活性炭吸附-微波诱导氧化处理有机废水

研究了化工废水中有机污染物在颗粒活性炭(GAC)上的吸附行为,以及用微波辐照再生活性炭使污染物被诱导氧化的过程.结果表明,污染物在GAC上的吸附动力学为一级过程,修正后的Freundlich 吸附等温线模型能更好地定量描述其吸附过程.再生后活性炭的碘值可以达到900mg·g-1左右,且能耗相对较低.     

微波诱导改性活性炭催化处理低浓度抗生素废水

通过采用负载FeSO4活性炭、CuSO4活性炭和一般活性炭作为微波催化剂处理抗生素废水的对比实验,研究不同负载方法对抗生素制药废水COD去除的差别,结果表明,负载FeSO4的活性炭作为催化剂的微波处理系统对COD的去除率最高.以微波诱导负载FeSO4的活性炭为催化剂对抗生素制药废水进行处理,结果表明,增大负载FeSO4活性炭质量,微波辐射时间和微波功率,均有利于抗生素废水中COD的去除,但各影响因素的取值并不是越大越好.对微波诱导负载FeSO4活性炭催化工艺处理抗生素废水进行反应动力学分析,结果显示,过程近似一级反应,其动力学方程为:lnC0/C=0.1413t+5.4121,r=0.9876.反应动力学常数为0.1413 min-1.     

活性炭辅助微波热解污泥反应条件的试验研究

针对微波不能直接实现原污水污泥高温热解的问题,采用活性炭作为微波能吸收物质辅助污泥热解。对影响污泥热解效能的3个主要因素：污泥样品量、活性炭掺杂量和微波辐射功率,各做了3个水平的考察,得到了试验条件下的最优方案：污泥样品量30g、活性炭掺杂量6g、微波辐射功率1200W。结果表明：在最优试验方案下,污泥能在7min内升至920℃的高温,实现污泥快速、高效热解。通过分析3个因素对污泥热解效能的影响,进一步对最优试验方案下的固体产物吸收微波的性能及用其作为掺杂物辅助微波热解污水污泥的可行性进行了研究,结果表明：固体残渣吸收微波性能良好,可以代替活性炭作为更经济、高效的污泥微波热解辅助材料。     

活性炭的光催化再生机理

通过研究催化剂的改性、再生温度、外加氧化剂对活性炭光催化再生反应速度的影响,结合光催化与活性炭的吸附理论,分析了活性炭的光催化再生机理．研究表明,活性炭的光催化再生由三个准一级反应组成．再生初期,再生反应速度由TiO2光催化降解吸附质的速率决定;反应的第二个阶段由光催化反应速度和吸附质的解吸速度共同决定;再生后期,再生反应速度由吸附质在活性炭上的解吸速率所决定．活性炭表面及其大孔内负载的Ti0：是使苯酚降解转化分解为无机物的降解中心．正是由于降解中心的存在及其表面苯酚浓度趋于零的状态,使得已吸附于活性炭孔内的苯酚不断向这个中心扩散,形成活性炭孔内苯酚的浓度差．在浓度差的作用下,扩散作用持续进行,导致活性炭内吸附位的逐步空出,从而实现活性炭的光催化再生．     

微波诱导活性炭氧化降解阳离子红GTL废水的特性

采用微波诱导氧化工艺技术,以活性炭为催化剂,对阳离子红GTL染料废水进行氧化处理,考察了活性炭用量、微波功率、反应时间及染料初始质量浓度对阳离子红GTL去除率的影响,利用SEM/EDS、BET表征了反应前后活性炭的结构及组分变化.结果表明:微波和活性炭具有协同效应;在pH=7.0,活性炭用量4 g,阳离子红质量浓度为50 mg·L-1,微波功率300 W,反应时间4 min的条件下,阳离子红GTL去除率达到99.4%;活性炭的结构与组分影响阳离子红GTL的微波处理效果.     

