生产润滑油基础油的原油优化选择

各炼厂采用不同的生产工艺对不同的原油进行加工生产基础油,得到的基础油产品性能存在一定的差异。文章将说明原油对基础油产品性能的影响,以及在采用不同生产工艺时原油对基础油产生的影响。溶剂精制工艺生产的基础油受原油性质影响较大,原油的选择尤为重要,VGO馏分为强石蜡基特性的原油更适合生产基础油产品。加氢及异构化等工艺受到原油限制小,对原油进行适当优化能显著提高炼厂的经济效益。     

原油相容性的测定及与其性质相关性的研究

原油混合时不相容会给加工过程带来不良影响,为弄清原油相容性与性质的关系,测定了不同原油的相容性参数并与原油性质进行关联分析,结果表明：光学检测法可以测定不同类型原油的初始絮凝点,进而计算出原油的相容性参数;两种原油混合时相容性参数呈线性变化,并且原油的混合溶解性参数SBN越大,与其它原油掺混时相容性越好;将原油的密度、特性因数K、胶质和沥青质含量与相容性参数进行关联,所得关系式能用于相容性参数的计算,计算结果与实测值的偏差较小。     

Striving for an Energy and Resources Saving Refinery with Harmonious Development

The operating circumstances of refinery industry in China in 2005 were referred to in this paper, along with the processes for development of petrochemical industry aimed at regionalization, concentrated disposition of enterprises and construction of industrial bases. The pressure faced currently by the oil refining industry in terms of resources avalibility and environmental regulations was analyzed. The key elements associated with the refining industry restructuring to economize on all kinds of resources were discussed and presented. It is stated that the key for building an energy and materials saving oil refining industry should rely on the adoption of advanced process and engineering technology, adjustment of refinery configuration, improving the energy and resources utilization efficiency, deep processing of crude oils, optimizing all kinds of resources, reducing effluents by saving water, as well as boosting the integration of oil refining with chemical production, concentrated disposition and realization of large scale of process units.     

利用石蜡基原油减压渣油生产高等级道路石油沥青的研究

鉴于利用玉门炼油厂原料(一种石蜡基混合原油)的减压渣油和减压渣油的溶剂脱油沥青不能直接生产出合格的道路沥青,根据优质道路石油沥青性能对组成分子的基本要求,利用多元调合法间接试制道路石油沥青,研制出了能生产出包括中石化集团公司2号高等级道路沥青(Q/SHR004-1998)在内的多种牌号道路沥青配方。初步探讨了在减压渣油中调入适量催化裂化油浆,并经溶剂脱沥青工艺直接生产道路沥青的可行性。试验结果表明,在脱沥青油收率增加的同时,脱油沥青的道路石油沥青性质明显改善,因此可优化炼油厂的工艺组合。研究方法对于加工石蜡基或非石蜡基原油的炼油厂具有指导意义。     

Crude Oil Blending Effects on Asphaltene Stability in Refinery Fouling

It has been known for some time that blending of incompatible crude oils may lead to asphaltene destabilization. The link between such asphaltene destabilization and their subsequent fouling of equipment in refinery operations was established in this study. Several refinery crude blends known to cause problems ranging from desalter upsets to fouling in pre-heat train were studied. Stability analysis of the crudes and their blends using a solvent titration method with a laser-based solids detection system showed that destabilization of the asphaltenes is caused, in the main, by blending of incompatible crudes. The stability data showed that the individual crudes had a high, medium, or low fouling potential. The blends of those that are incompatible however showed increased instability and may be the cause of the fouling problems encountered in the pre-heat train heat exchangers during their processing.     

高桥分公司Ⅰ套常减压蒸馏装置防腐蚀对策

蒸馏是原油加工的第一道工序,原油的含硫、含酸量逐渐上升将产生了一系列包括低温、高温硫的腐蚀和环烷酸腐蚀的问题,造成设备防腐与工艺防腐的压力逐渐增大,影响了炼油装置长周期安全运行。介绍蒸馏装置的腐蚀现象,特别是高温硫和环烷酸的腐蚀原因、腐蚀机理、腐蚀部位、影响因素,也提出了行业解决此类腐蚀所采取的优化电脱盐脱后含盐量、优化三顶助剂降低三顶腐蚀、通过混炼以及提高材质解决环烷酸的腐蚀、通过腐蚀检测调整腐蚀等措施,以有效解决蒸馏装置的腐蚀问题。     

Crude Oil Blending Effects on Asphaltene Stability in Refinery Fouling

Abstract

It has been known for some time that blending of incompatible crude oils may lead to asphaltene destabilization. The link between such asphaltene destabilization and their subsequent fouling of equipment in refinery operations was established in this study. Several refinery crude blends known to cause problems ranging from desalter upsets to fouling in pre-heat train were studied. Stability analysis of the crudes and their blends using a solvent titration method with a laser-based solids detection system showed that destabilization of the asphaltenes is caused, in the main, by blending of incompatible crudes. The stability data showed that the individual crudes had a high, medium, or low fouling potential. The blends of those that are incompatible however showed increased instability and may be the cause of the fouling problems encountered in the pre-heat train heat exchangers during their processing.     

