利用GCITEM-IGGCAS模拟DE2潮汐Hough波模对电离层的影响

本文利用GCITEM-IGGCAS模式,从电动力学耦合作用和直接上传两种作用方式,详细模拟研究了DE2潮汐4种Hough波模分量对电离层的影响.我们将不同种类的Hough波模分别输入到模式当中作为底层边界条件,驱动模式模拟得到电离层的电子密度变化,从中分离两种作用机制的响应进行分析.模拟结果发现电离层对DE2的4种Hough波模的响应都表现为半年变化,波峰出现在春季和秋季,波谷则出现在冬季和夏季.一天的变化特性上,赤道对称波模的响应出现明显的4个峰值和谷值,其他3种波模响应主要表现为一个峰值和谷值.4种波模当中赤道对称波模对电离层的作用最为明显,占据主导地位,对电离层的影响表现为波动效应,其中3波分量的响应最强,主要由电动力学作用控制.其他3种波模对电离层则是削弱作用.本研究可以帮助我们更深刻的理解非迁移潮汐对电离层的作用方式和效果.

     

Athens地区电离层TEC、NmF2以及板厚

本文使用Athens站2001—2005年间电离层GPS/TEC和f_oF₂数据,分析了TEC、N_mF₂和电离层板厚τ日变化、季节变化特征以及与太阳活动的统计关系,得到以下结论:电离层TEC和N_mF₂具有相似的日变化特征,最大值出现在14∶00LT;TEC在2001和2002年白天出现"冬季异常"现象,N_mF₂在2001—2005年白天均出现该现象;电离层板厚τ主要分布在200~600 km,存在黎明峰和日落峰双峰结构,黎明峰一般出现在5∶00—6∶00LT,日落峰结构一般从日落后开始出现,在午夜前达到极大值;14∶00LT和2∶00LT时刻TEC、N_mF₂同太阳活动的关系呈现"线性"、"饱和"以及"放大"趋势,而τ则出现正、负及不明显的线性关系;最后,我们分析认为黎明峰归因于电离层TEC增加以及N_mF₂的减少,而日落峰主要是由TEC减少速度低于N_mF₂造成的.     

利用中国GPS站网对地震波引发的大尺度电离层扰动的观测

地震瑞利波在沿地表传输时衰减很慢,其能量在远离震中的区域仍然能够激发大气和电离层扰动.本文利用中国境内的GPS接收机网络观测电离层总电子含量（total electron content,TEC）,分析了2011年日本地震后在中国区域上空产生的电离层扰动.研究发现,瑞利波的能量从地面经大气耦合传输到电离层高度,导致在中国区域上空电离层出现与瑞利波传播同步的TEC扰动.利用中东部的稠密接收机网络,还揭示了扰动的大尺度二维空间结构：瑞利波经过后产生的TEC扰动呈条带状,在中纬度地区沿西北-东南方向排列,而在低纬度大致为东西方向.条带的转向可能与地磁场作用下的中性-离子耦合过程有关,大气波动导致的等离子扰动倾向于沿磁力线方向（向南）传播,从而形成垂直磁力线方向（东西）的波前结构.这是首次在远离震中的区域使用GPS站网研究地震波耦合电离层扰动的大尺度二维空间结构.

     

沈阳站电离层F2层临界频率变化特征

本文对沈阳站电离层测高仪2009-2012年观测数据的月均值进行了统计分析,揭示了沈阳站电离层F2层临界频率的日变化和年变化特征。     

f0F2 半年变化的特征和一种可能机制

利用东亚和澳大利亚扇区不同地磁纬度台站和两个极区台站1974-1986 年电离层垂直探测数据, 分析了f₀F₂ 半年变化的主要特征. 提出了产生f₀F₂ 半年变化的一种新的物理机制: 低热层日潮的半年变化, 引起赤道电急流幅度的半年变化, 通过 喷泉效应! 使得赤道电离层异常幅度产生半年变化, 从而形成f₀F₂ 的半年变化.     

