Liking and disliking minority-group classmates: Explaining the mixed findings for the influence of ethnic classroom composition on interethnic attitudes

Research on the influence of the number of ethnic minority group classmates on majority group students’ interethnic attitudes produced conflicting results. With data from 728 early adolescents, we found that the effect of the ethnic class composition depends on two opposing student-level mechanisms. First, majority group students who liked a larger number of minority group classmates developed more positive attitudes toward minority groups. Second, students who disliked a larger number of outgroup classmates developed more negative outgroup attitudes. In our sample, these two effects neutralized each other because the sample consisted of about the same number of students that liked most of their outgroup classmates and students that disliked most outgroup classmates. Results were consistent in cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses. These results support a new interpretation of the mixed findings in past research, suggesting that past studies may have differed in the number of students who liked and disliked outgroup classmates.     

Spaces of encounter and attitudes towards difference: A comparative study of two European cities

Scholars have been increasingly interested in how everyday interactions in various places with people from different ethnic/religious background impact inter-group relations. Drawing on representative surveys in Leeds and Warsaw (2012), we examine whether encounters with ethnic and religious minorities in different type of space are associated with more tolerance towards them. We find that in Leeds, more favourable affective attitudes are associated with contact in institutional spaces (workplace and study places) and socialisation spaces (social clubs, voluntary groups, religious meeting places); however, in case of behavioural intentions – operationalised as willingness to be friendly to minority neighbours – only encounters in socialisation spaces play a significant role in prejudice reduction. In Warsaw, people who have contacts with ethnic and religious minorities in public (streets, park, public services and transport) and consumption spaces (cafés, pubs, restaurants) express more positive affective attitudes towards them, but only encounters in consumption space translate into willingness to be friendly to minority neighbours.     

论民族区域自治法律化的必要性及意义

民族区域自治是我国的一项基本制度,也是解决我国民族问题的一项基本政策,是在国家统一领导下,各少数民族聚居的地方设立自治机关,行使自治权,实行区域自治。把民族区域自治以法律的形式规定下来,使各少数民族成为国家的和自治地方的主人,既能保障各少数民族合法的权利和利益,又能加速各少数民族地区政治经济、文化教育的发展。在我国这个多民族国家中,民族区域自治的法律化既具有必要性又具有重要的现实意义。     

论傣族文化生态与生态文化的区域性

文化特征是通过民族性、区域性特点表现出来的,是民族性和地域性的有机统一。在一个民族的文化生态即文化的生成环境中,自然条件和社会文化背景都具有地域性特质,使得民族的社会群体在形成和发展过程中,既有因源流和文化特点不同形成的支系差别,也有因社会生产力和经济发展水平形成的社会形态发展差异,具有明显的地区差别。傣族文化是在特殊的生态环境中产生的,其所赖以生存的生态环境的区域性差别,促生了傣族文化的地区差异,同时这种区域性也促生了傣族文化的多样性,在其生态文化中尤其如此。研究傣族生态文化的区域性不仅有助于这个学术命题的探讨,对于我们今天关注的生态文化建设也有现实意义与价值。     

Explaining attitudes about homosexuality in Confucian and non-Confucian nations: Is there a ‘cultural’ influence?

The majority of research on attitudes about homosexuality has concentrated on the global North and on Christian and Muslim majority nations. Little research attention has been given to the factors that shape tolerance in societies with a Confucian heritage. Residents of Confucian counties are less tolerant than Europeans and Americans. One reason given for this difference is the emphasis on Confucian values in many Asian societies. Using data from the World Values Survey, we examine whether values that could be described as Confucian influence attitudes in Confucian and non-Confucian nations. We find a unique Confucian cultural effect, which can partially be explained with concerns about keeping the family intact. Conversely, in Confucian societies values related to obedience, conformity, and filial piety are unrelated to attitudes. There is also a small Buddhist contextual effect, resulting in more tolerant attitudes, and the Confucian influence cannot be reduced to an Asian regional effect.     

云南边疆民族区域自治深化运行的思考

以自下而上的视角考量云南边疆民族区域自治中,少数民族权力保障的状况,观察少数民族群体和个人权力是否通过"民族区域自治"制度机制得到恰当的表达和关护,是云南民族区域自治深化运行的必然要求。     

Moral opinion polarization and the erosion of trust

Since Puntam's seminal work on declining levels of social capital, the question of how social trust is formed has reached unprecedented heights of critical enquiry. While most of the current research concentrates on ethnic diversity and income inequality as the main influences driving down generalized trust, we focus on opinion polarization as another potential impact factor on trust. In more detail, we investigate the extent to which polarization over morally charged issues such as homsexuality, abortion and euthanasia affects individuals' likelihood to trust others. We hypothesize that moral issues have a natural tendency to divide societies' opinions into opposing poles and, thus, to challenge social cohesion in modern civil societies. Based on hierarchical analyses of the fifth wave of the World Values Survey (WVS) — comprising a sample of 39 countries — our results reveal that individuals living in countries characterized by more opinion polarization tend to have less trust in other people.     