Study on Application of Pour Point Depressant for Diesel Fuel

Taking into account the actual crude slate processed at the refinery, it is necessary to make reasonable combination and blending of crude oils. In order to cope with high wax content in diesel fuel it is proposed to appropriately regulate the refining process scheme and add additives to refined products. This measure after being applied in the production practice has brought about good results and has met the needs of commercial production.     

面向在线调合的原油管输滚动调度方法研究

目前原油调度方案多采用人工经验或数学规划方法进行编制,存在难以匹配原油在线调合技术以及求解规模过大等问题。针对炼油行业典型原油管输调度工艺,设计了在线调合的原油管输滚动调度方法,将全时段调度周期切割为若干个等长的短周期,使用混合整数规划法建模,采用滚动优化方法将原油调合需求纳入原油调度模型的目标函数及约束中,求解模型得到全时段调度方案。结果表明,对于在原油调合配方变化背景下调度周期为168 h的原油管输调度问题,采用该方法可使原油调度与调合更加匹配,且能快速找到适应原油调合变化的最优原油调度方案,有利于提升炼油企业经济效益。     

配方原油技术及在原油资源优化中的应用

原油性质的相对稳定是保证炼油厂安全运行和利润提升的重要前提。中国石化石油化工科学研究院结合原油光谱库、原油评价数据库、原油快速评价技术和先进计算方法,将几种原油按一定比例巧妙搭配,可以得到与目标原油性质十分接近的多种原油配方,从而形成具有显著特色的配方原油技术。炼油厂可以根据原油价格、原油的可获得性、混合原油的加工性能、炼油厂的优化目标等原则选择合适的原油配方。实验室评价结果表明,实际分析结果与通过配方原油技术计算得到的结果相当,如果该技术能得到推广利用,可以在炼油厂增效中发挥重要作用。     

非常规原油的加工利用进展——以委内瑞拉超重原油和加拿大油砂沥青为例

委内瑞拉超重原油和加拿大油砂沥青是目前世界上开发利用程度相对较高的非常规原油资源。目前主要在其产地进行稀释或在该国的改质工厂进行改质,改质方案主要有脱碳和加氢两种,得到的产品送入炼厂进一步加工生产运输燃料和其他石油产品。委内瑞拉现有4个超重原油改质工厂,生产高质量的轻质低硫合成原油或重质高硫合成原油。加拿大现有6个主要的油砂沥青改质工厂,生产不同品质的合成原油。近年来,我国石油公司分别与委内瑞拉和加拿大的能源公司就超重原油和油砂沥青的开发利用开展了多项合作,随着合作的深入,我国炼油企业加工这两种非常规原油的机会也将越来越多。为更好地利用这些资源,提出了加快开发具有自主知识产权的非常规原油加工技术的建议。     

An Optimization Model for Shanbei Crude Oil Blending

The basic properties of the Shanbei crude oils and its mixed were studied first. Then, a hybrid coefficient function for the viscosity of the mixed oils was introduced. With these, an optimization model of the proportion for the crude oils blending was established and solved. An applicable proportion for six Shanbei crude oils’ blending was given. With the proportion, one mixed oil was prepared and distilled. Fouling and coking are discussed with the simulation in the distillation to assist the optimization. The experiment results showed that the model was valid for the oils blending.     

基于滚动时域分解策略的原油混输调度模型

为了解决单一完整数学规划模型无法快速编制出包含复杂约束原油储运方案的问题,考虑长输管线入线、出线油种不同步,码头储罐部分原油需经转油线、中转罐后才能到达厂区等约束,提出了一个新的连续时间混合整数线性规划(Mixed Integer Liner Programming, MILP)模型。该模型为避免产生非线性约束,以固定原油调合配比为基础,限制混合原油的质量。采用滚动时域分解策略对模型进行分步求解,在简单分解的基础上添加辅助时间片段和安全保障约束,从而保证了分解模型的可行性和优化性。以中国某沿海企业的原油调度问题为例,评估模型的可行性、优化性和计算性能,结果表明,滚动时域模型在短时间内编制出了优化的储运方案,能够用于长周期、大规模原油调度问题的解决。     

南美某国太平洋炼油厂投资方案的优化

南美某国拟建千万吨级炼油厂,由韩国SK公司完成的FEED方案投资高达136亿美元,需进行优化.在遵循原产品标准和原油性质的前提下,拟通过采取分期建设、优化方案和调整工程标准三方面进行优化：采用一次规划、分期实施的建设模式以缓解先期投资的压力;调整工艺装置结构,同时改变部分装置的工艺技术选择,主要是改变汽油、煤油、柴油的加工手段并保证全厂尽量采用中国技术;选用中国工程标准,以期推进项目进度和炼油技术的整体出口.优化后的投资方案保障了产品质量,实现了降低投资风险和提高收益率的目标.其中,一期总投资降至84亿美元,内部收益率提高至9.60％.     