借助连续的GPS TEC测量记录到的地震前电离层异常

本文旨在通过全球定位系统（GPS）地面接收器得到的总电子含量（TEC）来研究地震发生前的电离层异常．利用连续15天的TEC中值和相关的四分位距（IQR）作为参考来识别1999年9月到2002年12月之间台湾地区20个M≥6．0的地震发生前的异常信号。结果表明在其中的16个地震发生的前5天18：00—22：00LT（LT=UT＋8h）之间出现了电离层异常。80％的成功率表明用GPSTEC记录大地震前的电离层异常是有效的。     

中纬度电离层电子总量冬夜增长研究

本文研究太阳活动低年期间英国South Uist、Hawick和Aberystwyth三台站电离层电子总量的冬夜行为特性。法拉第旋转记录分析表明,中纬度电离层电子总量冬夜增长幅度和出现率同季节和台站纬度有关。文中详细考察了冬夜增长的发生时刻和持续时间的分布状况,电子总量冬夜极大值位置,冬夜电子总量W型特征面貌,冬夜增长的运动速度与方向等,发现电离层电子总量冬夜值和冬夜增长同地磁活动指数之间存在着负相关关系。对冬夜增长的机制,本文提出一种磁共轭电离迁移与等离子层电离库原理。指出在冬夏至期间,由于南北半球的太阳天顶角、日照时间、大气温度和电离密度的显著差别,在全球范围内依次于各地傍晚时分,发生一种从夏半球中纬度电离层沿高空磁力线并经等离子层电离库的调节,而朝向冬半球中纬度电离层共轭区的电离迁移和电离层贸易风,以此来解释电离层电子总量的夜间行为。     

用理论模式研究电离层F1－ledge的变化

利用一个时变电离层理论模式，研究武昌地区（３０．５°Ｎ，１１４．４°Ｅ）电离层Ｆ_１－ｌｅｄｓｅ现象．表明利用当前关于中性气体和太阳辐射的经验模式，观测到的Ｆ_１－ｌｅｄｇｅ出现与演化的基本规律将可基于现有电离层理论加以再现．指出较明显的Ｆ_１－ｌｅｄｇｅ结构同较低的中性原子－分子含量比有直接关系，并同原子－分子成份的过渡高度、背景温度及其垂直分布形态有一定联系．同Ｆ_１－ｌｅｄｇｅ形态相关联的Ｆ_１－Ｆ_２谷，其出现主要是由于亚稳态氧离子参与光化过程，以及电离气体参与具有一定垂直变化的输运过程．     

中纬度电离层电子总量冬夜增长研究

本文研究太阳活动低年期间英国South Uist、Hawick和Aberystwyth三台站电离层电子总量的冬夜行为特性。法拉第旋转记录分析表明,中纬度电离层电子总量冬夜增长幅度和出现率同季节和台站纬度有关。文中详细考察了冬夜增长的发生时刻和持续时间的分布状况,电子总量冬夜极大值位置,冬夜电子总量W型特征面貌,冬夜增长的运动速度与方向等,发现电离层电子总量冬夜值和冬夜增长同地磁活动指数之间存在着负相关关系。对冬夜增长的机制,本文提出一种磁共轭电离迁移与等离子层电离库原理。指出在冬夏至期间,由于南北半球的太阳天顶角、日照时间、大气温度和电离密度的显著差别,在全球范围内依次于各地傍晚时分,发生一种从夏半球中纬度电离层沿高空磁力线并经等离子层电离库的调节,而朝向冬半球中纬度电离层共轭区的电离迁移和电离层贸易风,以此来解释电离层电子总量的夜间行为。     

