限元分析软件ABAQUS及其RESTART功能,建立了焊接温度场模型、残余应力场模型和蠕变分析模型.使用焊接残余应力作用下蠕变的顺次耦合有限元计算方法,对Cr5Mo加热炉炉管焊接接头残余应力和蠕变进行了数值模拟.计算方法为掌握复杂的焊接残余应力对高温炉管焊接接头的蠕变影响奠定了基础.比较了考虑焊接残余应力和仅承受内压两种工况下的炉管接头蠕变情况.结果表明,虽然焊接残余应力在短时间内松弛,但焊接残余应力决定了炉管的蠕变变形,焊接残余应力是影响炉管蠕变的重要因素.     

异种钢管子对接焊热处理前后残余应力的数值模拟

采用热-粘弹塑性有限元模型,在考虑蠕变效应的基础上,对同种及异种钢管子环焊缝焊接及焊后热处理过程进行了数值模拟.计算结果表明,经过热处理过程后,管子焊接接头的残余应力有显著的降低,约为初始状态的1/3.在热处理后期,两种接头的残余应力均出现了一定程度的回升现象.基于在相同的计算条件下,异种钢焊接接头残余应力要高于同种钢.同时,比较了过渡层对接头残余应力的影响,发现过渡层宽度对于降低异种钢焊接接头残余应力水平有重要影响.     

基于正交试验设计的高温管道焊接工艺优化

P91耐热钢焊接接头广泛用于电厂管道,厚壁管道焊接残余应力分布比较复杂,而焊接接头残余应力的大小对其高温环境下运行的蠕变又有着较大的影响.文中运用正交试验设计方法,以焊接残余应力为评价指标,对P91耐热钢管道焊接的工艺参数进行优化没计,然后采用大型有限元分析软件ABAQUS对最优焊接工艺的焊接残余应力进行数值模拟,获得了P91厚壁管道焊接接头的残余应力分布状况.结果表明,焊接速度对焊接残余应力的影响最为显著,其次电弧电压、焊接电流和坡口间隙等.研究结果为优化高温管道焊接工艺,有效控制焊接残余应力提供了可能.     

Influence of Multi-Thermal Cycle and Constraint Condition on Residual Stress in P92 Steel WeldmentEI北大核心CSCD

P92 steel is a typical 9%similar to 12% Cr ferrite heat-resistant steel with good high temperature creep resistance, relatively low linear expansion coefficient and excellent corrosion resistance, so it is one of important structural materials used in supercritical thermal power plants. Fusion welding technology has been widely used to assemble the parts in thermal power plant. When the supercritical unit is in service, its parts are constantly subjected to combination of tensile, bending, twisting and impact loads under high temperature and high pressure, and many problems such as creep, fatigue and brittle fracture often occur. It has been recognized that welding residual stress has a significant impact on creep, fatigue and brittle fracture, so it is necessary to study the residual stress of P92 steel welded joints. The evolution and formation mechanism of welding residual stress in P92 steel joints under multiple thermal cycles were investigated in this work. Based on SYSWELD software, a computational approach considering the couplings among thermal, microstructure and mechanics was developed to simulate welding residual stress in P92 steel joints. Using the developed computational tool, the evolution of residual stress in Satoh test specimens was studied, and welding residual stress distribution in double-pass welded joints was calculated. In the numerical models, the influences of volume change, yield strength variation and plasticity induced by phase transformation on welding residual stress were taken into account in details. Meanwhile, the hole-drilling method and XRD method were employed to measure the residual stress distribution in the double-pass welded joints. The simulated results match the experimental measurements well, and the comparison between measurements and predictions suggests that the computational approach developed by the current study can more accurately predict welding residual stress in multi-pass P92 steel joints. The simulated results show that the longitudinal residual stress distribution around the fusion zone has a clear tension-compression pattern. Compressive longitudinal residual stresses generated in the fusion zone and heat affected-zone (HAZ) in each pass, while tensile stresses produced near the HAZs. In addition, the numerical simulation also suggests that the transverse constraint has a large influence on the transverse residual stress, while it has an insignificant effect on the longitudinal residual stress.     