基于改进的布谷鸟搜索算法的原油选择与混合优化方法

Refineries often need to find similar crude oil to replace the scarce crude oil for stabilizing the feedstock property.We introduced the method for calculation of crude blended properties firstly, and then created a crude oil selection andblending optimization model based on the data of crude oil property. The model is a mixed-integer nonlinear programming（MINLP） with constraints, and the target is to maximize the similarity between the blended crude oil and the objective crudeoil. Furthermore, the model takes into account the selection of crude oils and their blending ratios simultaneously, and transformsthe problem of looking for similar crude oil into the crude oil selection and blending optimization problem. We appliedthe Improved Cuckoo Search （ICS） algorithm to solving the model. Through the simulations, ICS was compared withthe genetic algorithm, the particle swarm optimization algorithm and the CPLEX solver. The results show that ICS has verygood optimization efficiency. The blending solution can provide a reference for refineries to find the similar crude oil. Andthe method proposed can also give some references to selection and blending optimization of other materials.     

润滑油基础油黏度调合模型的优化及应用

研究了天然气合成润滑油基础油(简称基础油)与其他3种基础油的混合油黏度调合数学模型的准确度和适用性。测定了天然气合成基础油GTL420分别与合成基础油PAO10、矿物基础油500N和煤基费-托合成基础油CTL10按不同比例调合的混合基础油在40℃和100℃时的运动黏度,对黏度调合模型进行优化。基于偏差率、均方根误差、残差平方和以及决定系数对模型进行评价。结果表明：Arrhenius方程在3种调合体系中的偏差率最大,不能精确描述混合基础油的真实运动黏度;Lederer-Roegiers Sr方程和Grunberg-Nissan方程表现出相似的模拟效果,但在不同调合体系中的有效性不同;Oswal-Desai方程的结构较复杂,但准确度和适用性是最优的。     

典型油田用缓蚀剂的热分解特性研究

随着国内原油开采难度的不断增大,油田多进行二次、三次采油,并且开发的劣质油田也增多,使得在开采和储运过程中化学助剂的用量不断增加。部分化学助剂直接进入到原油中,给原油炼制加工设备带来腐蚀问题。针对上述情况,以中海炼化惠州炼化分公司加工的原油为研究对象,对原油开采、运输中使用的化学剂进行调研,选择几种可能在炼油加工中导致腐蚀问题的典型油田缓蚀剂,通过热分解实验模拟这些缓蚀剂在炼油加工过程中发生的化学变化,并对其导致的腐蚀性因素进行分析。结果表明,随着温度的升高,油田缓蚀剂中的无机氯离子浓度不断提高,与加热前相比,在120 ℃时氯离子浓度有所增加,而在360 ℃时氯离子浓度显著增加。随着温度升高,缓蚀剂中一些稳定的物质会发生水解反应或是裂解反应,产生氯离子。     

大连石化润滑油生产工艺的对策探讨

通过对大连石化未来原油供给趋势和国内外润滑油基础油工艺技术及装置流程配置的状况分析，阐述了润滑油基础油加氢技术是实现润滑油升级换代和扩大资源适应性的必然选择的观点，提出了大连石化未来润滑油生产装置配置和安排的初步流程。     

生产润滑油基础油溶剂精制工艺条件的研究

当今原油价格居高不下,炼好每吨油使工业生产效益最大化,是各石化企业的艰巨任务.文章旨在利用实验室润滑油溶剂精制评价方法,通过溶剂精制和白土补充精制对西江和尼尔(混合比为1∶ 1)减三线、减四线脱蜡油生产HVI基础油进行实验室的最优条件评选,为工业生产和改造提供必要的基础数据.本研究采用间歇模拟法[1]作为润滑油溶剂精制方法,选用油品族组成、油品理化性能等质量数据确定糠醛精制装置理论级数为三级;实验数据也表明用三级逆流萃取实验可以模拟生产中的糠醛精制过程.     

柴油在线优化调和可行性分析

油品调和是炼油企业生产成品油的关键环节,包含多种组分和产品,涉及到复杂的物理和化学变化,对油品调和过程进行系统分析和整体优化是非常复杂和重要的。柴油是炼油企业主要的轻质油产品之一,中石化海南炼化柴油产品调和主要为装置一罐调和,造成成品质量过剩大,成品罐容紧张。通过采用在线仪表、优化软件控制实现柴油管道调和,可在保证质量前提下减少柴油质量过剩,降低生产成本,并能有效缓解公司储运系统罐容紧张的情况和减轻产品调和出厂压力。