2018年8月5日印度尼西亚地震震前电离层异常特征

基于2018年8月5日印度尼西亚地震震中（116.45°E,8.33°S）附近的澳大利亚达尔文站和位于震中磁力线共轭区域的武汉站的电离层测高仪观测数据,以及相同区域全球卫星导航系统接收机的观测数据,对该地震震前的电离层异常扰动特征进行了分析。结果显示,震前同时观测到了电离层F₂层临界频率（f_oF2）和总电子含量（TEC）时间序列的异常。基于岩石圈-大气层-电离层直流电场耦合模式和美国国家大气研究中心的热层-电离层环流耦合模式（NCAR/HAO TIEGCM）对震前震中及其对应磁力线共轭点区域的电子密度异常进行了模拟,模拟结果表明,在地震异常电场的作用下,地震区域及其对应半球的磁共轭区域的TEC和电离层F₂层峰值电子密度N_mF2发生了明显扰动。      

Anomalous electron density events in the quiet summer ionosphere at solar minimum over Millstone Hill

This study compares the observed behavior of the F region ionosphere over Millstone Hill with calculations from the IZMIRAN model for solar minimum for the geomagnetically quiet period 23–25 June 1986, when anomalously low values of hmF2(<200 km) were observed. We found that these low values of hmF2 (seen as a G condition on ionograms) exist in the ionosphere due to a decrease of production rates of oxygen ions resulting from low values of atomic oxygen density. Results show that determination of a G condition using incoherent scatter radar data is sensitive both to the true concentration of O⁺ relative to the molecular ions, and to the ion composition model assumed in the data reduction process. The increase in the O⁺ + N₂ loss rate due to vibrationally excited N₂ produces a reduction in NmF2 of typically 5–10%, but as large as 15%, bringing the model and data into better agreement. The effect of vibrationally excited NO⁺ ions on electron densities is negligible.     

磁偏角和热层风对中纬电离层TEC经度分布的影响

本文利用北美、南美和大洋洲三个地区的电离层TEC数据,分析了磁偏角为零的经度线两侧中纬电离层TEC的差异.结果表明,在2001年至2010年的几乎所有季节,在磁偏角为零的经度东西两侧,北美、南美和大洋洲中纬电离层TEC都存在规则性的差异;中纬电离层TEC的这种经度差异显著地依赖地方时,对季节和太阳活动水平也有不同程度的依赖.地磁场影响下电离层与热层动力学耦合的分析表明,磁偏角的经度变化和热层风的地方时变化两者的共同作用是引起磁偏角为零的经度两侧中纬电离层TEC差异的重要原因之一.     

Spectral energy contributions of quasi-periodic oscillations (2–35 days) to the variability of the f oF2

The relative contributions of quasi-periodic oscillations from 2 to 35 days to the variability of f_oF2 at middle northern latitudes between 42°N and 60°N are investigated. The f_oF2 hourly data for the whole solar cycle 21 (1976–1986) for four European ionospheric stations Rome (41.9°N, 12.5°E), Poitiers (46.5°N, 0.3°E), Kaliningrad (54.7°N, 20.6°E) and Uppsala (59.8°N, 17.6°E) are used for analysis. The relative contributions of different periodic bands due to planetary wave activity and solar flux variations are evaluated by integrated percent contributions of spectral energy for these bands. The observations suggest that a clearly expressed seasonal variation of percent contributions exists with maximum at summer solstice and minimum at winter solstice for all periodic bands. The contributions for summer increase when the latitude increases. The contributions are modulated by the solar cycle and simultaneously influenced by the long-term geomagnetic activity variations. The greater percentage of spectral energy between 2 to 35 days is contributed by the periodic bands related to the middle atmosphere planetary wave activity.     