湿式氧化再生饱和片状活性炭及机理研究

采用湿式氧化装置再生吸附间甲酚饱和片状活性炭,采用标准再吸附实验法测定饱和活性炭的再生效率,确定湿式氧化再生的最佳反应时间和温度.通过总有机碳测定仪和高效液相色谱测得再生过程中总有机碳和间甲酚浓度变化,其中间甲酚浓度由脱附过程和降解过程综合影响.通过高效液相色谱和气相色谱-质谱联用确定活性炭再生过程产物包括:间甲酚降解产物乙酸、丙烯酸以及部分稳定的大分子物质,其中乙酸浓度变化是导致总有机碳变化的主要因素.通过氮气吸附脱附测试可知,再生过程中活性炭表面有部分塌陷.通过程序升温脱附-质谱联用技术得出经过再生处理的活性炭表面氧化官能团的数量有显著增加,其中以羧酸酐类和内酯的增加最为显著,表明再生过程中活性炭表面部分被氧化.通过溶液分析以及表征结果,推测再生过程的反应机理.     

催化剂对甲醛废水湿式氧化的增效作用

在设定的湿式氧化条件下 ,从若干种金属盐中筛选了Cu(NO3) 2 作为氧化甲醛废水的催化剂 ,考察了Cu(NO3) 2 用量、废水的初始浓度及温度对有机物去除率的影响 ,结果表明 :Cu(NO3) 2 以 5mg·l- 1 Cu2 计量投加为宜 ,甲醛初始浓度在 480mg·l- 1 — 1 5 0 0mg·l- 1 范围内一直保持较高的去除率 ,反应的适宜温度为 1 40℃以上 ;根据反应过程数据建立了该催化氧化反应的分段一级动力学模型 ,求得甲醛氧化动力学模型快、慢步骤的表观活化能分别为7 2 9kJ·mol- 1 和 1 4 45kJ·mol- 1 ;而COD降解动力学模型快、慢步骤的表观活化能则分别为2 0 47kJ·mol- 1 和 2 9 5 2kJ·mol- 1 .     

活性炭纤维的表面结构及其吸附模式

迄今的吸附模式,Henry定律、Langmuir模型、BET模型、D-R方程、D-A方程都分别适用于不同的表面结构,对于活性炭纤维（Activated Corbon Fiber,ACF）这种特殊的炭吸附材料适用于哪种吸附模型,未见有文献专题论述。本论文在对ACF材料进行了大量表面结构研究的基础上,对ACF的表面结构与颗粒活性炭（GranularActivated Carbon,GAC）的表面进行了对比,并尝试性地对适用于ACF的吸附模式进行了计算和比较,得到了一些有价值的结论。     

活性炭及不同土壤吸附-超临界CO2再生四氯乙烯的特性

为解决干洗店等清洗行业排放的含四氯乙烯(PCE)三废的环境污染问题,开发一种使用经济、适用、有效且无污染的处理技术,需要收集相关的基础参数.文章研究了活性炭及兰州市三种不同的土壤对水中PCE吸附特性及超临界CO2再生活性炭及土壤萃取回收PCE的特性,结果表明,活性炭与土壤吸附水中PCE达到平衡的时间均为7 d,吸附等温线均可用Freundlich等温式拟合,且有较好的相关性;活性炭与不同土壤对PCE吸附能力差异较大,吸附能力由大到小为活性炭>林土>灌淤土>黄绵土,且土壤的吸附能力与土壤有机质、含水率及pH值关系密切;超临界CO2再生活性炭与土壤回收PCE,分别在35 ℃、20 MPa和60 ℃、20 MPa这样不太苛刻的条件下通过调整S/F值可获得较高的回收率,为PCE的污染治理技术提供理论依据.     

活性炭吸附对印染废水生化出水中不同种类有机物的去除效果

染料废水是含有一定量有毒物质的有机废水,具有高COD和高色度.传统的生化方法能够去除纺织印染废水中的大部分有机物,然而出水仍有相当大的色度,因此后续处理是必要的.活性炭是使用最广泛和最有效的吸附剂,能很好地去除色度.本文以印染废水生化出水中的溶解性有机物为研究对象,     