两宋时期西北少数民族政权特色述论

两宋时期,在西北地区活动的吐蕃、回鹘、契丹等民族建立了自己的政权。西凉府吐蕃六谷联盟是"蕃汉联盟"。世袭首领与册封官职并存;唃厮啰政权是以部落为政权的基层组织,"国主"与"议事厅"是其政治特色;高昌回鹘采用王制;甘州回鹘实行部落领主制,官号沿用突厥语名号,但兼采汉制;喀喇汗王朝的政治体制是双王制与封地制;西辽继续实行"两部制",制定了禁止分封土地、中央控制军队、减轻赋税、实行羁縻等基本政策。这些民族政权机构、政治制度及其政策等,均具有鲜明的民族性与地域性。     

工作相关文化价值观、管理控制偏好及二者关系实证研究:以新疆地区汉族、维吾尔族和回族为研究对象

文章以新疆地区的汉族、维吾尔族和回族为对象,研究三个问题:一是这三个民族的工作相关文化价值观是否有显著差别;二是这三个民族的管理控制偏好是否有显著差别;三是这三个民族的工作相关文化价值观如何影响管理控制偏好。研究发现:就工作相关文化价值观来说,在个人主义、权力距离、不确定性回避和雄心方面,都存在显著差异;就管理控制偏好来说,在分权、预算基础业绩评价和业绩基础财务报酬存在显著差异;在正规化和预算参与方面各民族不存在显著差异;一定的工作相关文化价值观影响一定的管理控制偏好,但是,并不是所有的工作相关文化价值观都会影响所有的管理控制偏好。     

能力建设促进边疆少数民族失地农民社区发展

如何运用恰当的公共政策,增强能力建设,推动边疆少数民族失地农民社区可持续发展,维护社会和谐与稳定,是一个重大的现实问题。Z村和K村是能力建设存在诸多差异的丽江市城区纳西族失地农民社区。从对Z村和K村发展的经验研究来看,集体经济发展、社区自治组织、社会资本、文化建设等因素与能力建设紧密相关。所以政府可以运用生产性社会政策,采取支持集体经济发展、培育社区自治组织、促进社会整合、加强文化建设等途径,扩大村民在经济、政治、社会和文化等层面的参与性,提升可行能力,促进边疆少数民族失地农民社区可持续发展。     

School ethnic diversity and White students’ civic attitudes in England

The current paper focuses on White British students in lower secondary education and investigates the effect of school ethnic diversity on their levels of trust and inclusive attitudes towards immigrants. Use is made of panel data of the Citizenship Education Longitudinal Study (CELS) to explore these relationships. Ethnic diversity is measured with the proportion of students in a grade identifying with a minority. In agreement with contact theory, the paper initially finds a positive relation between diversity and inclusive attitudes on immigrants. However, this link disappears once controls for social background, gender and prior levels of the outcome are included in the model. This indicates that students with particular pre-enrolment characteristics have self-selected in diverse schools and that inclusive attitudes have stabilized before secondary education. Diversity further appears to have a negative impact on trust, irrespective of the number of controls added to the model.     

Gender and migration on the labour market: Additive or interacting disadvantages in Germany?

Despite substantial differences in labour market attainment according to gender and migration status, gender and ethnic differences in labour market behaviour are most often studied separately. In contrast, this study describes and analyses interactions between gender, ethnic background and immigrant generation with regard to labour market participation, part-time work, and occupational status. The double comparison aims to reveal whether gender gaps in these labour market outcomes among the majority population generalise to ethnic minorities. Moreover, we ask whether variation in gender gaps in labour market behaviour follows the patterns in migrants’ origin countries, and whether gender gaps show signs of intergenerational assimilation. Our heterogeneous choice and OLS regressions of 2009 German Microcensus data reveal considerable variation in gender gaps in labour market behaviour between East and West Germany, across ethnic groups and across generations. Intergenerational comparisons show that most ethnic minorities assimilate towards German patterns of gendered labour market attainment.     