First observation of quasi-2-day oscillations in ionospheric plasma frequency at fixed heights

The existence and development of the quasi-2-day oscillations in the plasma frequency variations of the F region at northern middle latitudes are investigated. A new approach to study the quasi-2-day oscillations is presented, using a methodology that allows us to do such a study at fixed heights. The hourly values of plasma frequency at fixed heights, from 170 km to 220 km at 10 km step, obtained at the Observatori de lEbre station (40.8°N, 0.5°E) during 1995 are used for analysis. It is found that quasi-2-day oscillations exist and persisted in the ionospheric plasma frequency variations over the entire year 1995 for all altitudes investigated. The dominant period of oscillation ranges from 42 to 56 h. The amplitude of oscillation is from 0.1 MHz to 1 MHz. The activity of the quasi-2-day oscillation is better expressed during the summer half year when several enhancements, about 15–30 days in duration, were observed. The largest enhancements of the oscillation occurred during early June, July and early August; i. e., near and after the summer solstice when the 2-day wave in the middle neutral atmosphere typically displays its largest activity in the Northern Hemisphere. The results obtained may help us understand better the possible influencing mechanisms between the 2-day wave in the middle neutral atmosphere and the ionospheric quasi-2-day oscillations.     

Yearly variations in the low-latitude topside ionosphere

Observations made by the Hinotori satellite have been analysed to determine the yearly variations of the electron density and electron temperature in the low-latitude topside ionosphere. The observations reveal the existence of an equinoctial asymmetry in the topside electron density at low latitudes, i.e. the density is higher at one equinox than at the other. The asymmetry is hemisphere-dependent with the higher electron density occurring at the March equinox in the Northern Hemisphere and at the September equinox in the Southern Hemisphere. The asymmetry becomes stronger with increasing latitude in both hemispheres. The behaviour of the asymmetry has no significant longitudinal and magnetic activity variations. A mechanism for the equinoctial asymmetry has been investigated using CTIP (coupled thermosphere ionosphere plasmasphere model). The model results reproduce the observed equinoctial asymmetry and suggest that the asymmetry is caused by the north-south imbalance of the thermosphere and ionosphere at the equinoxes due to the slow response of the thermosphere arising from the effects of the global thermospheric circulation. The observations also show that the relationship between the electron density and electron temperature is different for daytime and nighttime. During daytime the yearly variation of the electron temperature has negative correlation with the electron density, except at magnetic latitudes lower than 10°. At night, the correlation is positive.     

Forecasting the ionospheric f0F2 parameter one hour ahead using a support vector machine technique

This paper proposes a method for forecasting the ionospheric critical frequency, f₀F₂, 1 h in advance, using the support vector machine (SVM) approach. The inputs to the SVM network are the time of day, seasonal information, 2 month running mean sunspot number (R2), 3 day running mean of the 3 h planetary magnetic ap index, the solar zenith angle, the present value f₀F₂(t) and its first and second increments, the observation of f₀F₂ at t?23 h, the 30-day mean value at time, t, f_mF₂ (t) and the previous 30 day running mean of f₀F₂ at t?23 h f_mF₂(t?23). The output is the predicted f₀F₂ 1 h ahead. The network is trained to use the ionospheric sounding data at Haikou, Guangzhou, Chongqing, Lanzhou, Beijing, Changchun and Manzhouli stations at high and low solar activities. The performance of the SVM model was verified with observed data. It is shown that the predicted f₀F₂ has good agreement with the observed f₀F₂. The performance of the SVM model is superior to that of the autocorrelation and persistence models, and that it is comparable to that of the neural network model.     