Analysis of martensite transformation behaviour in welded joint using low transformation temperature welding wire

Abstract

Low transformation temperature welding (LTTW) wire has been found to improve the fatigue strength in welded joints. In the present study, the temperature dependence of the mechanical properties in a dual phase microstructure of austenite and martensite was estimated using the properties of full austenite and full martensite in numerical analyses. A welding method effective for residual stress reduction and fatigue strength improvement was shown by applying a calculation method under transformation superplasticity and transformation induced plasticity in high strength steel welded joints. With this method, the influence of the welding pass sequence on the residual stress distribution and fatigue strength was examined in a boxing fillet welded joint using LTTW. The transformation tensile residual stress in the weld toe was decreased by sectioned welding, and the fatigue limit by sectioned welding with LTTW improved in comparison with the fatigue limit of a joint welded with conventional wire in the same process.     

马氏体/贝氏体耐热钢焊接接头的界面蠕变损伤行为

采用脉冲氩弧焊接工艺、高温加速模拟、高温持久实验研究了不同焊缝蠕变强度匹配条件下马氏体耐热钢9Cr1MoVNbN与贝氏体耐热钢12Cr2MoWVTiB异种钢焊接接头的高温强度、界面蠕变损伤及破坏特征.研究结果表明,焊前523 K预热、焊后1023 K×1 h回火条件下,接头的力学性能优异.加速模拟运行500,1000和1500 h后低匹配焊接接头的界面蠕变损伤最严重,发生了界面蠕变断裂,早期失效倾向较大;中匹配接头的蠕变损伤最小,仅发现个别孤立蠕变孔洞,早期失效倾向最小,中匹配接头在923 K下的持久强度(σ105)与低匹配接头比较接近;高匹配接头在923 K下的持久强度(σ105)最低,蠕变孔洞几乎连成裂纹,蠕变损伤和早期失效较大.因此,对于上述异种钢焊接接头采用中匹配焊缝较为合理.     

A new method for welding aluminum alloy LY12CZ sheet with high strength

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核用SA508-3钢特厚板焊后热处理有限元分析

为了得到SA508-3钢特厚板焊接残余应力分布及焊后热处理对残余应力分布的影响,利用有限元方法对焊接及焊后热处理进行了模拟计算,计算结果表明:焊后热处理对试板焊接应力分布趋势影响较小,但焊后热处理可以大大减小接头应力数值,其中,纵向应力最大减小幅度为72%,横向应力最大减小幅度为70%;焊接接头存在应力分布准稳定区,且接头内部残余应力水平最小,其次为接头上表面,接头下表面应力水平最大;通过残余应力测定试验与模拟结果比对,两者结果吻合度很高,说明计算模型及计算方法可靠,可以指导实际SA508-3钢特厚板焊后热处理生产.     

Influence of Inter-Pass Temperature on Residual Stress in Multi-Layer and Multi-Pass Butt-Welded 9%Cr Heat-Resistant Steel PipesEI北大核心CSCD

9% Cr heat-resistant steels have been abundantly used in boilers of modern thermal plants. The 9% Cr steel components in thermal plant boilers are usually assembled by fusion welding. Many of the degradation mechanisms of welded joints can be aggravated by welding residual stress. Tensile residual stress in particular can exacerbate cold cracking tendency, fatigue crack development and the onset of creep damage in heat-resistant steels. It has been recognized that welding residual stress can be mitigated by low temperature martensitic transformation in 9% Cr heat-resistant steel. Neverthe-less, the stress mitigation effect seems to be confined around the final weld pass in multi-layer and multi-pass 9% Cr steel welded pipes. The purpose of this work is to investigate the method to break through this confine. Influence of martensitic transformation on welding stress evolution in multi-layer and multi-pass butt-welded 9% Cr heat-resistant steel pipes for different inter-pass temperatures (IPT) was investigated through finite element method, and the influential mechanism of IPT on welding residual stress was revealed. The results showed that tensile residual stress in weld metal (WM) and heat affected zone (HAZ), especially the noteworthy tensile stress in WM at pipe central, was effectively mitigated with the increasing of IPT. The reasons lie in two aspects, firstly, there is more residual austenite in the case of higher IPT, as a result, lower tensile stress is accumulated during cooling due to the lower yield strength of austenite; secondly, the higher IPT suppresses the martensitic transformation during cooling of each weld pass, thus the tensile stress mitigation due to martensitic transformation was avoided to be eliminated by welding thermal cycles of subsequent weld passes and reaccumulating tensile residual stress. The influence of IPT on welding residual stress relies on the combined contribution of thermal contraction and martensitic transformation. When the IPT is lower than martensite transformation finishing temperature (M-f), thermal contraction plays the dominant role in the formation of welding residual stress, and tensile stress was formed in the majority of weld zone except the final weld pass. While, compressive stress was formed in almost whole weld zone due to martensitic transformation when the IPT is higher than martensite transformation starting temperature (M-s).     