少数民族村寨非物质文化遗产保护性旅游开发——以三台山德昂族村寨为例

以云南省德宏州芒市三台山德昂族村寨的保护性旅游资源为研究对象,文章分别探讨了其非物质文化遗产的构成、价值及保护和开发的问题。认为少数民族村寨由村落文化空间、口头传统、节庆、手工艺品等构成,具有独特的民族、地域特色和经济价值。通过民族旅游开发与非物质文化遗产保护的良好互动,探讨用保护性旅游开发的理念和方法,构建少数民族非物质文化遗产保护与利用互动发展的新模式,以实现其有效保护与合理开发的双赢。     

民国中央少数民族教育政策研究述评

近年来关于边疆民族地区的教育早期现代化研究渐已成为中国近代史研究的重要课题。民国中央政府重视边疆民族地区社会、经济和文化事业的发展问题,在历史上创造性地将边疆民族地区学校教育和民众教育的普及工作纳入国家正规教育体系,并作为一项专门的社会事业以有别于古代文教政策语境,制定系统的少数民族教育政策来予以推进。本文从边疆教育史、民族教育史、地方断代史、政策专题研究等四条研究路径概述学界对民国中央少数民族教育政策研究的进展情况,并讨论了课题研究的不足和后续研究的方向。     

No place like home? Familism and Latino/a–white differences in college pathways

Recent research has argued that familism, defined as a cultural preference for privileging family goals over individual goals, may discourage some Latino/a youth from applying to and attending college, particularly if they must leave home (Desmond and López Turley, 2009). Using data from the Education Longitudinal Study, we find that Latino/a students and parents indeed have stronger preferences than white students and parents for living at home during college. For students, most differences in preferences for proximate colleges are explained by socioeconomic status, academic achievement and high school/regional differences. Moreover, controlling for socioeconomic background and prior achievement explains most racial/ethnic gaps in college application and attendance among high school graduates, suggesting that familism per se is not a significant deterrent to college enrollment above and beyond these more primary factors. However, results indicate generational differences; cultural factors may contribute to racial/ethnic gaps in parental preferences for children to remain at home.     

关于培育和发展云南民族地区文化产业的思考

立足民族地区文化资源 ,培育和发展民族地区文化产业 ,走一条独具特色的发展之路 ,是民族地区实现超常规的跨越式发展的必然选择。大力发展民族地区文化产业 ,须根据前瞻性和可行性原则 ,科学地对民族地区文化产业进行规划和合理布局。培育、开发并形成遍布民族地区的文化产业群 ,突出有特色的支柱产业门类 ,组建众多的中小文化企业 ,走小而专、小而特的路子 ,以特色制胜。同时重点发展一批市场前景看好 ,自我积累能力强的文化产业集团 ,实现规模经济效益。健全和完善文化产业政策 ,加强文化市场建设和管理 ,推动民族地区文化产业健康发展     

民族福利建设中的制度风险及其规避——以鄂伦春族为例

民族社会福利建设中存在着由于民族福利制度自身功能发生偏差而产生的制度风险。它以民族福利制度与民族经济社会制度及福利文化传统之间的制度冲突为发生基础。制度冲突尽管以有限理性与制度变革为生成根源,但其风险化的关键在于是否在民族福利建设过程中维护了合理的民族权益。因此,风险的规避在于根据确保民族合理权益的原则进行制度协调,改进民族福利制度。当前,尤其要据此原则将民族福利制度纳入社会保障体系进行市场化、平等化改进,以化解其现实风险。     

内源性保障：民族自治地区高等教育发展的应然取向

民族自治地区的高等教育由于地域条件、经济因素等原因发展相对滞后。为了进一步传承、保存、整合民族文化,促进民族地区高等教育事业的发展,实现民族团结、社会稳定,民族自治地区的院校应从观念、科研、师资、院校合作等内源性要素主动出击,实现高等教育的全面发展。     

Ethnic concentration in the neighbourhood and majority and minority language: A study of first and second-generation immigrants

Ethnic residential concentration is often found to hamper immigrants’ majority language proficiency. However, there are still several gaps in our understanding of the relationship between ethnic concentration and ethnic minorities’ language practices. This study examines the extent to which ethnic concentration also constrains immigrants’ majority language use, whether contact with natives and co-ethnics mediates these relationships, and whether ethnic concentration relates to second-generation minorities’ minority language proficiency. Structural equation models on data for people of Turkish and Moroccan origin living in the Netherlands (N = 2163) showed that ethnic concentration is indirectly related to weaker majority language proficiency and less majority language use through contact with natives and co-ethnics. For second-generation minorities, ethnic concentration is related to better minority language proficiency.     

文化生态视域下阴山地域民族文化资源的数字化保护研究

从文化生态学的角度,对阴山地域民族文化资源进行数字化保护是促进阴山文化认同、实现阴山文化生态建设的重要技术手段。阴山地域各部门应该积极建设阴山地域民族文化资源数据库、展开多领域数字化合作和宣传,将数字化技术与文化产业有效对接,实现生产性保护等,有效促进阴山地域民族文化资源的保护和传承,实现阴山文化认同,全方位构建阴山文化生态圈,促进阴山地域经济和社会的全面发展。