极区电离层F2层峰值电子浓度对太阳活动依赖性的共轭研究

本文利用南极中山站(ZHS),以及北极与其地理共轭的Tromso站(TRO)、地磁共轭的Longyearbyen站(LYB)各自约一个太阳活动周的观测数据,对比分析了极区电离层F₂层峰值电子浓度(N_mF₂)对太阳活动的依赖性.结果表明,三个台站N_mF₂月中值随修正太阳10.7 cm通量指数F_10.7P(简称P)增大在总体上呈线性增长,这说明在这三个台站,太阳辐射仍是其F₂层主要电离源.其中TRO站N_mF₂与P线性关系最好,ZHS站的次之,LYB站的最差.在日变化中,TRO站N_mF₂对太阳活动响应最为敏感的时刻出现在地方时中午附近,LYB站出现在磁中午,ZHS站则出现在地方时中午和磁地方时中午之间.这主要是由地理/地磁纬度差异引起的不同强度的光致电离与极区等离子体对流共同作用的结果.在年变化中,TRO站N_mF₂随太阳活动变化上升最快的季节出现在冬季,夏季上升最慢.在ZHS站与LYB站,N_mF₂对太阳活动变化的响应都在两分季最为敏感.这种季节上的差异则是由于三个台站光致电离与中性大气成分R[O/N₂]的不同所致.     

Trends in the characteristics of the annual and semiannual variations observed in the radio wave absorption in the lower ionosphere

The continuous increase in concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere is expected to cool higher levels of the atmosphere. There is some direct and indirect experimental evidence of long-term trends in temperature and other parameters in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT). Here we look for long-term trends in the annual and semiannual variations of the radio wave absorption in the lower ionosphere, which corresponds to the MLT region heights. Data from central and southeastern Europe are used. A consistent tendency to a positive trend in the amplitude of the semiannual wave appears to be observed. The reality of a similar tendency in the amplitude of the annual wave is questionable in the sense that the trend in the amplitude of the annual wave is probably induced by the trend in the yearly average values of absorption. The phases of both the annual and semiannual waves display a forward tendency, i.e. shift to an earlier time in the year. A tentative interpretation of these results in terms of changes of the seasonal variation of temperature and wind at MLT heights does not contradict the trends observed in those parameters.     

Fabry-Perot interferometer measurements of neutral winds and F2 layer variations at the magnetic equator

This letter presents some night-time observations of neutral wind variations at F2 layer levels near the dip equator, measured by the Fabry-Perot interferometer set up in 1994 at Korhogo (Ivory Coast, geographic latitude 9.25°N, longitude 355°E, dip latitude -2.5°). Our instrument uses the 630 nm (O¹D) line to determine radial Doppler velocities of the oxygen atoms between 200 and 400 km altitude. First results for November 1994 to March 1995 reveal persistent eastward flows, and frequent intervals of southward winds of larger than 50 ms^–1 velocity. Compared with the simultaneous ionospheric patterns deduced from the three West African equatorial ionosondes at Korhogo, Ouagadougou (Burkina-Faso, dip latitude +1.5°) and Dakar (Sénégal, dip latitude + 5°), they illustrate various impacts of the thermospheric winds on F2 layer density: (1) on the mesoscale evolution (a few 10³ km and a few 100 minutes scales) and (2) on local fluctuations (hundreds of km and tens of minutes characteristic times). We report on these fluctuations and discuss the opportunity to improve the time-resolution of the Fabry-Perot interferometer at Korhogo.     

Case studies of the propagation characteristics of auroral TIDS with EISCAT CP2 data using maximum entropy cross-spectral analysis

In this paper case studies of propagation characteristics of two TIDs are presented which are induced by atmospheric gravity waves in the auroral F-region on a magnetic quiet day. By means of maximum entropy cross-spectral analysis of EISCAT CP2 data, apparent full wave-number vectors of the TIDs are obtained as a function of height. The analysis results show that the two events considered can be classified as moderately large-scale TID and medium-scale TID, respectively. One exhibits a dominant period of about 72 min, a mean horizontal phase speed of about 180 m/s (corresponding to a horizontal wavelength of about 780 km) directed south-eastwards and a vertical phase speed of 55 m/s for a height of about 300 km. The other example shows a dominant period of 44 min, a mean horizontal phase velocity of about 160 m/s (corresponding to a horizontal wavelength of about 420 km) directed southwestwards, and a vertical phase velocity of about 50 m/s at 250 km altitude.Max-Planck-Institut für Aeronomie, Germany. On leave from Department of Space Physics, Wuhan University, China