可燃吸附剂从焦化废水中分离潜热实现低能耗工艺的实验研究——以活性炭为例

以活性炭和焦化废水为例,将吸附废水尾水的粉末活性炭(PAC)分离,再吸附原水,从吸附过程和投加量考察COD的去除,运用GC/MS对吸附过程的微观组分进行解析,再进行燃烧热值测定.研究结果表明,针对尾水选择合适粉末活性炭,少量投加即可使出水COD达标排放;吸附尾水时主要去除生物系统难以降解的有机组分,再吸附原水时,对酚类物质、氮杂环化合物以及多环芳烃类都具有显著的效果,表现出非选择性,吸附过程完全受控于高浓度组分;单位废水可提供的热值Qw=(45.990±3.521)×Cm,吸附原水有机物的活性炭,其燃烧热值有显著提高,增量ΔQ由ΔQ=(45.990±3.521)×(Cm-Ce)×V决定.针对高浓度难降解的工业有机废水,上述工艺通过能源回收的方式可实现工程造价与运行费用的显著降低.     

Catalytic decomposition of low level ozone with gold nanoparticles supported on activated carbon

Highly dispersed gold nanoparticles were supported on coal-based activated carbon (AC) by a sol immobilization method and were used to investigate their catalytic activity for low-level ozone decomposition at ambient temperature. Nitrogen adsorption-desorption, scanning electron microscope (SEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were used to characterize the catalysts before and after ozone decomposition. The results showed that the supported gold nanoparticles prepared with microwave heating were much smaller and more uniformly dispersed on the activated carbon than those prepared with traditional conduction heating, exhibiting higher catalytic activity for ozone decomposition. The pH values of gold precursor solution significantly influenced the catalytic activity of supported gold for ozone decomposition, and the best pH value was 8. In the case of space velocity of 120000h⁻¹, inlet ozone concentration of 50mg/m³, and relative humidity of 45%, the Au/AC catalyst maintained the ozone removal ratio at 90.7% after 2500min. After being used for ozone decomposition, the surface carbon of the catalyst was partly oxidized and the oxygen content increased accordingly, while its specific surface area and pore volume only decreased a little. Ozone was mainly catalytically decomposed by the gold nanoparticles supported on the activated carbon.     

Removal of heavy metals from aqueous solutions using activated carbon prepared from Cicer arietinum

Removal of Cu²⁺, Cd²⁺, Pb²⁺, and Zn²⁺ from aqueous solutions by activated carbon prepared from stems and seed hulls of Cicer arietinum, an agricultural solid waste, has been studied. The influence of various parameters, such as pH, contact time, adsorbent dose, and initial concentration of metal ions on removal was evaluated. The activated carbon was characterized by FT-IR spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and elemental analysis. Sorption isotherms were studied using Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. All experimental sorption data were fitted to the sorption models using nonlinear least-squares regression. The maximum adsorption capacity values for activated carbon prepared from Cicer arietinum waste for metal ions were 18 mg g^?1 (Cu²⁺), 18 mg g^?1 (Cd²⁺), 20 mg g^?1 (Pb²⁺), and 20 mg g^?1 (Zn²⁺), respectively. The Freundlich isotherm model fit was best, followed by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Desorption studies were carried out with dilute hydrochloric acid for quantitative recovery of the metal ions and for regeneration of the adsorbent.     

粉煤灰活性炭处理含铜废水的性能

为了研究粉煤灰活性炭的吸附性能,以原粉煤灰和纯活性炭作对照,比较3种吸附剂在不同时间、pH和投加量下处理含Cu(Ⅱ)废水的性能.结果表明,在pH 5,吸附时间60 min的条件下,纯活性炭、粉煤灰活性炭和粉煤灰对含Cu(Ⅱ)废水的去除率依次为100%、97%和78.7%,粉煤灰活性炭吸附性能接近纯活性炭.Cu饱和的粉煤灰活性炭,用0.2 mol.L-1浓度的HCl清洗解吸效果最好.在饱和吸附和解吸重复10次后,再生粉煤灰活性炭的吸附容量下降20%,接近活性炭的18%,充分说明粉煤灰活性炭有较好的可再生性.粉煤灰制成粉煤灰活性炭,用于含金属废水的治理,不仅效果好、成本低,还是粉煤灰资源化的重要途径,有广阔的应用前景.     