焊接残余应力下氢扩散的数值模拟

利用有限元软件ABAQUS,开发了一个焊接残余应力作用下氢扩散的耦合有限元计算程序,对湿硫化氢环境下16MnR钢液化石油气球罐焊接接头焊态残余应力诱导氢扩散的分布规律进行数值模拟,并与无应力状态下的氢扩散进行了比较,为掌握焊接接头氢致开裂的判据打下基础.结果表明,在焊接残余应力作用下,氢向高应力区富集,经过一段时间后,达到稳定.在热影响区附近,形成一个氢浓度低谷,两侧分别形成浓度梯度界面和应力梯度界面,能够诱导氢向高应力区长程扩散.     

换热器管子与管板焊接接头残余应力数值模拟

利用有限元软件ABAQUS,对换热器管子与管板焊接残余应力进行数值模拟,获得了焊接接头残余应力的分布规律,比较了伸出角接头和内角接头的优劣.计算结果表明,内角接头残余应力比伸出角接头小.最大径向应力出现在管板表面的热影响区,对管板表面裂纹有主要影响.最大环向应力出现在焊缝根部,对管子与管板连接失效影响较大.相邻两换热管之间,由于后面换热管的焊接加热作用,使前面管子焊缝局部应力值下降,有利于降低应力腐蚀开裂的敏感性.研究结果为优化换热器管子与管板的焊接工艺、控制残余应力提供了理论依据.     

Suggestion of welding procedure for compressive residual stress induction by using low transformation temperature welding materials

ABSTRACT

To understand the cause of compressive residual stress in welded joints, we analysed by numerical analysis the effect of welding pass sequence using low transformation temperature (LTT) welding materials on residual stress around the weld toe of boxing fillet welded joints. It was determined by numerical analysis that the produced compressive residual stress and the influence of the stiffeners are reduced in the equivalent position of the weld toe in a fillet welded joint because of the influence on the behaviour of the stiffener in the weld being due to residual stress distribution around the weld toe. The residual stress reduction method of extending the length of the welded bead and releasing the weld toe from the stiffener, similar to the concept of discarding a bead to reduce tensile residual stress, was effective in fillet welded joints. Numerical analysis of the relationship between residual stress around the weld toe and width of the weld bead in the bead-on-plate welding model clarified that compressive residual stress can be introduced around the weld toe by having a wide width weld bead. In addition, a fully penetrated welded joint was very effective for causing compressive residual stress around the weld toe.     

Ti6Al4V激光焊接接头非均匀梯度特征研究现状

Ti6Al4V钛合金在激光焊接过程中,由于热源密度高,在焊缝及其附近的狭窄区域形成了极大的温度梯度,并导致焊接接头形成大梯度的组织性能和残余应力。基于国内外的文献,综合研究了钛合金激光焊温度、接头组织、显微性能与残余应力的非均匀梯度特征。研究表明,对于焊接接头大梯度特征的研究,主要集中在分析组织、性能和残余应力的不均匀性方面,而未对梯度特征做出定量分析与评价。因此,如何对焊后组织性能和残余应力的梯度特征进行有效直观的量化表征,对于激光焊接接头的整体性能及安全评价有着重要的意义。     

能量配比对激光-MIG复合焊接头残余应力的影响

采用不同激光/电弧能量配比(QRLA)对8 mm厚Q345钢板进行激光-MIG(metal inert gas,MIG)复合焊接,研究了QRLA对复合焊接头的截面形貌和显微组织的影响,并分析了不同QRLA下焊接过程的温度场和接头残余应力分布的变化规律.结果表明,随着QRLA增大,熔宽显著下降,焊接过程的最高温度略有升高...     

