Obesity and dementia: Adipokines interact with the brain

Obesity is a pandemic and a serious global health concern. Obesity is a risk factor for multiple conditions and contributes to multi-morbidities, resulting in increased health costs and millions of deaths each year. Obesity has been associated with changes in brain structure, cognitive deficits, dementia and Alzheimer׳s disease. Adipokines, defined as hormones, cytokines and peptides secreted by adipose tissue, may have more widespread influence and functionality in the brain than previously thought. In this review, six adipokines, and their actions in the obese and non-obese conditions will be discussed. Included are: plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factors alpha (TNF-α), angiotensinogen (AGT), adiponectin and leptin. Their functionality in the periphery, their ability to cross the blood brain barrier (BBB) and their influence on dementia processes within the brain will be discussed.     

肥胖治疗研究的现状与展望

慢性非感染性疾病已经成为威胁中国人健康的主要原因。肥胖是其中起重要作用，需积极治疗的因素之一。对肥胖病理意义的认识经历由宏观致微观，由全身至局部、细胞乃至分子水平的深入过程。肥胖病人脂肪的积聚，并由脂肪细胞流向非脂肪细胞。产生非脂肪细胞脂质异位沉着，同时使得脂肪细胞内分泌功能发生紊乱是造成脂肪中毒作用及其严重后果的病理生理机制。温故而知新，正确评价肥胖治疗的方法，提供适宜的积极治疗选择，展望未来的治疗，强化控制体重达标将是一个十分广阔的研究领域。     

Obesity in childhood and cardiovascular risk

1. Childhood obesity is increasing worldwide and is associated with an increase in cardiovascular risk factors in childhood. 2. In children, obesity is associated with hypertension, impaired vascular function, dyslipidaemia, atheroma, the metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, systemic inflammation and oxidative stress. Greater risk is associated with clustering of risk factors. 3. Obesity tracks from childhood to adult life and predicts adverse levels of risk and an increase in cardiovascular end-points. 4. Adults who were obese as children have higher rates of obesity and its sequelae: greater intima-media thickness, left ventricular hypertrophy and atherosclerosis. There is greater all-cause and cardiovascular mortality, as well as a greater risk of stroke, in long-term follow-up of obese children. 5. Genetic and environmental factors contribute to familial aggregation of obesity, with parental obesity as a strong predictor of obesity in children. However, clustering of adverse health-related behaviours is seen in such families. 6. Adverse behaviours (smoking, poor dietary choices, less physical activity and greater alcohol intake) also cluster in individuals, suggesting the need for multimodal interventions. 7. Recognition of families at risk offers opportunities for prevention of obesity in children and decreasing risk in parents.     

三峡库区中年人QT间期与心脏危险因素的研究

目的　研究三峡库区中年人QT间期值与心脏危险因素。方法　对中年男性5 5 0 0例和女性55 0 0例的QTLC与心脏危险因素及其死亡率的关系进行分析。结果　QTLC延长与高血压和心血管疾病信号有关;QTLC缩短与吸烟有关。心血管死亡率QTLC延长5 %～10 %为2 .4 7% ,延长>10 %为4 . 5 6 % ;QTLC缩短5 %～10 %为1 .10 % ,缩短>10 %为1 4 3%。吸烟者死亡率QTLC缩短5 %～10 %为0 . 2 3% ,缩短>10 %为1 2. 5 % ;QTLC延长5 %～10 %为0 . 2 7% ,延长>10 %为0 . 5 0 %。结论　中年人QTLC延长是预测心血管病死亡率的危险指标,心血管病吸烟者QTLC缩短也是预测心脏死亡的危险指标。     

中年人群高血压病危险因素的流行病学调查

目的探讨徐州市大屯社区中年人群高血压病的流行现状及其主要危险因素,为高血压病防治策略的制订提供科学的依据。方法采取随机分层抽样的方法,从徐州大屯社区5万居民中抽取调查样本500例,入选382例,进行单因素、多因素logistic回归分析。结果（1）各暴露因素经单因素logistic回归分析,其中性别、年龄、饮酒、吸烟、绝经前妇女、高血压家族史、体重指数、尿酸、血糖、甘油三酯、低载脂蛋白A血症、载脂蛋白B、同型半胱氨酸、颈动脉内膜增厚及斑块形成在两组之间的差异具有显著性意义（P〈0．05）。经计算,比数比（OR）值除绝经前妇女外均大于1,高血压与上述因素存在正相关（OR〉1,P〈0．05）。高血压与绝经前妇女存在负相关（OR〈1,P〈0．05）。（2）各暴露因素行多因素logistic回归分析,高血压与体重指数、高血压家族史、甘油三酯、年龄存在正相关（OR〉1,P〈0．05）,高血压与绝经前妇女存在负相关（OR〈1,P〈0．05）。结论体重指数、高血压家族史、甘油三酯、年龄、绝经可看作高血压病危险因素,绝经前妇女存在高血压保护因素。     

Restraint and age at onset of obesity

Dietary restraint in 30 obese females was examined in relation to age at onset of obesity. Juvenile-onset obese individuals were found to experience significantly more restraint in their eating behavior than adult-onset obese individuals, based on responses to Herman's revised Restraint Questionnaire. Restraint score was significantly correlated with both age at onset and duration of obesity, but not with weight, percent overweight, or present age. Possible biological and psychosocial contributors to the age at onset effect are discussed, as are implications of restraint differences for treatment.