Influence of pore structure on biologically activated carbon performance and biofilm microbial characteristics

• Pore structure affects biologically activated carbon performance. • Pore structure determines organic matter (OM) removal mechanism. • Microbial community structure is related to pore structure and OM removal. Optimizing the characteristics of granular activated carbon (GAC) can improve the performance of biologically activated carbon (BAC) filters, and iodine value has always been the principal index for GAC selection. However, in this study, among three types of GAC treating the same humic acid-contaminated water, one had an iodine value 35% lower than the other two, but the dissolved organic carbon removal efficiency of its BAC was less than 5% away from the others. Iodine value was found to influence the removal of different organic fractions instead of the total removal efficiency. Based on the removal and biological characteristics, two possible mechanisms of organic matter removal during steady-state were suggested. For GAC with poor micropore volume and iodine value, high molecular weight substances (3500–9000 Da) were removed mainly through degradation by microorganisms, and the biodegraded organics (soluble microbial by-products,<3500 Da) were released because of the low adsorption capacity of activated carbon. For GAC with higher micropore volume and iodine value, organics with low molecular weight (<3500 Da) were more easily removed, first being adsorbed by micropores and then biodegraded by the biofilm. The biomass was determined by the pore volume with pore diameters greater than 100 μm, but did not correspond to the removal efficiency. Nevertheless, the microbial community structure was coordinate with both the pore structure and the organic removal characteristics. The findings provide a theoretical basis for selecting GAC for the BAC process based on its pore structure.     

改性污泥活性炭对苯乙烯的吸附

以城市污泥为原料制备活性炭,对其进行改性,研究了改性前后的比表面积、表面酸碱基团、对苯乙烯的静态吸附容量、吸附穿透曲线、脱附活化能等吸附性能.结果表明,硫酸铜溶液浸渍改性后可使污泥活性炭比表面积明显提高,其中0.1 mol.L-1硫酸铜溶液浸渍改性的污泥活性炭较改性前的比表面积提高了32%(达704.7 m.2g-1).硫酸铝溶液和硫酸铜溶液浸渍改性可以使污泥活性炭表面酸性基团含量提高、表面碱性基团含量减少;对苯乙烯的静态吸附容量提高到改性前的两倍以上(分别达211.4 mg.g-1和178.8 mg.g-1)、对苯乙烯的动态吸附穿透时间由2 min提高到10 min以上、脱附活化能由2.94 kJ.mol-1提高到6 kJ.mol-1以上.改性后活性污泥炭的吸附性能得到明显提高.     

Fluorescence spectroscopic studies of the effect of granular activated carbon adsorption on structural properties of dissolved organic matter fractions

This work investigated the effect of granular activated carbon adsorption (GACA) on fluorescence characteristics of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in secondary effluent, by means of excitation–emission matrix (EEM) spectra, the fluorescence regional integration (FRI) method, synchronous spectra, the fluorescence index defined as the ratio of fluorescence emission intensity at wavelength 450 nm to that at 500 nm at excitation (λ_ex)=370 nm, and the wavelength that corresponds to the position of the normalized emission band at its half intensity (λ_0.5). DOM in the secondary effluent from the North Wastewater Treatment Plant (Shenyang, China) was fractionated using XAD resins into 5 fractions: hydrophobic acid (HPO–A), hydrophobic neutral (HPO–N), transphilic acid (TPI–A), transphilic neutral (TPI–N) and hydrophilic fraction (HPI). Results showed that fluorescent materials in HPO–N and TPI–N were less readily removed than those in the other fractions by GACA. The relative content of fluorescent materials in HPO–A, TPI–A and HPI decreased whereas that in HPO–N and TPI–N increased as a consequence of GACA. Polycyclic aromatics in all DOM fractions were preferentially absorbed by GACA, in comparison with bulk DOM expressed as DOC. On the other hand, the adsorption of aromatic amino acids and humic acid-like fluorophores exhibiting fluorescence peaks in synchronous spectra by GACA seemed to be dependent on the acid/neutral properties of DOM fractions. All five fractions had decreased fluorescence indices as a result of GACA. GACA led to a decreased λ_0.5 value for HPO–A, increased λ_0.5 values for HPO–N, TPI–A and HPI, and a consistent λ_0.5 value for TPI–N.