焊后热处理对P92钢管道焊接残余应力场的影响

采用红外热成像仪测量了P92钢管道在焊接过程中的温度场分布,由此获得P92钢焊接过程的温度循环曲线;采用有限元方法模拟了P92钢管道多层多道焊的整个焊接过程,获得焊接温度场分布,与P92钢焊接温度场实测结果吻合良好,验证了模拟计算的准确性;采用间接法,利用温度场结果计算了P92钢管道环焊缝焊接形成的残余应力场,并重点分析了焊后热处理前后的焊接残余应力变化情况.结果表明,焊后热处理对P92钢管道焊接残余应力具有明显的消除作用,但不能完全消除,焊缝中依然存在较大的拉伸残余应力.     

球罐焊接残余应力数值模拟分析

利用有限元法动态模拟球罐环焊缝以及平板的焊接过程,分析了球罐焊接过程温度场的变化状况和焊接残余应力分布规律.结果表明,焊接热影响区范围很小,球罐环焊缝焊接残余应力是经向和径向坐标的函数,纬向焊接残余应力大于经向应力,两向应力的最大值均处在热影响区内,最大应力值超出了材料的屈服极限,是产生裂纹缺陷的原因之一等.用X射线衍射的方法测试了平板焊接接头的焊后残余应力,并将测试结果与有限元模拟计算结果比对,验证了模拟计算方法的可靠性和计算结果的正确性.     

数值计算模拟工艺参数对电子束焊接残余应力的影响

电子束焊接残余应力的实测需要花费大量成本,因此采用数值模拟其焊接残余应力的大小和分布具有重要意义.利用三维有限元分析程序,建立了TC4钛合金板电子束焊接温度场和残余应力场的有限元分析模型,着重分析了高压和中压两种工艺参数对其接头焊接残余应力的影响.旨在探讨不同工艺参数对电子束焊接过程的影响规律,从而优化工艺,降低成本.计算结果表明,采用中压参数焊接的电子束焊接接头残余应力的峰值比采用高压参数的接头残余应力峰值高;而且其残余应力分布更集中于焊接接头中段.     

焊接残余应力对Invar钢疲劳寿命影响分析

利用有限元软件MSC.Marc计算了液化石油天然气船液舱Invar钢薄膜的焊接温度场和残余应力场,并计算了焊接残余应力与液体晃荡压力耦合条件下焊缝处的疲劳寿命.结果表明,焊缝表面中心线上的节点的纵向残余应力可达298.1 MPa左右,焊缝纵向残余应力的峰值可达328.3 MPa左右,高于Invar钢的室温屈服强度280.1 MPa.由于焊接残余应力的存在,Invar钢薄膜焊缝的疲劳寿命约由2.1×106降低到1.7×105.     

混流式转轮焊接残余应力测试新装置与新方法

混流式转轮叶片出水边焊接接头区域存在的较高残余应力是导致转轮疲劳开裂的重要原因,混流式转轮焊后及热处理后的焊接残余应力测试已经成为转轮制造过程中的必要工艺,其测试精度及效率对转轮制造质量及效率有重要影响.根据转轮的结构特点研发了新型残余应力测试装置,并根据转轮疲劳开裂的特点确定了针对混流式转轮焊接残余应力测试的新方法,实际应用试验结果表明测试所得结果能够真实反映热处理前后转轮易开裂区域的残余应力分布情况.新型测试设备及方法完全适用于混流式转轮的残余应力测试,而且具有非常高的测试精度及效率.